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THE PRESSOR ACTION OF AN AMERICAN MISTLETOE

THE PRESSOR ACTION OF AN AMERICAN MISTLETOE wtimatelv .»«u °m,r and of bed favors the sores, production OP OF AMERIAMERICAN [t ACTION „ij THEPRESSOR tlle of Wni<* catheterization in't'g«larities * -t0°'. must U"!lS' MISTLETOE '" '" ' t'le ^est conduwtad ''•ihiiii í surroundings. din' "° same means answers the ^°w- purpose. M.D. as t ''n° ALBERT C. CRAWFORD, We must not that ""'ess '"minectomy. forget the i" i PALOTO, CAO.CAL. is neotoniS out carried the dèUéately per- fWmanoe Itself d" may to cord, "d*1*1*"»! the is attached damage Rough ""'"lods and of A significance ' certain poetic iUP much to be ,1'1' decried—methods of . X.l'"'s"1'0 iniillot of the use of the term mistletoe because EuropeaEuropean to ''''*''' met hods is Adherence such »hat type- to mak album) in the religious ceremonies of mistletoe (Viscum S° °fte" of 0f tlle "sll0ek" sl,enk la"|i'iecI.„nil~,,s"l"'''i,1"1'S church.1 in of early Christian the Druids and those the '"''»' '"ss arises from lhe trauma and so-called, Of 111 1 it with the worship of "'''"':l1 to Norse associated -'"( A laminectomy mythology should procedures. rough be attrib- Virgil 1)loo,lh»ss while and jar. and unattended Freya, the Venus, performance Norse Ovid ", by H, ¡„'".J1' lilS' A species of mistletoe was l,liU'1'' should be a median to it. " ' operation. uted magical hugging' powers th Spines and from which the i.„ lamiiuc, magi. n||1"i1.i periosteum with the Persian collected ceremonies religious by With oare- been used album) has Aft>'.i-,.nt'1'1,|i"'l-aW,'y mistletoe (Viscum "' European ll"' canal "Pines the method of the which i entering ,.'" being , times, its use referred in medicine from is ,v '""' very early which 1 can recommend to others* highly p"-'1 Pliny, Dioscorides, Celsus,3 and Paulus \l=AE\gineta,2 "lill'.v to "Hide down to the is by entry posterior ligaments w¡t] '"" and the Avicenna4 Ebn Barthar, the of each of by pWf0rBter the slump Moslem physicians tnwmgh iiidivi,'l,r,i for use never been amputated live as the case its have be, or six, the conditions in,,! spines- may although i il . a " he-made The high with less. Middle Ages it had ProPer defined. In the exposure '"''forator accurately f"'" '°"°wed which each the burr reams spine < by away In treatment of nervous disorders.5 in in the reputation of m,K'1' its lamina». The lateral bony iiroj',",1-"'"1 adjoining was aroused the seventeenth interest century by Boyle's oil' Wnicn remain be nibbled <«n then witi, easily it.6 d'i'.'i'1'""" of <'"1' note on the cure epilepsy by Recently Deguy7 Of and a broad sharp-nosed tlie ,., rongeurs, exposure in the album very serviceable claimed that Viscum was «stained: The jX;s ' and Gaultier8 of Delassus and *'c then treatment is albuminuria, posterior delicately Bcraped ligament aw ll(,u" '"' (o ""' in the treatment of and this membrane should have used it with some success dura, opened Js¿ out ,;"" is an the araohnoldi This injuring tuberculous mut i impor- hemoptysis. <>m>' ' '•»' With the lu',il'V1'- is observed. l'i-m'l.v this and other obtained from dun, '""' The material gummy ,l"(' l'"' liest arachnoid the uninjured Possible bulging v' .')'" been for of has used the catching related singing '"" "l0 plants h '' "',l is the obtained thin¡ delicate, through in8parentW album called Viscum and, "birdlime." therefore, !'s birds, wi" "fu>" tll(' w''il''' structures »'"''"'f-'1-' though thnembrane' and has been studied Grandeau Bouton,9 Were seen a I am chemically by s'n'e f'tougli glass. that magnifying tl'e^ 1(! its nutritive value. It has also on loss of cerehro- reference to •, emphasis which is laid the with N'hiiil mainly |i, called viscin and a substance,viscautschin, resem- -\ Rn who a crude •aS i"('i(lL'"t to "shock" is without foundation. been Reinsch,10 isolated examined prod--duct by patient (it aDt to be of viscinic acid methods Viscin yields and this upset by rough entry bling caoutchouc. viscin 1,S-S0 S(, i]nlt is *be attributed to "I"'1'"1'0" in in water. 'tlle upset oil. is but insoluble eva°uation f0i It soluble benzin, ""'''- rather than m to the preceding ^hltions rough mip principle T° been active of Viscin has usually the considered "" should he ea86B> needless to thc wound say, C"l"Ph't(.l "i who product, made no test of its physiologic activity. More Viscum album, Reinsch, first although obtained this Without 1)|¡. drainage, ,\,'Fl''"S,',l ' acid by treatment of the plant with nitric acid, but nothing is definitely known of it. Crude viscin has been recommended as a coating for enteric pills, as obtained Viscum album a crystalline recently from ()XAN, we are not all Pavlevsky11 Omaha: highly Unfortunately ('...' do of its .More and made test activity. neurologic as Dr. is; physiologic surgeons, (lushing product, Usually w* album from Viscum a li,Ul' ¡'id from the Most obtained "'"•» V''r'v neurologists. Pavlevsky11 recently vvh,,'',,""' ' " general have a of with nitric but acid treatment of the '"'in-iii,,,, '7. limited-.knowledgc Burgery plant, crystalline by »-bese affebtin8 injuries. is known of it. Crude visein particular but have acid, r" nothing definitely "r,lll|l'iled tllis own in all for «»ses plan my guidance: for 0f has been reeomineuiled as a enteric as coating pills, U"' °1)('U rallil1' 'lll(' of the Spinal opening BPina- canal 11*' "•V8elf is not or and I am sureTherapeutics of the American MedicalAssociation, at theSixty-Second Annual Session, held at Los Angeles, June, 1911. tllat difficult and on Pharmacology in i dangerous, Readtin the Section "* *ne of casos which I have have 1 From the LaboratoryPharmacology, Leland Standord Junior University, Cal. Much of this work was done in the United StatesDepartment ofAgriculuture, atWashington, D.C. >'• toade .°f operated the |iali('"ls held ssssune. s itself well, and worse; The wound heals '"'vo ,',',. sStanford sPharmacology, Junior sssLaboratory l'1"1 l'"ul'11' seems me for lhe with it. Tt to sdone sthe ss ssMuch of this work T''' average sssss accident who has nol had lhe <'°'M!;' work, "'^'niitiiov""00" Fraser, J. G. : 1. For symbolism concerning the mistletoe see such as Dr. has '""' article on the mistle- nourologlc Gushing ed., also a popular training, 2 iii, 446; it'ls8.) Golden Bough, "st to 1892, new series, lv, 116; Am. canal the inthe Eclectic Magazine, eXact the and determine toe ...,," Open spinal bough 1904, 1032; Hazlitt, W. and Folklore, ii, 412; "f Med., viii, C.: Faiths the It injury. N. Y. Med. Jour., 1908, lxxxviii, 1159. This gives a detailed historical sketch of the usage of mistletoe. J.: The Mistletoe, i^ Knott, "" transverse iii, 141, 1847, NewSydenham Soc. with lesions of the Seven Books, by F. Adams, COrd 2. \l=AE\gineta: Transl. Patients Paulus liiiv,"'|- On Celsus, A. C.: Medicine, ii, 18, 19, 31, 110, 204, transl. by A. Lee, London, 1836. I sooner 3. or but, in cord lesions later; partial hiive'i,.',, 4. Foy, G.: Mistletoe, Med. Press and Circular, 1887, p. 588; Am. Med., 1904, viii, 1032. of and that, is the case of the fracture •'""' Howell, Hie It in 1894, 358; T. A. S.:Viscumalbum,Practitioner, 1882, xxviii, 22;Colbatch, J. A.:DissertationconcerningMistletoe, n. d. ""eeovery, 5. Mistletoe Medicine, Bookworm, vii, ofExperimentalNaturalPhilosophy,Oxford,1664, p. 175. ll,e cervical in R.: Usefulness fourth fifth wl'ich ."' and vertebra, 6. Boyle, ti','!'"""' 7. Deguy: album, Jour. d. xv, 393. Viscum Pract., 1901, was a n8es were (orn and (here considerable '''''""iiiliifpr\l=e'\parationsofficinales du gui(Viscumalbum), Bull.g\l=e'\n. deth\l=e'\rap., 1907, cliv, 174.Gaultier, R.:R\l=e'\sultatscliniques etexp\l=e'\r. dequelques\l=e'\tudes sur lavaleurth\l=e'\rap. etphysiol. du gui dech\l=e^\ne, Bull.g\l=e'\n. de.th\l=e'\rap., 1906, clii, 67, 88, 141. 9.Grandeau andBouton: Etudechimique du gui(ViscumalbumLinn.),Compt. rend., Acad. d. sc., 1877,lxxxiv, 129, 500,Grandeau, H.:Recherches chim. sur le gui, Ann. de la stat.agronom. de l'Est., 1828,referred to byGinieis and Ray(orginal not seen by thewriter). 10.Reinsch, P.: Beitr. zurchem.Kennt. d.Weissen Mistel(Viscumalbum L),NeuesJahrb. f.Pharm., 1860, xiv. 11.Pavlevsky : Bull. Soc. chim. de Paris, 1880, n.s., xxxiv. 