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FREQUENCY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BLEEDING IN EARLY PREGNANCY

FREQUENCY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BLEEDING IN EARLY PREGNANCY Abstract Bleeding from the genital tract is an invariable concomitant of reproduction in many species of vertebrates. Most familiar is the macroscopic blood loss that occurs after parturition in mammals with deciduate placentas. Less well known is the microscopic bleeding of maternal origin that accompanies the early stages of placentation and embryonic development. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the evidence for this phenomenon based on observations in other species and to present evidence for its occurrence in man. BLEEDING IN LOWER VERTEBRATES Throughout the vertebrate subphylum, whenever the embryo is dependent on maternal sustenance beyond the ovum stage, red blood cells may be found in admixture with the pabulum of the brood chamber. In a delightful little essay on the phylogeny of menstruation, Carl Hartman1 called attention almost a quarter of a century ago to the purposeful nature of this maternal bleeding, even as it occurs References 1. Hartman, C. G.: The Phylogeny of Menstruation , J. A. M. A. 97:1863-1865 ( (Dec. 19) ) 1931.Crossref 2. Grosser, O.: Frühentwicklung, Eihautbildung und Placentation des Menschen und der Säugetiere , Munich, J. F. Bergmann, 1927. 3. Amoroso, E. C.: Placentation , in Marshall, F. H. A.: Physiology of Reproduction , Parkes, A. S., editor, ed. 3, London, Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1952, vol. 2, pp. 127-311. 4. Krafka, J., Jr.: The Torpin Ovum: A Presomite Human Embryo , in Contributions to Embryology , vol. 29, publication 525, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1941, pp. 167-193. 5. Lataste, F.: Notes prises au jour le jour sur différentes espèces de l'ordre des rongeurs observées en captivité , Actes de la Soc. Linnéene de Bordeaux 40:293-466, 1886 6. 41:201-536, 1887. 7. Long, J. A., and Evans, H. M.: A Characteristic Sign of Pregnancy in the Rat Detectable from the 13th to the 16th Day , Anat. Rec. 18:249, 1920. 8. Stafford, E. S.: The Origin of the Blood of the "Placental Sign," Anat. Rec. 47:43-51, 1930.Crossref 9. Venable, J. H.: Intra-Uterine Bleeding in the Pregnant Albino Rat: The "Placental Sign," Anat. Rec. 74:273-295, 1939.Crossref 10. Asdell, S. A., and Madsen, L. L.: The Biological Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Domestic Animals , Cornell Veterinarian 23: 59-63, 1933. 11. Ajello: Proceedings of the Second National Convention of Veterinarians for Artificial Insemination , Milan, May 25-26, 1940, pp. 90-93. 12. Hartman, C. G.: Studies in the Reproduction of the Monkey Macacus (Pithecus) Rhesus, with Special Reference to Menstruation and Pregnancy , in Contributions to Embryology , vol. 23, publication 433, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1932, pp. 1-161. 13. Wislocki, G. B., and Hartman, C. G.: On the Placentation of a Macaque (Macacus Rhesus) with Observations on the Origin of the Blood Constituting the Placental Sign , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 44: 165-185, 1929. 14. Bartelmez, G. W.: Menstruation , Physiol. Rev. 17:28-72, 1937. 15. Kulitzy: Das sogenannte Erythrocytenzeichen bei der Frühdiagnose der Schwangerschaft , Zentralbl. f. Gynäk. 55:2430-2432, 1931. 16. McCormick, C. O., Sr.: Hemorrhage in the First and Second Trimesters , Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 64A: 349-355, 1952. 17. Hofbauer, J.: Grundzüge einer Biologie der menschlichen Plazenta mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fragen der fötalen Ernährung , Vienna, Wilhelm Braumüller, 1905, pp. 41-56. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png JAMA American Medical Association

FREQUENCY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BLEEDING IN EARLY PREGNANCY

