Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
N. Annan, A. Sullivan, A. Nori, Polia Naydenova, S. Alexander, A. McKenna, B. Azadian, S. Mandalia, M. Rossi, H. Ward, N. Nwokolo (2009)
Rectal chlamydia—a reservoir of undiagnosed infection in men who have sex with menSexually Transmitted Infections, 85
Wiesner (1973)
181N Engl J Med, 288
JF Peipert (2003)
Clinical practice: genital chlamydial infectionsN Engl J Med, 349
(2001)
Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews
J. Peipert (2003)
Genital Chlamydial InfectionsThe New England Journal of Medicine, 349
(2020)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
(2021)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2019. US Department of Health and Human Services
D. Meyers, Heather Halvorson, Sarah Luckhaupt (2007)
Screening for Chlamydial Infection: An Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task ForceAnnals of Internal Medicine, 147
L. Shrier, D. Dean, E. Klein, Kimberly Harter, P. Rice (2004)
Limitations of screening tests for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic adolescent and young adult women.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 190 3
Scholes (1996)
1362N Engl J Med, 334
Marcus (2011)
922Sex Transm Dis, 38
Meyers (2007)
135Ann Intern Med, 147
Skidmore (2008)
277Sex Transm Infect, 84
H. Nelson, B. Zakher, A. Cantor, Monica Deagas, M. Pappas (2014)
Screening for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: Systematic Review to Update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
R. Detels, Annette Green, J. Klausner, D. Katzenstein, C. Gaydos, H. Handsfield, W. Pequegnat, K. Mayer, T. Hartwell, T. Quinn (2011)
The Incidence and Correlates of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Selected Populations in Five CountriesSexually Transmitted Diseases, 38
W. Miller, I. Hoffman, J. Owen-O'Dowd, J. Mcpherson, A. Privette, J. Schmitz, G. Woodlief, P. Leone (2000)
Selective screening for chlamydial infection: which criteria to use?American journal of preventive medicine, 18 2
L Berry, B Stanley (2017)
Comparison of self-collected meatal swabs with urine specimens for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men: comparative studyJ Med Microbiol, 66
Falasinnu (2016)
12Sex Transm Infect, 92
Fang (2008)
355J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 21
RP Harris, M Helfand, SH Woolf (2001)
Current methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the processAm J Prev Med, 20
Marc Pitasi, R. Kerani, R. Kohn, R. Murphy, P. Pathela, C. Schumacher, I. Tabidze, E. Llata (2019)
Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Transgender Women and Transgender Men Attending Clinics that Provide Sexually Transmitted Disease Services in Six US Cities: Results From the Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance NetworkSexually Transmitted Diseases, 46
Arya (2005)
364J Obstet Gynaecol, 25
J. Marcus, K. Bernstein, R. Kohn, S. Liska, S. Philip (2011)
Infections missed by urethral-only screening for chlamydia or gonorrhea detection among men who have sex with men.Sexually transmitted diseases, 38 10
R. Arya, PT Mannion, K. Woodcock, N. Haddad (2005)
Incidence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the male partners attending an infertility clinicJournal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 25
Hocking (2018)
1413Lancet, 392
Schachter (2003)
3784J Clin Microbiol, 41
Mohammed (2016)
88Emerg Infect Dis, 22
Javanbakht (2018)
588Sex Transm Dis, 45
H. Mohammed, H. Mitchell, Bersabeh Sile, S. Duffell, A. Nardone, G. Hughes (2016)
Increase in Sexually Transmitted Infections among Men Who Have Sex with Men, England, 2014Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22
Lavoué (2014)
470Sex Transm Dis, 41
D. Scholes, A. Stergachis, F. Heidrich, H. Andrilla, K. Holmes, W. Stamm (1996)
Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection.The New England journal of medicine, 334 21
Annan (2009)
176Sex Transm Infect, 85
Berry (2017)
134J Med Microbiol, 66
T. Falasinnu, M. Gilbert, P. Gustafson, J. Shoveller (2014)
Deriving and Validating A Risk Estimation Tool for Screening Asymptomatic Chlamydia and GonorrheaSexually Transmitted Diseases, 41
Pitasi (2019)
112Sex Transm Dis, 46
Unemo (2014)
587Clin Microbiol Rev, 27
S. Schoeman, C. Stewart, R. Booth, Susan Smith, M. Wilcox, Janet Wilson (2012)
Assessment of best single sample for finding chlamydia in women with and without symptoms: a diagnostic test studyThe BMJ, 345
Harris (2001)
21Am J Prev Med, 20
Falasinnu (2014)
706Sex Transm Dis, 41
Oakeshott (2010)
c1642BMJ, 340
M. Nye, J. Osiecki, M. Lewinski, O. Liesenfeld, S. Young, S. Taylor, R. Lillis, B. Body, C. Eisenhut, E. iii, B. Pol (2018)