348 8. Delassus: De quelques and cord lesion was on blood, tlie evident ddd: dd 5. Mistletoe Bookworm, Cx''iiiiin:ir"'" dMedicine, dd dddd; admit can be no of Hie A. ddalbum, cord there regeneration who -. d dd concerning Mistletoe, Dissertation been Tt was sible dNatural d ¡n transversely destroyed. impos- dddof dBoyle, Casea to d5. the eonl ends and suture Oxford, dp. !licin, 7 bring together ||( dd ddxv, d 7. d: Viscudalbum, ""'' s" s"" even when Wfla in"' "-'"»lx» 'nelasttc, \viis' dddddddd ll li",i'('(1 destruction of the cord cléments. ddBull. dddddddd: Th,. n'uf01 Wn° was a dddddddddd were those in whom there recOVered blood-clot I ddddddddddddd un'ier the and the not involved. °7 cord was dura, They d m'¡',"' d88, llilV<î but I could not tell rec0TOred 9. dddddddd anyway; Positively dddddd ddddAcad. le ^° was no cord operation thai there I injury. d one ,e dd d d d d Ann. d d d d ai"' "" did dand dd ddddreferred dby The tllP.m damage; ,','t S '" not seen d writer). in the cord by wl,0,n t1"'1'1' was hemorrhage Itself died. ddd d d d P. d dddd ' :""' s" tiU able learn as ' to from the bave l.n ddddddddd reported 'lsus' all such sooner or later die. d ddddd 1880. dddd dd patients Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a UQ Library User on 06/18/2015 in Indians' a substitute for caoutchouc the of secretion of the The Chimariko preparation plasters kidneys.27 as and as a base in cutaneous California are said to smoke an oak mistletoe diseases.12 ¡1.~ dressing Ariz M nutz™ stitute for while the obtained the certain of galactose tobacco,28 by treating gummy lr su Indians use the Phoradendron as material with and Tanret found both inactive ami acid, jiiniperinum t? album and raeeniic inosit in album.14 as tute for coffee.2" Both the Viscum Viscum Others, Knop,™ sa» to the and have studied the Phoradendron are claimed have Couneler.1" flavescens Erdmann," European medical and been used substitutes alii action have as mistletoe ( Viscum with reference to its ash con- tint) cardiac show in but this belie! »_ tenl. These a of digitalis perhaps analyses greater percentage mag- therapy;80 Or" the The arisen confusion of the nesium with reference calcium is rule in two , to than the by species. to I a the I.e Prince"1 from Ibis Is. consider mistletoe obtained however, injurious plants, Recently plant ^ extra« studied fluid a heart.31 the action of the volatile base the formula Payne88 having CSII,,N. empirical Phoradendron on lower with of various aninifl, This the reaction a flavescens compound gave pyrrol pine but with I.e Prince made failed to control these a corres]'"11 no tests as to the of Ibis injections chip. activity bis amount of alcohol, and data were insufficient base. lie also the a of and ing repulís presence glucosid resinous but latter conclusions. a details the two any concerning justify body, Both the and American are bodies available. are ooi European species yel »'''"""j times to The at This has been used in certain of rep"1"'; mistletoe produce symptoms parts poisoning. have been and and those of collaps1'' as an to of vomiting France addition (be food stock,1" but its purging, _ hallucinations and stertorous be I bounding rc-l"1'.,,-, value remains lu determined. to leim, According pulse, lion, and dilated Certain of the Indians» fed with Ibis show rigid dogs pupils. plant scarcely any symptoms. how ever, asseri thai it is mistletoes The common the merely mistletoe of eastern ol' the grown pari certain trees which are Cornevin and op- I'liiled Slales is I'luiriiilcntlrnu is It at poisonous, /lareseats.-" tions the is if times called really 'Plus is European species poisonous.'14 "gulden bough.'"-' plan! popularly The American lias fallen into often confused medical album. plant practically dis)1 writers with Viscum by a be1"» as but now considerable attention is medicine, Both are various has to trees.28 Laurent plants parasitic directed *""" to the of the the study thai secretes a European species. suggested European species principle I noted that if or a extra?* an fluid is ils In this years ago which to host.88 vari- aqueous country poisonous of "•'.. American mistletoe flavescens) ous of mistletoe are (Phoradendron considerable species damage causing ° of vein into the cardiac end the to trees and now work is done to obviate this injected saphenous being whose a narcotized nerves had been dog. vagi cut, .lest rue! I'11''.', ion.24 tnff fall followed a in but temporary blood-pressure, Some was in the interest Phor- years ago reawakened succeeded uns a rise associated a with '''''I'". by sharp adendron the that marked announcement flavescens by this rise in the "M heart-beat; could systemic blood-pressure to it. was claimed be attributed It oxytocic powers """ If the were not cut the rise very persistent. vagi that it was active even when This failed.-'"' ergot plant been more and if had ll"1',' gradual, atropin previously has been used to abortion the of the produce negroes by the of mistletoe no in •;1"! injection caused initial fall southern and also the slates, Indians of Memloeino by But rise in animals. while the reseinb'''1, II blood-pressure California.2" was also once be lu County. supposed " thai extracts qualitatively produced useful as aid of by epinephrin, an to The Kaffirs South fecundity. failed to when to the p1'"'. mistletoe conjunctiva Africa believe of applied their mistletoe lo affect the species " .luce local Ibis rise vasoconstriction. Accompanying 12. Vorner,bH.:cUeberViscinumdepuratum,Deutsch. med.Wchnschr., 1903, xxix, 744. Riehl, G.;Ueber Viscin u.dessentherap.Verwendung,Deutsch. med.Wchnschr., 1900, xxvi, 653.Zumbusch, L.:UeberReindarstellung undEntf\l=a"\rbung desViscins, Wien, klin.Wchnschr., 1903, xvi, 560.Loebell, W.:Verfahren z.Reinigung d.Rohviscins ausIlexarten,Chem.Centralbl., 1906, lxxvii, 1150.Fendler, G.:Mistelkautschuk, Arb. a. d.Pharmazeut.Institut d.Universit\l=a"\t,Berlin, 1906, iii, 287.Warburg, O.: DieKautschukmisteln, DerTropenpflanzer, 1905, ix, 633. was an immediate increase of blood-pressure urinary A.: 13. Muntz, Sur l'existence des \l=e'\lements du sucre de lait dans les plantes, Ann. de. chim. et de phys., 1887, series 6, x, 566. '" Secretion. This increase in secretion could 14. Tanret, G.: Sur lesinosites du gui,Compt.rend.Acad. d. sc.,1907 cxlv,1196. urinary 15. Knop, W.: Ueber d.unorgan.Bestandtheile d.Vegetabilien, Jour. f. prakt. Chem., 1846, xxxviii, 30. the as determined fell by drops they counting fr°S| A Ibis ureteral cannula'. short of find notice appeared,-- but this has been sidetracked other wow investigation by ss287. ss: s sssBerlin, sssss Of the known as in our mistletoe wester" plains sssssdes ssssss three were examined: ssAnn. amcriciin'1' ssss states, sssspbys., Bazoumofshya sI. sssssssssssss ''' and Phoradendron 'Phoradendron juniperitium, ss1196. los/nú.™ Of 15.ssssd. ssd. these Phoradendron ul"11(> s16. Councler, C.:AschenanalysenverschiedenerPflanzen undPflanzentheile, Bot.Centralbl., 1889, xl, 129,Tubeuf, V.:UeberAschenanalysen vonViscumalbum, Bot.Centralbl., 1890, xli, 43, 80, 135. juniperinum 17. Erdmann, C.:Ueber d.unorgan,Bestandtheile vonViscumalbum, Ann. d.Chem. u.Pharm., 1855, xciv, 254. 27. SouthAfricanMateriaMedica, 3 ed., p. 176. 18 Prince, Contribution chimique du gui (Viscum album), Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., 1907, cxlv, 940. Smith, A.: Le M.: a l'\l=e'\tude Contribution to the Essais sur la valeur alimentaire du gui, Bull. Soc. cent. de med. v\l=e'\t., 1905, lix, 355. 19.Giniesis and Ray:Powers, S.: Tribes ofCalifornia,Contrib. to North Am. 20. This 1877, plant wasformerlynamedViscumflavescens. SeeRushy. H. H.:Phoradendronflavescens,Drug.Bull.,1889, iii, 254. Ethnol., iii, 93.ContNAm- Stand.Dispensatory,1907, p. 931. Nat. Ethnol.,i,ii9,:EnvironmentalInterrelations inArizona, Am. ii, 142. 29.uHough,:nthropol., 1898, s22. Nobbe, F.: Ueber die Mistel, Thar. forstl. Jahrb., 1884, xxxiv, 1. Brackett, M. M.: The Mistletoe, Plant World, 1905, iii, 265. 23. Laurent, E.:l'\l=e'\xistence d'unprincipe toxique pour le po, W. L.:Mistletoe Pest in thesouthwest, Bureau PlantIndustry, Bull. 166, 1910, U. S. Dept. Agric. 25.Turnispeed, E. B.:Employment of theMistletoe toProduceAbortion,Charleston Med. Jour. and Rev., 1851, vi, 448. Long, W. H.: Viscum album,(Mistletoe) as anOxytocic,Louisville Med. News,1878,v-vi, 132. Atlanta Med. and Surg. Jour., new series, 1888, iv, 197. 309 Baker, H. E.: SomeCauses ofAbortion, OregonAgriculturist, 1902, xii, 155. Hobbs, A. G.:Mistletoe as anOxytoxic,Louisville Med News, 1878, v, 238.Crosier, E. S.:AmericanMistletoe,Louisville Med. News, 1878, v, 171. 26.Chestnut, V. K.: Plants used by the Indians ofMendocinoCounty. Cal.Contrib. from U. S. Nat.Herbar.,1900-02, vii, 344. 