Speert, Harold; Guttmacher, Alan F.
JAMA , Volume 155 (8) – Jun 19, 1954
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References (15)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1954 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0098-7484
eISSN
1538-3598
DOI
10.1001/jama.1954.03690260004002
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract Bleeding from the genital tract is an invariable concomitant of reproduction in many species of vertebrates. Most familiar is the macroscopic blood loss that occurs after parturition in mammals with deciduate placentas. Less well known is the microscopic bleeding of maternal origin that accompanies the early stages of placentation and embryonic development. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the evidence for this phenomenon based on observations in other species and to present evidence for its occurrence in man. BLEEDING IN LOWER VERTEBRATES Throughout the vertebrate subphylum, whenever the embryo is dependent on maternal sustenance beyond the ovum stage, red blood cells may be found in admixture with the pabulum of the brood chamber. In a delightful little essay on the phylogeny of menstruation, Carl Hartman1 called attention almost a quarter of a century ago to the purposeful nature of this maternal bleeding, even as it occurs References 1. Hartman, C. G.: The Phylogeny of Menstruation , J. A. M. A. 97:1863-1865 ( (Dec. 19) ) 1931.Crossref 2. Grosser, O.: Frühentwicklung, Eihautbildung und Placentation des Menschen und der Säugetiere , Munich, J. F. Bergmann, 1927. 3. Amoroso, E. C.: Placentation , in Marshall, F. H. A.: Physiology of Reproduction , Parkes, A. S., editor, ed. 3, London, Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1952, vol. 2, pp. 127-311. 4. Krafka, J., Jr.: The Torpin Ovum: A Presomite Human Embryo , in Contributions to Embryology , vol. 29, publication 525, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1941, pp. 167-193. 5. Lataste, F.: Notes prises au jour le jour sur différentes espèces de l'ordre des rongeurs observées en captivité , Actes de la Soc. Linnéene de Bordeaux 40:293-466, 1886 6. 41:201-536, 1887. 7. Long, J. A., and Evans, H. M.: A Characteristic Sign of Pregnancy in the Rat Detectable from the 13th to the 16th Day , Anat. Rec. 18:249, 1920. 8. Stafford, E. S.: The Origin of the Blood of the "Placental Sign," Anat. Rec. 47:43-51, 1930.Crossref 9. Venable, J. H.: Intra-Uterine Bleeding in the Pregnant Albino Rat: The "Placental Sign," Anat. Rec. 74:273-295, 1939.Crossref 10. Asdell, S. A., and Madsen, L. L.: The Biological Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Domestic Animals , Cornell Veterinarian 23: 59-63, 1933. 11. Ajello: Proceedings of the Second National Convention of Veterinarians for Artificial Insemination , Milan, May 25-26, 1940, pp. 90-93. 12. Hartman, C. G.: Studies in the Reproduction of the Monkey Macacus (Pithecus) Rhesus, with Special Reference to Menstruation and Pregnancy , in Contributions to Embryology , vol. 23, publication 433, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1932, pp. 1-161. 13. Wislocki, G. B., and Hartman, C. G.: On the Placentation of a Macaque (Macacus Rhesus) with Observations on the Origin of the Blood Constituting the Placental Sign , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 44: 165-185, 1929. 14. Bartelmez, G. W.: Menstruation , Physiol. Rev. 17:28-72, 1937. 15. Kulitzy: Das sogenannte Erythrocytenzeichen bei der Frühdiagnose der Schwangerschaft , Zentralbl. f. Gynäk. 55:2430-2432, 1931. 16. McCormick, C. O., Sr.: Hemorrhage in the First and Second Trimesters , Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 64A: 349-355, 1952. 17. Hofbauer, J.: Grundzüge einer Biologie der menschlichen Plazenta mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fragen der fötalen Ernährung , Vienna, Wilhelm Braumüller, 1905, pp. 41-56.

Journal

JAMA – American Medical Association

Published: Jun 19, 1954

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