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae with the cobas CT/NG v2.0 test: performance compared with the BD ProbeTec CT Qx and GC Qx amplified DNA and Aptima AC2 assaysSexually Transmitted Infections, 95
P. Oakeshott, S. Kerry, A. Aghaizu, H. Atherton, S. Hay, D. Taylor-Robinson, I. Simms, P. Hay (2010)
Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention of pelvic infection) trialThe BMJ, 340
Detels (2011)
503Sex Transm Dis, 38
ML Johnson Jones, J Chapin-Bardales, D Bizune (2019)
Extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhea among community venue?attending men who have sex with men?five cities, United States, 2017MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 68
Michelle Jones, J. Chapin-Bardales, Destani Bizune, John Papp, C. Phillips, R. Kirkcaldy, Cyprian Wejnert, Kyle Bernstein, S. Khuwaja, Z. López, P. Padgett, David Forrest, Willie Nixon, Emma Spencer, Sarah Braunstein, Sidney Carrillo, Alexis Rivera, T. Ick, H. Raymond, J. Opoku, Irene Kuo (2019)
Extragenital Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Among Community Venue–Attending Men Who Have Sex with Men — Five Cities, United States, 2017Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68
Peipert (2003)
2424N Engl J Med, 349
J. Cecil, M. Howell, J. Tawes, J. Gaydos, K. Mckee, T. Quinn, C. Gaydos (2001)
Features of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in male Army recruits.The Journal of infectious diseases, 184 9
Junyong Fang, C. Husman, Lalitha DeSilva, Ruzhang Chang, L. Peralta (2008)
Evaluation of self-collected vaginal swab, first void urine, and endocervical swab specimens for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in adolescent females.Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 21 6
(2015)
Screening for Chlamydia and gonorrhea: recommendation statement.American family physician, 91 7
M. Javanbakht, D. Westmoreland, P. Gorbach (2018)
Factors Associated With Pharyngeal Gonorrhea in Young People: Implications for PreventionSexually Transmitted Diseases, 45
Shrier (2004)
654Am J Obstet Gynecol, 190
P. Wiesner, E. Tronca, P. Bonin, A. Pedersen, K. Holmes (1973)
Clinical spectrum of pharyngeal gonococcal infection.The New England journal of medicine, 288 4
Cecil (2001)
1216J Infect Dis, 184
Russell Harris, M. Helfand, S. Woolf, K. Lohr, C. Mulrow, S. Teutsch, D. Atkins (2001)
Current methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task ForceAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine, 20
Miller (2000)
115Am J Prev Med, 18
Grentzer (2015)
313Contraception, 92
Klein (1977)
340Ann Intern Med, 86
(1973)
Division of STD Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance
J. Hocking, M. Temple-Smith, R. Guy, B. Donovan, S. Braat, M. Law, J. Gunn, D. Regan, A. Vaisey, Liliana Bulfone, J. Kaldor, C. Fairley, N. Low (2018)
Population effectiveness of opportunistic chlamydia testing in primary care in Australia: a cluster-randomised controlled trialThe Lancet, 392
Sultan (2016)
650J Clin Microbiol, 54
L. Berry, B. Stanley (2017)
Comparison of self‐collected meatal swabs with urine specimens for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in menJournal of Medical Microbiology, 66
C. Stewart, S. Schoeman, R. Booth, Susan Smith, M. Wilcox, Janet Wilson (2012)
Assessment of self taken swabs versus clinician taken swab cultures for diagnosing gonorrhoea in women: single centre, diagnostic accuracy studyThe BMJ, 345
J. Kwong, E. Chow, K. Stevens, T. Stinear, T. Seemann, C. Fairley, Marcus Chen, B. Howden (2017)
Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of gonococcal antibiotic resistance among men who have sex with men: an observational studySexually Transmitted Infections, 94
Nye (2019)
87Sex Transm Infect, 95
T. Falasinnu, M. Gilbert, P. Gustafson, J. Shoveller (2016)
An assessment of population-based screening guidelines versus clinical prediction rules for chlamydia and gonorrhea case finding.Preventive medicine, 89
M. Unemo, W. Shafer (2014)
Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st Century: Past, Evolution, and FutureClinical Microbiology Reviews, 27
E. Klein, L. Fisher, A. Chow, L. Guze (1977)
Anorectal gonococcal infection.Annals of internal medicine, 86 3
B. Sultan, B. Sultan, J. White, R. Fish, G. Carrick, N. Brima, A. Copas, A. Robinson, R. Gilson, R. Gilson, D. Mercey, D. Mercey, P. Benn (2015)
The “3 in 1” Study: Pooling Self-Taken Pharyngeal, Urethral, and Rectal Samples into a Single Sample for Analysis for Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in Men Who Have Sex with MenJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 54
T. Falasinnu, M. Gilbert, P. Gustafson, J. Shoveller (2015)
A validation study of a clinical prediction rule for screening asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections among heterosexuals in British ColumbiaSexually Transmitted Infections, 92
Østergaard (2000)