1ii,2. Sur Wenzel, H. P.: Mistletoe, Tr. Wis. State Med. Soc., 1879, Mistletoe as anOxytocic, Med.News, H. P.: sLe xiii, 231. Howard, sContribution a ssdu ss . Prince, D. rend. 1892, lx, 547. Gray, E.: as anOxytocic,Southern sss sd. s sss Mistletoe R.: Note on the Therapeutics Med. 1888, xviii, 253. ssand Rec., Park, ssssssss 1x2PVi: on thtTherapeutics sSoc. cent, smed. s sss of VViscum PraPra188xx ssplant ssssss 31. Ranking, G.: Mistletoe, Lancet, London, 1904, i, 756. Mur- sss ssssssss Action and ., W., Payne and Thera- rell, others: TheiPhysiological sssssss R. L.: peutic Uses of the Common Mistletoe, London Med. Rec., 1881, ix,266.toe,Med.RPayne, Mistletoe, Carolina Med. Jour., 1881, ix, 266. North ssssdie ssss1884, Med. 32Payne,R.st:toe, North Carolina JMed.Jour.,vii,253flavescens), 218; also Med. Times and Gaz., 1867, i, 26. Dixon, J.: Case ofPoisoning by Berries of the Mis- sssssssistletoe, sWorld, s v, 1887, Tex. of Med., Courier-Rec. ss i, 224. Dye, H.: Memphis Med\x=req-\Recorder 1874, tletoe, Med. Jour., Brit. sssssssssss of ofoning Dixo:e by BerBofess- ssssssssssss Med\x=req-\ tBrit.JJour.,,i2DH.:his Desplantesv\l=e'\n\l=e'\neuses, 1887, p. 164. s s s s s s 1001, 11i344. CarCornevin, C.: Recorder, 24. ssL. :Mistletoe sin BureauJour.Pharm.,1905, p. 493. 36. Fornotesconcerningvariousmistletoes, see v.Tubeur, C.: sSouthwest, 1501Am. Plant Bull. s Industry, sssssept. Ueber diezwischenunserenMisteln u. d.Thierwelt,Naturw.Ztschr. f.Forst-u.Landw.,1908, vi, 47:Ueber dieBedentung v.Beerenfarbe u.Beerenschleim bei d.Mistel,Naturw.Ztschr. f.Forst- u.Landw.,1908, vi, 141.Vrolik, G.:Overeenigephysiol.Eigenschappen vonViscumalbum,Verschlagen enMededeel. d.koningkl.Akad. v.Wetenschappen,1857, v, 263.Hough: Am.Anthropol.,1898, ii, 142.Barrows, D. H.:Ethnol.Botany of theCoahuillaIndians ofSouthernCalifornia,1900,p.80. Beziehungen sssistletoe to s ssssEmployment Med. sCharleston vi, 448. ss 36.notes concerning v. sss1851, variousvariousee Tubsee.: TubC.: sss ssssssan UdBzuMisd and series. ssssed. ssnew s1878, ZfFuLandw.,1908UeberBedeu- sSome of ssssII. Causes tvBee 1888, sOregon sss155. G. i Miststoe as an eephysiol. sA. Oxy G:,er fFuL1908,141. s: s toxic, ssNews, ssssK. can Louisville Med. s ss171. Mistletoe, sssK. sPlants used the sof s 142.ssssss ss by sfrom ssNat. ss sssss the sslifornia, ss80. Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a UQ Library User on 06/18/2015 seemed to the in It found that if. in of acid, an give characteristic rise blood- was place hydrochloric piessure. solution of oxalic acid was ethereal crystalline used, the case obtained. On of could be more the of easily rcproeipi- mistletoe, compound y. European species "'''"u these needles were album, Gaultier- I'ound of tation, usually that the crystalline perfectly injection this at times third was neces- ?acta of of precipitation plant into the cardiac end the vein white, although all ether to remove color.40 If U. S. P. uere was followed bv accelera- ordinary Vagi sary intact> tioiw i"Sl" an residue, if the was these ash but ll('al''"l,{'al with a OÍ crystals gave used, lowering blnod-pressiire. Ghev r * «lier water extraction was first shaken with traoed tins ether used for the --www« nun of mistletoe to hj action ilUtlUIl Ul 1IUDHCIUC g,».. hvpotensor uVpOtuilftUI ,' distilled then over chlorid '.'»"l-like to remove and calcium 'but be not. isolate these glucosids. did alcohol, the second and sodium, obtained Ibis mention of by shaking makes no crystals any apparently rise ^amtier '" between isi-iiio ('. —' were ash-free and melted but inn he ne noted innen an ¡in increase iiiiieuM- in in the un: ''I01»!-pressure, r"-'-«-mi-, practically U|.j Some the coin- The oxidate was inactive. of secretdont and Gaultier1» have optically Doyon recently ekjjr^ ' ,M|,|I thai this was to be in the second with the lost extrae! with shaking pound apt interferesitemporarily oxid so to avoid this a mini- of and the ether, only CoaguUbility blood. magnesium was solution and at first ainounl of water used for mum of oxid were CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS small added, only quantities magnesium Tl i more ether shaken and then the magnesium vigorously Ves an tne °^ Pboradciulrtiu tu'-"s flavescens all the Some oxid so as lake water. Werefl to added, up experi- convenient . but il more ",'sl used, later was found I,, to a ence is obtain required satisfactory yield. is with the such as lluidextract of mistletoe I-"''11'1 it in from the lirst oxalate, the base "M Again, isolating the Unid extracts market. All Eresh or aqueous the of found as n"' to use the was ether, necessary purified »resh Phoradendron which were exatn- flavescens, ¡lMl|,"' ether a few U. S. P. only ordinary "shaking" yielded »Produced this some old ones were almos! action, but ¡n. base The solution of the free no ethereal gave crystals. '''"' ""''' üxtl'act was from °f mistletoe boughl of ethereal solution of or two Vf' with an iodin, precipitate ''1(! linns of the manufacturing 'ar^e 8 and the oxalate COimtr acid, or with carbonic acid, gave picric '" '"'"' are "' u,11('n identifications botanical toad no with chlorid. However, plat- precipitate platinum the method of with the fluidextract, s'-arting from Ihe isolât" was obtained mum hydroehlorid. compound "' ""' active thus be shortened. could a.",'." base, freed principle the ethereal solution of the On evaporating l'1"1 ai'('lal1' was to various llse(l precipitate from a colored material inert the colorless-oxalate, | gummy • eS" lead "' '" the Was noie^ t'1»1'- removing lefl a with was and Ibis colored solution water, f»'oii H? gave the bis! solutions ''.v ^^ra*;e hydrogen sulphid, the free base underwent their« that oxy- <U suggesting readily if this into llv''.v was extracts gas passed ¡upieous of tl dation. ^ söhl- n*' noi '" "u' {"lse °*' alcoholic tirm-? was a Before the oxalate shaken ' st1'011?' analysis, vigorously -vs the use of lead did no! the ig problem, simplify as times with so to remove i,s three ether, any anhydrous B°on given up. in attached oxalic acid and then the were dried '"' crystals biindrr..! r.n ... lUndred e.c. were of the fluidextract of mistletoe over Of of the second vacuo acid. one sample sulphuric '" '''"'"" the residue ln I'1'»'»' lmm alcohol and and oxalate 0.1612 were mixed with oxid frtetï.8 uni. copper till<1'11 i" little water. This solution "P a 20 (about This 0.0858 .7 burnt amount 0,3194 and GO5 yielded gm. ' was ' «*= 2 iiuir- •?•) . IIllO into a 11 bottle UU.llU of Ul about lll.uill 4/ liters poured ]nilllc»U. cent. (..|. ' of or TI=5.05 1I..O. C—54 cent., per gm. per 'i on the Huid, of ether Z'1"1 poured (piantity made three ¡,'iul Of loi times with one •[ by precipitating C'm'' in oxid was added niil."'lu'siuin gradually oxalic acid 0.1889 of CO., and sul!i 0.0961 gm. gave gm. 16n* and Free anv M,,:>"titv lo lake the water up 0.05-1!) of or ('=5-1.1 TT=6.-1 hasp cent., gm. per per 11,0. Tlu' 1'ot"1' NVils in a sll,lk('n- preferably cent. 8hakPre8ent for six about one filtered aller live or hour, and method and mixed with li,,',^1"' * the Dumas cuprous By such extract shakings standing. Thj-ee practically ajj of one the second oxalate 0.15DI of chlorid, sample gm. ''""'''^'diible There was, li.ivv."' pressor compounds; X C. and mm. baro- 9.8 cc. al 31.8 under 760,8 gave 801Be Ibat the mother ,eason t° believe perhaps HiiiiT'1-' so that N=7.03 while metric cent., per pressure, out ('0,daine(l a not shaken pressor body by the ii second lot 0.75 cc. at 22 C. and of the gm. gave ''''"' amin odor, was ('t'"'1'- which had an under y=7.15 filter i?e,r 763 mm. barometric pressure, therefore, ed into and a Eunnel drop (||. pear-shaped-separator? cent. per acid with a leentrated added stirring hydrochloric ro^ This would to C 54 H 6.2, and per cent., correspond NV!ls in the a trace of water ether, '.'"'lv merely 7.00 The formula eliiii N cent. lier percent-age simples! "' 'n'llulil11' would needles on separate crystalline would answer this is t_?B which (,,,TÍ,..XT01. requirement Wa"8 of the tlie Thèse ve88e^ produced crystals This that would to 4 so inten atoms, only lse correspond oxygen aild rise in persistent character^ blood-pressure be If jSfj one oxalic acid can we subtract group present. of extract. The amount 01'igiiial crystals j^e leave us the obtai the oxalic acid it would as group, CTHi,N ',,v "l('ilns of acid was small and hydrochloric th» D,i Ilass41 has shown that carbon formula. certain probable * Meld was to uncertain, the very owing perhaps do vvben burnt the method, eopper-oxid by compounds, character the sal! of hvdrochlorid. The „•„^'""''"I'U' as not the amount of some of the 11,e,t^ theoretical at yield CO,,, about 250 C. (bese off iniabsnrbed as finder carbon methane, passes must cireiiiiislanees tin» be considered formula C7HUN R.: R\l=e'\sultats cliniques et exp\l=e'\r. de quelques \l=e'\tudes sur la valeurth\l=e'\rapeutique et physiologique du gui de ch\l=e^\ne, Bull. g\l=e'\n. de th\l=e'\rap., 1906, clii, 67, 88; De l'hypertension passag\l=e`\re comme cong. tuberc. vol. i, pt. 2, sect. ii, p. 821. Minola, G.: Sull' azione dell' estratto acquoso di Viscum album, Corriere Sanitario, 1908, xix, 66. 37. Gaultier, J.:Recherchespharmacologiques sur le gui, Bull.g\l=e'\n. deth\l=e'\rap., 1909, clv, 459. Ihe 38. Chevalier, al least until an of as analysis merely provisional, Gaultier, C.: Action de l'extrait de gui sur la coagulation du sang, Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 1909, lxvii, 547, 719;Propri\l=e'\t\l=e'\s anticoagulantes du sang \l=a`\ la suite de l'injection intraveineuse d'extrait de gui, Compt. rend. hebd. Soc. de biol., 1909, lxvii, 567. and 39.Doyon can salt be made. platinum-double ddi dddd dddx, of ammonium chlorid was similarly shaken with MgO and ether. The white crystalline body which was precipitated from the ether by an ethereal solution of oxalic acid showed no change when heated to 205 C. Bull. 40.cAtrol solusolution d dd dddle d 41. Hass, P.: Occurrence of Methane d dddd sssacid Among theDecompositionProducts of CertainNitrogenousSubstances, Tr. Chem. Soc.,London, 1906, xxxix, 570. d d dd" dd 'd d d d ('.dd:d d ded ddd d d d d dd sheated sss d ddd dd sno change d rend. dddd sssssss d d d d d dion d d d ssss sof d dSoc. ssSubstances, ddddrend. ddddd d sss s s don, s Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a UQ Library User on 06/18/2015 startling and Dale4- have shown that, most of on guinea-pigs and made the Barger recently experiments pigsinoculated the various of is due to ainin that out activity ergot bodies, announcement of ninety-six and and with bits of fifteen showed tuberculosis. p-hydroxy-phenylethylamin, primarily Burger tonsil, Later W'al have found that in reliable. is research has shown that these are not |mie phenylethylamin present figures small in This shown The has been Dale43 work has ergot quantities. by developed by rapid stages. in Goodale to an cause rise in This 1896 proved could be that minute particles of carmin epinephrin-like blood-pressure. rise resembles from the base. are that obtained mistletoe bacteria absorbed the tonsil. quickly by Although such has a formula ('„II,,X. not so absorbed we that Phenylethylamin percentage have abundant easily proof and Wood have As the mistletoe base the isonitrile reaction with does gives take Dmochowitz place. absorption caustic and chloroform a amin was bacteria in the the the of potash primary act reported seeing penetrating fuels thai indicated. These would the tonsil. suggest perhaps bacilli in be active in might principle reality The of the of tubercle phenylethylamin, frequency presence that myriads of tubercle bacilli pass the tonsil shown and that carbon the were a low. but In individuals in the determinations trifle the varies mouth enormously. the sputum. Also the respired air carries tubercle in in ether when dissolved been latergerms in proportion of tuberculosis to presencethein the has phenylethylamin (Kahlbaum), their of it stages lungs atmosphere. and with oxalic acid, a with gave Oral favors infection precipitated body from respiration air. inspired It (' cent.. II 64.6 7.3 and melted at 218 C. has per that air the per cent., been shown that passed through has This would to inonoxalate correspond phenvlethvlainin is remarkably free from bacteria. The nasal cavities not to the dioxalate next that | (('.JIl,X),(',!U)4],and was conclusively is in (C8HUN. shownimportance; it is thattubercle bacilli can beabsorbed point epoch-making inonoxalate The demands (i,. cent. (' and ('•JLOJ. into tonsils. All that is an per the is ample necessary cent. II. was 7.5 lirst to he per of injurymucousmembranebeingnecessary.Wood, in Benzylamin suspected dosage sufficient without and to virulence, the.tonsillar the but its oxalate pressor 1905, on hogs, principle, (CT11„X 0„H.,O4) by experiments have which considerable cause melts at 12° lower 175 that is. over C. than the ('., was to infect the tonsils and able tissue, tonsillar mistletoe The fact of oxalate. that the in the formation them of by simply my analysis tubercles their surface virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli. swabbingaon inonoxalate of oxid the copper In the of phenylethylamin by connection, percentage tonsils showing this .tubercles in patients suffering from tuberculosis is most method lower a Iban the theo- gave mucous slightly percentage lonsillar membrane Wood- being necessary. retical of would amount carbón, suggest that, perhaps, on which bave conside'"1 1905, by experiments bogs, carbon are a trifle low and thai determinations the my tonsillar tissue, was able to infect the tonsils and ''''! ,, real have formula to the percentage may tubercles swab1'1 prove per- the formation in of them by simply So thai at the CSI1MX. on surface centage composition present, their virulent cultures of tubercle hacill'-. dala baud is not al sullieient to the active In this identify the of tonsils connection, percentage sho""jJ of our southern mistletoes. Further pressor is principles tubercles in tuberculosis from |U''\ patients suffering will chemical be (lone Ibis work on and the subject because we in them the same conditi0. have interesting discussed. Tbe ion whether 8° (pies! in therapeutic possibilities as Dr. Wood's The of experiments. percentage Ibis retains ¡is when mouth given by tonsils tubercles is b8. compound activity so that some men showing' high with be even far that investigated. so as lo in all tubérculo8 cases of gone say sn° of the tonsils to the autopsy lungs coming Al.KTKACT (IK DISCUSSION liercles. Du. D. ('.: lt thus been '-, Reíd Do consider the has established 1'airlv Hunt, you conclusively- Washington, •ll' • ll or diuresis to be due a direct effect on the to result to and actual kidney, observation, ''\ experiinentalion pathologic from the in change blood-pressure? tonsils becoine bacilli lhe infected with lubercle and t. .;' Du, A. Cu.vvvi-oiiii. Cal.: I C. Stanford have University, tubercles form within them. The typical over literature on infee"."^ the and have ^oiie curly ergot carefully «'''" be within from the in germs may coming never seen was body, Hint there a diuretic any statement action '. ease we have tuberculosis of the tonsil, secondary associated with its use. I as have not yet analyzed physiolog- a"1 enter the mouth with food or otherwise may but ils they the action of the mistletoe, that diuretic ically suspect find in the tonsil. action is tlmt to on the but cannot primary lodgment circulation; secondary tllis ul is conceded that to»1-"1 While it tuberculosis of the present. prove is. as a to rule, tuberculosis of the secondary lung'./1'' that infection of the is tonsil primary comparative J. deal of material bas bien collected HISTOLOGIC EXAMINATION rare, great OF THE FAUCIAL which of tuberculosis of the diagnosis tonsil primary TONSILS WITH REFERENCE TO TUBERCULOSIS h||!J !•'' been made. The of eases runs number between TUBERCULOSIS and and the material in the abundant hand- -2,000 E. SEWALL, M.D. different C. observers a a little over gives percentage Associate Professor These well are on. Tbe of Ophthalmology,Laryngology and Otology, figures fairly agreed Cooper diagii""'^ Medical College in lliese has rested on cases inoculation experiments SAN FRANCISCO histologie findings. Ali The between the tonsils of the relationship The next What are is. the clinical carnu"h' question question that and tuberculosis is one has been the minds BilC which we can agitating look into the mouth and diagnose by | of and in 1886 clinicians since Trautman an pathologists infected tonsil? as I am in this p:ll"\ Speaking called attention to the connection. tn» of non-uh-cral iv e possible I say altogether might processes, methods were brought to bear by Dieulafoy, who performed inoculation It was not till 1895 that laboratory liiere are no which the reCOg condition eau be signs by bear to inoculation ni/.ed. Some men described have ¡eular feature»' brought by Dieulafoy,rmed par! but the of are observers that there majority agree p- 42. Barger, and Walpole, G. Isolation of the Pressor Principles of Putrid Meat, Jour. Physiol, 1909, xxxviii, 343. Dale, H. H., and Dixon, W. E.: Action of Pressor Amins Produced by Putrefaction, Jour. Physiol., 1909, xxxix, 25. G. S.: tl) 43. Barger, Dale, H. H.: Chemical Structure and Sympathomimetic Action of Amins, Jour. Physiol., 1910, xli, 19. G., and for distinguishing signs. Danziger, one, reports -a i refill 100 s Jour. s examination of tuberculous s s s patients. sssssStructure and s ' sssand certain of such said large are percentage s s ss Jour. s s ss patients s. '"' Read in the Section on Laryngology, Otology and Rhinology of the have tuberculous could tonsils. recognize Association, at theSixty-SecondAnnual Ses- Danziger terican Medical on which to make a cours« sion, held Angeles, June, 1911 When the at Los points diagnosis. Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a UQ Library User on 06/18/2015 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of the American Medical Association Unpaywall

THE PRESSOR ACTION OF AN AMERICAN MISTLETOE

CRAWFORD, ALBERT C.