951Clin Infect Dis, 31
Falasinnu (2016)
51Prev Med, 89
Johnson Jones (2019)
321MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 68
L. Østergaard, Berit Andersen, J. Møller, F. Olesen (2000)
Home sampling versus conventional swab sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: a cluster-randomized 1-year follow-up study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 31 4
S. Skidmore, M. Kaye, D. Bayliss, S. Devendra (2008)
Validation of COBAS Taqman CT for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in vulvo-vaginal swabsSexually Transmitted Infections, 84
V. Lavoué, K. Morcel, M. Voltzenlogel, Camille Leonardon, J. Minet, P. Poulain, M. Redpath, C. Huchon (2014)
Scoring System Avoids Chlamydia trachomatis Overscreening in Women Seeking Surgical AbortionsSexually Transmitted Diseases, 41
Kwong (2018)
151Sex Transm Infect, 94
Jack Boelema, David Bulkowski, Alex DeYonker, Robert Eleveld, Jeanne Englehart, George Heartwell, Barbara Holt, Woody Hoover, Win Irwin, Birgit Klohs, Steve Maas, J. Nicholas, George Orphan, Fr., Cole, Sandra Cornell-Howe, Mike DeVries, Brian Donovan, Jim Fetzer, Dale Fitz, J. Fowler, Dave Groenleer, L. Haynes, Jim Holtvluwer, Joel Hondorp, Abed Itani, Dennis Kent, Mark Knudsen, Jim Koslosky, Ken Krombeen, Jason Peters, D. Peterson, Steven Peterson, T. Peterson, Steve Redmond, Bob (2020)
Der orthopädische Rheumatologe ist ein Spezialist!Zeitschrift für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, 158
J. Grentzer, J. Peipert, Qiuhong Zhao, Colleen McNicholas, G. Secura, T. Madden (2014)
Risk-based screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae prior to intrauterine device insertion.Contraception, 92 4
J. Schachter, W. Mccormack, M. Chernesky, D. Martin, B. Pol, P. Rice, E. Hook, W. Stamm, T. Quinn, J. Chow (2003)
Vaginal Swabs Are Appropriate Specimens for Diagnosis of Genital Tract Infection with Chlamydia trachomatisJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 41
ImportanceThe 2014 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement supported the effectiveness of screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in asymptomatic, sexually active women 24 years or younger and in older women at increased risk for infection, although evidence for screening in men was insufficient. ObjectiveTo update the 2014 USPSTF review on screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infection in adults and adolescents, including those who are pregnant. Data SourcesCochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Ovid MEDLINE (January 1, 2014, through May 28, 2020) with surveillance through May 21, 2021. Study SelectionRandomized clinical trials and observational studies of screening effectiveness, accuracy of risk stratification and alternative screening methods, accuracy of tests, and screening harms. Data Extraction and SynthesisOne investigator abstracted data; a second checked accuracy. Two investigators independently assessed study quality. Main Outcomes and MeasuresComplications of infection; infection transmission or acquisition; diagnostic accuracy of anatomical site–specific testing and collection methods; screening harms. ResultsTwenty-seven studies were included (N = 179 515). Chlamydia screening compared with no screening was significantly associated with reduced risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in 2 of 4 trials and with reduced hospital-diagnosed PID (0.24% vs 0.38%); relative risk, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.4-1.0]), but not clinic-diagnosed PID or epididymitis, in the largest trial. In studies of risk prediction instruments in asymptomatic women, age younger than 22 years demonstrated comparable accuracy to extensive criteria. Sensitivity of chlamydial testing was similar at endocervical (89%-100%) and self- and clinician-collected vaginal (90%-100%) sites for women and at meatal (100%), urethral (99%), and rectal (92%) sites for men but lower at pharyngeal sites (69.2%) for men who have sex with men. Sensitivity of gonococcal testing was 89% or greater for all anatomical samples. False-positive and false-negative testing rates were low across anatomical sites and collection methods. Conclusions and RelevanceScreening for chlamydial infection was significantly associated with a lower risk of PID in young women. Risk prediction criteria demonstrated limited accuracy beyond age. Testing for asymptomatic chlamydial and gonococcal infections was highly accurate at most anatomical sites, including urine and self-collected specimens. Effectiveness of screening in men and during pregnancy, optimal screening intervals, and adverse effects of screening require further evaluation.
JAMA – American Medical Association
Published: Sep 14, 2021
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.