Journal of the American Medical Association – Sep 9, 1911
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0002-9955
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10.1001/jama.1911.04260090087003
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Abstract

wtimatelv .»«u °m,r and of bed favors the sores, production OP OF AMERIAMERICAN [t ACTION „ij THEPRESSOR tlle of Wni<* catheterization in't'g«larities * -t0°'. must U"!lS' MISTLETOE '" '" ' t'le ^est conduwtad ''•ihiiii í surroundings. din' "° same means answers the ^°w- purpose. M.D. as t ''n° ALBERT C. CRAWFORD, We must not that ""'ess '"minectomy. forget the i" i PALOTO, CAO.CAL. is neotoniS out carried the dèUéately per- fWmanoe Itself d" may to cord, "d*1*1*"»! the is attached damage Rough ""'"lods and of A significance ' certain poetic iUP much to be ,1'1' decried—methods of . X.l'"'s"1'0 iniillot of the use of the term mistletoe because EuropeaEuropean to ''''*''' met hods is Adherence such »hat type- to mak album) in the religious ceremonies of mistletoe (Viscum S° °fte" of 0f tlle "sll0ek" sl,enk la"|i'iecI.„nil~,,s"l"'''i,1"1'S church.1 in of early Christian the Druids and those the '"''»' '"ss arises from lhe trauma and so-called, Of 111 1 it with the worship of "'''"':l1 to Norse associated -'"( A laminectomy mythology should procedures. rough be attrib- Virgil 1)loo,lh»ss while and jar. and unattended Freya, the Venus, performance Norse Ovid ", by H, ¡„'".J1' lilS' A species of mistletoe was l,liU'1'' should be a median to it. " ' operation. uted magical hugging' powers th Spines and from which the i.„ lamiiuc, magi. n||1"i1.i periosteum with the Persian collected ceremonies religious by With oare- been used album) has Aft>'.i-,.nt'1'1,|i"'l-aW,'y mistletoe (Viscum "' European ll"' canal "Pines the method of the which i entering ,.'" being , times, its use referred in medicine from is ,v '""' very early which 1 can recommend to others* highly p"-'1 Pliny, Dioscorides, Celsus,3 and Paulus \l=AE\gineta,2 "lill'.v to "Hide down to the is by entry posterior ligaments w¡t] '"" and the Avicenna4 Ebn Barthar, the of each of by pWf0rBter the slump Moslem physicians tnwmgh iiidivi,'l,r,i for use never been amputated live as the case its have be, or six, the conditions in,,! spines- may although i il . a " he-made The high with less. Middle Ages it had ProPer defined. In the exposure '"''forator accurately f"'" '°"°wed which each the burr reams spine < by away In treatment of nervous disorders.5 in in the reputation of m,K'1' its lamina». The lateral bony iiroj',",1-"'"1 adjoining was aroused the seventeenth interest century by Boyle's oil' Wnicn remain be nibbled <«n then witi, easily it.6 d'i'.'i'1'""" of <'"1' note on the cure epilepsy by Recently Deguy7 Of and a broad sharp-nosed tlie ,., rongeurs, exposure in the album very serviceable claimed that Viscum was «stained: The jX;s ' and Gaultier8 of Delassus and *'c then treatment is albuminuria, posterior delicately Bcraped ligament aw ll(,u" '"' (o ""' in the treatment of and this membrane should have used it with some success dura, opened Js¿ out ,;"" is an the araohnoldi This injuring tuberculous mut i impor- hemoptysis. <>m>' ' '•»' With the lu',il'V1'- is observed. l'i-m'l.v this and other obtained from dun, '""' The material gummy ,l"(' l'"' liest arachnoid the uninjured Possible bulging v' .')'" been for of has used the catching related singing '"" "l0 plants h '' "',l is the obtained thin¡ delicate, through in8parentW album called Viscum and, "birdlime." therefore, !'s birds, wi" "fu>" tll(' w''il''' structures »'"''"'f-'1-' though thnembrane' and has been studied Grandeau Bouton,9 Were seen a I am chemically by s'n'e f'tougli glass. that magnifying tl'e^ 1(! its nutritive value. It has also on loss of cerehro- reference to •, emphasis which is laid the with N'hiiil mainly |i, called viscin and a substance,viscautschin, resem- -\ Rn who a crude •aS i"('i(lL'"t to "shock" is without foundation. been Reinsch,10 isolated examined prod--duct by patient (it aDt to be of viscinic acid methods Viscin yields and this upset by rough entry bling caoutchouc. viscin 1,S-S0 S(, i]nlt is *be attributed to "I"'1'"1'0" in in water. 'tlle upset oil. is but insoluble eva°uation f0i It soluble benzin, ""'''- rather than m to the preceding ^hltions rough mip principle T° been active of Viscin has usually the considered "" should he ea86B> needless to thc wound say, C"l"Ph't(.l "i who product, made no test of its physiologic activity. More Viscum album, Reinsch, first although obtained this Without 1)|¡. drainage, ,\,'Fl''"S,',l ' acid by treatment of the plant with nitric acid, but nothing is definitely known of it. Crude viscin has been recommended as a coating for enteric pills, as obtained Viscum album a crystalline recently from ()XAN, we are not all Pavlevsky11 Omaha: highly Unfortunately ('...' do of its .More and made test activity. neurologic as Dr. is; physiologic surgeons, (lushing product, Usually w* album from Viscum a li,Ul' ¡'id from the Most obtained "'"•» V''r'v neurologists. Pavlevsky11 recently vvh,,'',,""' ' " general have a of with nitric but acid treatment of the '"'in-iii,,,, '7. limited-.knowledgc Burgery plant, crystalline by »-bese affebtin8 injuries. is known of it. Crude visein particular but have acid, r" nothing definitely "r,lll|l'iled tllis own in all for «»ses plan my guidance: for 0f has been reeomineuiled as a enteric as coating pills, U"' °1)('U rallil1' 'lll(' of the Spinal opening BPina- canal 11*' "•V8elf is not or and I am sureTherapeutics of the American MedicalAssociation, at theSixty-Second Annual Session, held at Los Angeles, June, 1911. tllat difficult and on Pharmacology in i dangerous, Readtin the Section "* *ne of casos which I have have 1 From the LaboratoryPharmacology, Leland Standord Junior University, Cal. Much of this work was done in the United StatesDepartment ofAgriculuture, atWashington, D.C. >'• toade .°f operated the |iali('"ls held ssssune. s itself well, and worse; The wound heals '"'vo ,',',. sStanford sPharmacology, Junior sssLaboratory l'1"1 l'"ul'11' seems me for lhe with it. Tt to sdone sthe ss ssMuch of this work T''' average sssss accident who has nol had lhe <'°'M!;' work, "'^'niitiiov""00" Fraser, J. G. : 1. For symbolism concerning the mistletoe see such as Dr. has '""' article on the mistle- nourologlc Gushing ed., also a popular training, 2 iii, 446; it'ls8.) Golden Bough, "st to 1892, new series, lv, 116; Am. canal the inthe Eclectic Magazine, eXact the and determine toe ...,," Open spinal bough 1904, 1032; Hazlitt, W. and Folklore, ii, 412; "f Med., viii, C.: Faiths the It injury. N. Y. Med. Jour., 1908, lxxxviii, 1159. This gives a detailed historical sketch of the usage of mistletoe. J.: The Mistletoe, i^ Knott, "" transverse iii, 141, 1847, NewSydenham Soc. with lesions of the Seven Books, by F. Adams, COrd 2. \l=AE\gineta: Transl. Patients Paulus liiiv,"'|- On Celsus, A. C.: Medicine, ii, 18, 19, 31, 110, 204, transl. by A. Lee, London, 1836. I sooner 3. or but, in cord lesions later; partial hiive'i,.',, 4. Foy, G.: Mistletoe, Med. Press and Circular, 1887, p. 588; Am. Med., 1904, viii, 1032. of and that, is the case of the fracture •'""' Howell, Hie It in 1894, 358; T. A. S.:Viscumalbum,Practitioner, 1882, xxviii, 22;Colbatch, J. A.:DissertationconcerningMistletoe, n. d. ""eeovery, 5. Mistletoe Medicine, Bookworm, vii, ofExperimentalNaturalPhilosophy,Oxford,1664, p. 175. ll,e cervical in R.: Usefulness fourth fifth wl'ich ."' and vertebra, 6. Boyle, ti','!'"""' 7. Deguy: album, Jour. d. xv, 393. Viscum Pract., 1901, was a n8es were (orn and (here considerable '''''""iiiliifpr\l=e'\parationsofficinales du gui(Viscumalbum), Bull.g\l=e'\n. deth\l=e'\rap., 1907, cliv, 174.Gaultier, R.:R\l=e'\sultatscliniques etexp\l=e'\r. dequelques\l=e'\tudes sur lavaleurth\l=e'\rap. etphysiol. du gui dech\l=e^\ne, Bull.g\l=e'\n. de.th\l=e'\rap., 1906, clii, 67, 88, 141. 9.Grandeau andBouton: Etudechimique du gui(ViscumalbumLinn.),Compt. rend., Acad. d. sc., 1877,lxxxiv, 129, 500,Grandeau, H.:Recherches chim. sur le gui, Ann. de la stat.agronom. de l'Est., 1828,referred to byGinieis and Ray(orginal not seen by thewriter). 10.Reinsch, P.: Beitr. zurchem.Kennt. d.Weissen Mistel(Viscumalbum L),NeuesJahrb. f.Pharm., 1860, xiv. 11.Pavlevsky : Bull. Soc. chim. de Paris, 1880, n.s., xxxiv. 348 8. Delassus: De quelques and cord lesion was on blood, tlie evident ddd: dd 5. Mistletoe Bookworm, Cx''iiiiin:ir"'" dMedicine, dd dddd; admit can be no of Hie A. ddalbum, cord there regeneration who -. d dd concerning Mistletoe, Dissertation been Tt was sible dNatural d ¡n transversely destroyed. impos- dddof dBoyle, Casea to d5. the eonl ends and suture Oxford, dp. !licin, 7 bring together ||( dd ddxv, d 7. d: Viscudalbum, ""'' s" s"" even when Wfla in"' "-'"»lx» 'nelasttc, \viis' dddddddd ll li",i'('(1 destruction of the cord cléments. ddBull. dddddddd: Th,. n'uf01 Wn° was a dddddddddd were those in whom there recOVered blood-clot I ddddddddddddd un'ier the and the not involved. °7 cord was dura, They d m'¡',"' d88, llilV<î but I could not tell rec0TOred 9. dddddddd anyway; Positively dddddd ddddAcad. le ^° was no cord operation thai there I injury. d one ,e dd d d d d Ann. d d d d ai"' "" did dand dd ddddreferred dby The tllP.m damage; ,','t S '" not seen d writer). in the cord by wl,0,n t1"'1'1' was hemorrhage Itself died. ddd d d d P. d dddd ' :""' s" tiU able learn as ' to from the bave l.n ddddddddd reported 'lsus' all such sooner or later die. d ddddd 1880. dddd dd patients Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a UQ Library User on 06/18/2015 in Indians' a substitute for caoutchouc the of secretion of the The Chimariko preparation plasters kidneys.27 as and as a base in cutaneous California are said to smoke an oak mistletoe diseases.12 ¡1.~ dressing Ariz M nutz™ stitute for while the obtained the certain of galactose tobacco,28 by treating gummy lr su Indians use the Phoradendron as material with and Tanret found both inactive ami acid, jiiniperinum t? album and raeeniic inosit in album.14 as tute for coffee.2" Both the Viscum Viscum Others, Knop,™ sa» to the and have studied the Phoradendron are claimed have Couneler.1" flavescens Erdmann," European medical and been used substitutes alii action have as mistletoe ( Viscum with reference to its ash con- tint) cardiac show in but this belie! »_ tenl. These a of digitalis perhaps analyses greater percentage mag- therapy;80 Or" the The arisen confusion of the nesium with reference calcium is rule in two , to than the by species. to I a the I.e Prince"1 from Ibis Is. consider mistletoe obtained however, injurious plants, Recently plant ^ extra« studied fluid a heart.31 the action of the volatile base the formula Payne88 having CSII,,N. empirical Phoradendron on lower with of various aninifl, This the reaction a flavescens compound gave pyrrol pine but with I.e Prince made failed to control these a corres]'"11 no tests as to the of Ibis injections chip. activity bis amount of alcohol, and data were insufficient base. lie also the a of and ing repulís presence glucosid resinous but latter conclusions. a details the two any concerning justify body, Both the and American are bodies available. are ooi European species yel »'''"""j times to The at This has been used in certain of rep"1"'; mistletoe produce symptoms parts poisoning. have been and and those of collaps1'' as an to of vomiting France addition (be food stock,1" but its purging, _ hallucinations and stertorous be I bounding rc-l"1'.,,-, value remains lu determined. to leim, According pulse, lion, and dilated Certain of the Indians» fed with Ibis show rigid dogs pupils. plant scarcely any symptoms. how ever, asseri thai it is mistletoes The common the merely mistletoe of eastern ol' the grown pari certain trees which are Cornevin and op- I'liiled Slales is I'luiriiilcntlrnu is It at poisonous, /lareseats.-" tions the is if times called really 'Plus is European species poisonous.'14 "gulden bough.'"-' plan! popularly The American lias fallen into often confused medical album. plant practically dis)1 writers with Viscum by a be1"» as but now considerable attention is medicine, Both are various has to trees.28 Laurent plants parasitic directed *""" to the of the the study thai secretes a European species. suggested European species principle I noted that if or a extra?* an fluid is ils In this years ago which to host.88 vari- aqueous country poisonous of "•'.. American mistletoe flavescens) ous of mistletoe are (Phoradendron considerable species damage causing ° of vein into the cardiac end the to trees and now work is done to obviate this injected saphenous being whose a narcotized nerves had been dog. vagi cut, .lest rue! I'11''.', ion.24 tnff fall followed a in but temporary blood-pressure, Some was in the interest Phor- years ago reawakened succeeded uns a rise associated a with '''''I'". by sharp adendron the that marked announcement flavescens by this rise in the "M heart-beat; could systemic blood-pressure to it. was claimed be attributed It oxytocic powers """ If the were not cut the rise very persistent. vagi that it was active even when This failed.-'"' ergot plant been more and if had ll"1',' gradual, atropin previously has been used to abortion the of the produce negroes by the of mistletoe no in •;1"! injection caused initial fall southern and also the slates, Indians of Memloeino by But rise in animals. while the reseinb'''1, II blood-pressure California.2" was also once be lu County. supposed " thai extracts qualitatively produced useful as aid of by epinephrin, an to The Kaffirs South fecundity. failed to when to the p1'"'. mistletoe conjunctiva Africa believe of applied their mistletoe lo affect the species " .luce local Ibis rise vasoconstriction. Accompanying 12. Vorner,bH.:cUeberViscinumdepuratum,Deutsch. med.Wchnschr., 1903, xxix, 744. Riehl, G.;Ueber Viscin u.dessentherap.Verwendung,Deutsch. med.Wchnschr., 1900, xxvi, 653.Zumbusch, L.:UeberReindarstellung undEntf\l=a"\rbung desViscins, Wien, klin.Wchnschr., 1903, xvi, 560.Loebell, W.:Verfahren z.Reinigung d.Rohviscins ausIlexarten,Chem.Centralbl., 1906, lxxvii, 1150.Fendler, G.:Mistelkautschuk, Arb. a. d.Pharmazeut.Institut d.Universit\l=a"\t,Berlin, 1906, iii, 287.Warburg, O.: DieKautschukmisteln, DerTropenpflanzer, 1905, ix, 633. was an immediate increase of blood-pressure urinary A.: 13. Muntz, Sur l'existence des \l=e'\lements du sucre de lait dans les plantes, Ann. de. chim. et de phys., 1887, series 6, x, 566. '" Secretion. This increase in secretion could 14. Tanret, G.: Sur lesinosites du gui,Compt.rend.Acad. d. sc.,1907 cxlv,1196. urinary 15. Knop, W.: Ueber d.unorgan.Bestandtheile d.Vegetabilien, Jour. f. prakt. Chem., 1846, xxxviii, 30. the as determined fell by drops they counting fr°S| A Ibis ureteral cannula'. short of find notice appeared,-- but this has been sidetracked other wow investigation by ss287. ss: s sssBerlin, sssss Of the known as in our mistletoe wester" plains sssssdes ssssss three were examined: ssAnn. amcriciin'1' ssss states, sssspbys., Bazoumofshya sI. sssssssssssss ''' and Phoradendron 'Phoradendron juniperitium, ss1196. los/nú.™ Of 15.ssssd. ssd. these Phoradendron ul"11(> s16. Councler, C.:AschenanalysenverschiedenerPflanzen undPflanzentheile, Bot.Centralbl., 1889, xl, 129,Tubeuf, V.:UeberAschenanalysen vonViscumalbum, Bot.Centralbl., 1890, xli, 43, 80, 135. juniperinum 17. Erdmann, C.:Ueber d.unorgan,Bestandtheile vonViscumalbum, Ann. d.Chem. u.Pharm., 1855, xciv, 254. 27. SouthAfricanMateriaMedica, 3 ed., p. 176. 18 Prince, Contribution chimique du gui (Viscum album), Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc., 1907, cxlv, 940. Smith, A.: Le M.: a l'\l=e'\tude Contribution to the Essais sur la valeur alimentaire du gui, Bull. Soc. cent. de med. v\l=e'\t., 1905, lix, 355. 19.Giniesis and Ray:Powers, S.: Tribes ofCalifornia,Contrib. to North Am. 20. This 1877, plant wasformerlynamedViscumflavescens. SeeRushy. H. H.:Phoradendronflavescens,Drug.Bull.,1889, iii, 254. Ethnol., iii, 93.ContNAm- Stand.Dispensatory,1907, p. 931. Nat. Ethnol.,i,ii9,:EnvironmentalInterrelations inArizona, Am. ii, 142. 29.uHough,:nthropol., 1898, s22. Nobbe, F.: Ueber die Mistel, Thar. forstl. Jahrb., 1884, xxxiv, 1. Brackett, M. M.: The Mistletoe, Plant World, 1905, iii, 265. 23. Laurent, E.:l'\l=e'\xistence d'unprincipe toxique pour le po, W. L.:Mistletoe Pest in thesouthwest, Bureau PlantIndustry, Bull. 166, 1910, U. S. Dept. Agric. 25.Turnispeed, E. B.:Employment of theMistletoe toProduceAbortion,Charleston Med. Jour. and Rev., 1851, vi, 448. Long, W. H.: Viscum album,(Mistletoe) as anOxytocic,Louisville Med. News,1878,v-vi, 132. Atlanta Med. and Surg. Jour., new series, 1888, iv, 197. 309 Baker, H. E.: SomeCauses ofAbortion, OregonAgriculturist, 1902, xii, 155. Hobbs, A. G.:Mistletoe as anOxytoxic,Louisville Med News, 1878, v, 238.Crosier, E. S.:AmericanMistletoe,Louisville Med. News, 1878, v, 171. 26.Chestnut, V. K.: Plants used by the Indians ofMendocinoCounty. Cal.Contrib. from U. S. Nat.Herbar.,1900-02, vii, 344. 1ii,2. Sur Wenzel, H. P.: Mistletoe, Tr. Wis. State Med. Soc., 1879, Mistletoe as anOxytocic, Med.News, H. P.: sLe xiii, 231. Howard, sContribution a ssdu ss . Prince, D. rend. 1892, lx, 547. Gray, E.: as anOxytocic,Southern sss sd. s sss Mistletoe R.: Note on the Therapeutics Med. 1888, xviii, 253. ssand Rec., Park, ssssssss 1x2PVi: on thtTherapeutics sSoc. cent, smed. s sss of VViscum PraPra188xx ssplant ssssss 31. Ranking, G.: Mistletoe, Lancet, London, 1904, i, 756. Mur- sss ssssssss Action and ., W., Payne and Thera- rell, others: TheiPhysiological sssssss R. L.: peutic Uses of the Common Mistletoe, London Med. Rec., 1881, ix,266.toe,Med.RPayne, Mistletoe, Carolina Med. Jour., 1881, ix, 266. North ssssdie ssss1884, Med. 32Payne,R.st:toe, North Carolina JMed.Jour.,vii,253flavescens), 218; also Med. Times and Gaz., 1867, i, 26. Dixon, J.: Case ofPoisoning by Berries of the Mis- sssssssistletoe, sWorld, s v, 1887, Tex. of Med., Courier-Rec. ss i, 224. Dye, H.: Memphis Med\x=req-\Recorder 1874, tletoe, Med. Jour., Brit. sssssssssss of ofoning Dixo:e by BerBofess- ssssssssssss Med\x=req-\ tBrit.JJour.,,i2DH.:his Desplantesv\l=e'\n\l=e'\neuses, 1887, p. 164. s s s s s s 1001, 11i344. CarCornevin, C.: Recorder, 24. ssL. :Mistletoe sin BureauJour.Pharm.,1905, p. 493. 36. Fornotesconcerningvariousmistletoes, see v.Tubeur, C.: sSouthwest, 1501Am. Plant Bull. s Industry, sssssept. Ueber diezwischenunserenMisteln u. d.Thierwelt,Naturw.Ztschr. f.Forst-u.Landw.,1908, vi, 47:Ueber dieBedentung v.Beerenfarbe u.Beerenschleim bei d.Mistel,Naturw.Ztschr. f.Forst- u.Landw.,1908, vi, 141.Vrolik, G.:Overeenigephysiol.Eigenschappen vonViscumalbum,Verschlagen enMededeel. d.koningkl.Akad. v.Wetenschappen,1857, v, 263.Hough: Am.Anthropol.,1898, ii, 142.Barrows, D. H.:Ethnol.Botany of theCoahuillaIndians ofSouthernCalifornia,1900,p.80. Beziehungen sssistletoe to s ssssEmployment Med. sCharleston vi, 448. ss 36.notes concerning v. sss1851, variousvariousee Tubsee.: TubC.: sss ssssssan UdBzuMisd and series. ssssed. ssnew s1878, ZfFuLandw.,1908UeberBedeu- sSome of ssssII. Causes tvBee 1888, sOregon sss155. G. i Miststoe as an eephysiol. sA. Oxy G:,er fFuL1908,141. s: s toxic, ssNews, ssssK. can Louisville Med. s ss171. Mistletoe, sssK. sPlants used the sof s 142.ssssss ss by sfrom ssNat. ss sssss the sslifornia, ss80. Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a UQ Library User on 06/18/2015 seemed to the in It found that if. in of acid, an give characteristic rise blood- was place hydrochloric piessure. solution of oxalic acid was ethereal crystalline used, the case obtained. On of could be more the of easily rcproeipi- mistletoe, compound y. European species "'''"u these needles were album, Gaultier- I'ound of tation, usually that the crystalline perfectly injection this at times third was neces- ?acta of of precipitation plant into the cardiac end the vein white, although all ether to remove color.40 If U. S. P. uere was followed bv accelera- ordinary Vagi sary intact> tioiw i"Sl" an residue, if the was these ash but ll('al''"l,{'al with a OÍ crystals gave used, lowering blnod-pressiire. Ghev r * «lier water extraction was first shaken with traoed tins ether used for the --www« nun of mistletoe to hj action ilUtlUIl Ul 1IUDHCIUC g,».. hvpotensor uVpOtuilftUI ,' distilled then over chlorid '.'»"l-like to remove and calcium 'but be not. isolate these glucosids. did alcohol, the second and sodium, obtained Ibis mention of by shaking makes no crystals any apparently rise ^amtier '" between isi-iiio ('. —' were ash-free and melted but inn he ne noted innen an ¡in increase iiiiieuM- in in the un: ''I01»!-pressure, r"-'-«-mi-, practically U|.j Some the coin- The oxidate was inactive. of secretdont and Gaultier1» have optically Doyon recently ekjjr^ ' ,M|,|I thai this was to be in the second with the lost extrae! with shaking pound apt interferesitemporarily oxid so to avoid this a mini- of and the ether, only CoaguUbility blood. magnesium was solution and at first ainounl of water used for mum of oxid were CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS small added, only quantities magnesium Tl i more ether shaken and then the magnesium vigorously Ves an tne °^ Pboradciulrtiu tu'-"s flavescens all the Some oxid so as lake water. Werefl to added, up experi- convenient . but il more ",'sl used, later was found I,, to a ence is obtain required satisfactory yield. is with the such as lluidextract of mistletoe I-"''11'1 it in from the lirst oxalate, the base "M Again, isolating the Unid extracts market. All Eresh or aqueous the of found as n"' to use the was ether, necessary purified »resh Phoradendron which were exatn- flavescens, ¡lMl|,"' ether a few U. S. P. only ordinary "shaking" yielded »Produced this some old ones were almos! action, but ¡n. base The solution of the free no ethereal gave crystals. '''"' ""''' üxtl'act was from °f mistletoe boughl of ethereal solution of or two Vf' with an iodin, precipitate ''1(! linns of the manufacturing 'ar^e 8 and the oxalate COimtr acid, or with carbonic acid, gave picric '" '"'"' are "' u,11('n identifications botanical toad no with chlorid. However, plat- precipitate platinum the method of with the fluidextract, s'-arting from Ihe isolât" was obtained mum hydroehlorid. compound "' ""' active thus be shortened. could a.",'." base, freed principle the ethereal solution of the On evaporating l'1"1 ai'('lal1' was to various llse(l precipitate from a colored material inert the colorless-oxalate, | gummy • eS" lead "' '" the Was noie^ t'1»1'- removing lefl a with was and Ibis colored solution water, f»'oii H? gave the bis! solutions ''.v ^^ra*;e hydrogen sulphid, the free base underwent their« that oxy- <U suggesting readily if this into llv''.v was extracts gas passed ¡upieous of tl dation. ^ söhl- n*' noi '" "u' {"lse °*' alcoholic tirm-? was a Before the oxalate shaken ' st1'011?' analysis, vigorously -vs the use of lead did no! the ig problem, simplify as times with so to remove i,s three ether, any anhydrous B°on given up. in attached oxalic acid and then the were dried '"' crystals biindrr..! r.n ... lUndred e.c. were of the fluidextract of mistletoe over Of of the second vacuo acid. one sample sulphuric '" '''"'"" the residue ln I'1'»'»' lmm alcohol and and oxalate 0.1612 were mixed with oxid frtetï.8 uni. copper till<1'11 i" little water. This solution "P a 20 (about This 0.0858 .7 burnt amount 0,3194 and GO5 yielded gm. ' was ' «*= 2 iiuir- •?•) . IIllO into a 11 bottle UU.llU of Ul about lll.uill 4/ liters poured ]nilllc»U. cent. (..|. ' of or TI=5.05 1I..O. C—54 cent., per gm. per 'i on the Huid, of ether Z'1"1 poured (piantity made three ¡,'iul Of loi times with one •[ by precipitating C'm'' in oxid was added niil."'lu'siuin gradually oxalic acid 0.1889 of CO., and sul!i 0.0961 gm. gave gm. 16n* and Free anv M,,:>"titv lo lake the water up 0.05-1!) of or ('=5-1.1 TT=6.-1 hasp cent., gm. per per 11,0. Tlu' 1'ot"1' NVils in a sll,lk('n- preferably cent. 8hakPre8ent for six about one filtered aller live or hour, and method and mixed with li,,',^1"' * the Dumas cuprous By such extract shakings standing. Thj-ee practically ajj of one the second oxalate 0.15DI of chlorid, sample gm. ''""'''^'diible There was, li.ivv."' pressor compounds; X C. and mm. baro- 9.8 cc. al 31.8 under 760,8 gave 801Be Ibat the mother ,eason t° believe perhaps HiiiiT'1-' so that N=7.03 while metric cent., per pressure, out ('0,daine(l a not shaken pressor body by the ii second lot 0.75 cc. at 22 C. and of the gm. gave ''''"' amin odor, was ('t'"'1'- which had an under y=7.15 filter i?e,r 763 mm. barometric pressure, therefore, ed into and a Eunnel drop (||. pear-shaped-separator? cent. per acid with a leentrated added stirring hydrochloric ro^ This would to C 54 H 6.2, and per cent., correspond NV!ls in the a trace of water ether, '.'"'lv merely 7.00 The formula eliiii N cent. lier percent-age simples! "' 'n'llulil11' would needles on separate crystalline would answer this is t_?B which (,,,TÍ,..XT01. requirement Wa"8 of the tlie Thèse ve88e^ produced crystals This that would to 4 so inten atoms, only lse correspond oxygen aild rise in persistent character^ blood-pressure be If jSfj one oxalic acid can we subtract group present. of extract. The amount 01'igiiial crystals j^e leave us the obtai the oxalic acid it would as group, CTHi,N ',,v "l('ilns of acid was small and hydrochloric th» D,i Ilass41 has shown that carbon formula. certain probable * Meld was to uncertain, the very owing perhaps do vvben burnt the method, eopper-oxid by compounds, character the sal! of hvdrochlorid. The „•„^'""''"I'U' as not the amount of some of the 11,e,t^ theoretical at yield CO,,, about 250 C. (bese off iniabsnrbed as finder carbon methane, passes must cireiiiiislanees tin» be considered formula C7HUN R.: R\l=e'\sultats cliniques et exp\l=e'\r. de quelques \l=e'\tudes sur la valeurth\l=e'\rapeutique et physiologique du gui de ch\l=e^\ne, Bull. g\l=e'\n. de th\l=e'\rap., 1906, clii, 67, 88; De l'hypertension passag\l=e`\re comme cong. tuberc. vol. i, pt. 2, sect. ii, p. 821. Minola, G.: Sull' azione dell' estratto acquoso di Viscum album, Corriere Sanitario, 1908, xix, 66. 37. Gaultier, J.:Recherchespharmacologiques sur le gui, Bull.g\l=e'\n. deth\l=e'\rap., 1909, clv, 459. Ihe 38. Chevalier, al least until an of as analysis merely provisional, Gaultier, C.: Action de l'extrait de gui sur la coagulation du sang, Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., 1909, lxvii, 547, 719;Propri\l=e'\t\l=e'\s anticoagulantes du sang \l=a`\ la suite de l'injection intraveineuse d'extrait de gui, Compt. rend. hebd. Soc. de biol., 1909, lxvii, 567. and 39.Doyon can salt be made. platinum-double ddi dddd dddx, of ammonium chlorid was similarly shaken with MgO and ether. The white crystalline body which was precipitated from the ether by an ethereal solution of oxalic acid showed no change when heated to 205 C. Bull. 40.cAtrol solusolution d dd dddle d 41. Hass, P.: Occurrence of Methane d dddd sssacid Among theDecompositionProducts of CertainNitrogenousSubstances, Tr. Chem. Soc.,London, 1906, xxxix, 570. d d dd" dd 'd d d d ('.dd:d d ded ddd d d d d dd sheated sss d ddd dd sno change d rend. dddd sssssss d d d d d dion d d d ssss sof d dSoc. ssSubstances, ddddrend. ddddd d sss s s don, s Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a UQ Library User on 06/18/2015 startling and Dale4- have shown that, most of on guinea-pigs and made the Barger recently experiments pigsinoculated the various of is due to ainin that out activity ergot bodies, announcement of ninety-six and and with bits of fifteen showed tuberculosis. p-hydroxy-phenylethylamin, primarily Burger tonsil, Later W'al have found that in reliable. is research has shown that these are not |mie phenylethylamin present figures small in This shown The has been Dale43 work has ergot quantities. by developed by rapid stages. in Goodale to an cause rise in This 1896 proved could be that minute particles of carmin epinephrin-like blood-pressure. rise resembles from the base. are that obtained mistletoe bacteria absorbed the tonsil. quickly by Although such has a formula ('„II,,X. not so absorbed we that Phenylethylamin percentage have abundant easily proof and Wood have As the mistletoe base the isonitrile reaction with does gives take Dmochowitz place. absorption caustic and chloroform a amin was bacteria in the the the of potash primary act reported seeing penetrating fuels thai indicated. These would the tonsil. suggest perhaps bacilli in be active in might principle reality The of the of tubercle phenylethylamin, frequency presence that myriads of tubercle bacilli pass the tonsil shown and that carbon the were a low. but In individuals in the determinations trifle the varies mouth enormously. the sputum. Also the respired air carries tubercle in in ether when dissolved been latergerms in proportion of tuberculosis to presencethein the has phenylethylamin (Kahlbaum), their of it stages lungs atmosphere. and with oxalic acid, a with gave Oral favors infection precipitated body from respiration air. inspired It (' cent.. II 64.6 7.3 and melted at 218 C. has per that air the per cent., been shown that passed through has This would to inonoxalate correspond phenvlethvlainin is remarkably free from bacteria. The nasal cavities not to the dioxalate next that | (('.JIl,X),(',!U)4],and was conclusively is in (C8HUN. shownimportance; it is thattubercle bacilli can beabsorbed point epoch-making inonoxalate The demands (i,. cent. (' and ('•JLOJ. into tonsils. All that is an per the is ample necessary cent. II. was 7.5 lirst to he per of injurymucousmembranebeingnecessary.Wood, in Benzylamin suspected dosage sufficient without and to virulence, the.tonsillar the but its oxalate pressor 1905, on hogs, principle, (CT11„X 0„H.,O4) by experiments have which considerable cause melts at 12° lower 175 that is. over C. than the ('., was to infect the tonsils and able tissue, tonsillar mistletoe The fact of oxalate. that the in the formation them of by simply my analysis tubercles their surface virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli. swabbingaon inonoxalate of oxid the copper In the of phenylethylamin by connection, percentage tonsils showing this .tubercles in patients suffering from tuberculosis is most method lower a Iban the theo- gave mucous slightly percentage lonsillar membrane Wood- being necessary. retical of would amount carbón, suggest that, perhaps, on which bave conside'"1 1905, by experiments bogs, carbon are a trifle low and thai determinations the my tonsillar tissue, was able to infect the tonsils and ''''! ,, real have formula to the percentage may tubercles swab1'1 prove per- the formation in of them by simply So thai at the CSI1MX. on surface centage composition present, their virulent cultures of tubercle hacill'-. dala baud is not al sullieient to the active In this identify the of tonsils connection, percentage sho""jJ of our southern mistletoes. Further pressor is principles tubercles in tuberculosis from |U''\ patients suffering will chemical be (lone Ibis work on and the subject because we in them the same conditi0. have interesting discussed. Tbe ion whether 8° (pies! in therapeutic possibilities as Dr. Wood's The of experiments. percentage Ibis retains ¡is when mouth given by tonsils tubercles is b8. compound activity so that some men showing' high with be even far that investigated. so as lo in all tubérculo8 cases of gone say sn° of the tonsils to the autopsy lungs coming Al.KTKACT (IK DISCUSSION liercles. Du. D. ('.: lt thus been '-, Reíd Do consider the has established 1'airlv Hunt, you conclusively- Washington, •ll' • ll or diuresis to be due a direct effect on the to result to and actual kidney, observation, ''\ experiinentalion pathologic from the in change blood-pressure? tonsils becoine bacilli lhe infected with lubercle and t. .;' Du, A. Cu.vvvi-oiiii. Cal.: I C. Stanford have University, tubercles form within them. The typical over literature on infee"."^ the and have ^oiie curly ergot carefully «'''" be within from the in germs may coming never seen was body, Hint there a diuretic any statement action '. ease we have tuberculosis of the tonsil, secondary associated with its use. I as have not yet analyzed physiolog- a"1 enter the mouth with food or otherwise may but ils they the action of the mistletoe, that diuretic ically suspect find in the tonsil. action is tlmt to on the but cannot primary lodgment circulation; secondary tllis ul is conceded that to»1-"1 While it tuberculosis of the present. prove is. as a to rule, tuberculosis of the secondary lung'./1'' that infection of the is tonsil primary comparative J. deal of material bas bien collected HISTOLOGIC EXAMINATION rare, great OF THE FAUCIAL which of tuberculosis of the diagnosis tonsil primary TONSILS WITH REFERENCE TO TUBERCULOSIS h||!J !•'' been made. The of eases runs number between TUBERCULOSIS and and the material in the abundant hand- -2,000 E. SEWALL, M.D. different C. observers a a little over gives percentage Associate Professor These well are on. Tbe of Ophthalmology,Laryngology and Otology, figures fairly agreed Cooper diagii""'^ Medical College in lliese has rested on cases inoculation experiments SAN FRANCISCO histologie findings. Ali The between the tonsils of the relationship The next What are is. the clinical carnu"h' question question that and tuberculosis is one has been the minds BilC which we can agitating look into the mouth and diagnose by | of and in 1886 clinicians since Trautman an pathologists infected tonsil? as I am in this p:ll"\ Speaking called attention to the connection. tn» of non-uh-cral iv e possible I say altogether might processes, methods were brought to bear by Dieulafoy, who performed inoculation It was not till 1895 that laboratory liiere are no which the reCOg condition eau be signs by bear to inoculation ni/.ed. Some men described have ¡eular feature»' brought by Dieulafoy,rmed par! but the of are observers that there majority agree p- 42. Barger, and Walpole, G. Isolation of the Pressor Principles of Putrid Meat, Jour. Physiol, 1909, xxxviii, 343. Dale, H. H., and Dixon, W. E.: Action of Pressor Amins Produced by Putrefaction, Jour. Physiol., 1909, xxxix, 25. G. S.: tl) 43. Barger, Dale, H. H.: Chemical Structure and Sympathomimetic Action of Amins, Jour. Physiol., 1910, xli, 19. G., and for distinguishing signs. Danziger, one, reports -a i refill 100 s Jour. s examination of tuberculous s s s patients. sssssStructure and s ' sssand certain of such said large are percentage s s ss Jour. s s ss patients s. '"' Read in the Section on Laryngology, Otology and Rhinology of the have tuberculous could tonsils. recognize Association, at theSixty-SecondAnnual Ses- Danziger terican Medical on which to make a cours« sion, held Angeles, June, 1911 When the at Los points diagnosis. Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a UQ Library User on 06/18/2015

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Published: Sep 9, 1911

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