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Thermal Injury Promotes Bacterial Translocation From the Gastrointestinal Tract in Mice With Impaired T-Cell—Mediated Immunity

Thermal Injury Promotes Bacterial Translocation From the Gastrointestinal Tract in Mice With... Abstract • We have shown previously that after thermal trauma viable bacteria will cross the intact gastrointestinal mucosa (bacterial translocation) to invade the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs if the normal indigenous microflora is disrupted, allowing bacterial overgrowth. To determine whether T-cell—mediated immunity (T-CMI) was important in preventing translocation after thermal injury in animals with an intact normal flora, conventional (+/+ ), athymic (nu/nu), and heterozygous (nu/+ ) mice receiving a 30% third-degree burn were killed at various intervals after burn and their organs cultured. Bacterial translocation did not occur in control or burned specific pathogen-free mice with intact T-CMI but did occur in athymic mice with deficient T-CMI. Both the incidence of positive organs and the numbers of translocated bacteria per gram of organ were increased after thermal injury. Bacterial overgrowth was not responsible for these findings, since the levels of cecal enteric bacteria were not different between the burned and nonburned groups. Since translocation occurred to a greater extent in athymic burned mice than control athymic mice, it appears that a thermal injury promotes translocation by impairing other host defense systems in addition to the T-CMI. (Arch Surg 1986;121:97-101) References 1. Maejima K, Deitch EA, Berg R: Promotion by burn stress of the translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice . Arch Surg 1984;119:166-172.Crossref 2. Deitch EA, Maejima K, Berg R: Effect of organ antibiotics and bacterial overgrowth on the translocation of the GI tract microflora in burned rats . J Trauma 1985;25:385-392.Crossref 3. Berg RD, Garlington AW: Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model . Infect Immun 1979;23:403-411. 4. Wolochow H, Hildebrand GJ, Lamanna C: Translocation of microorganisms across the intestinal wall of the rat: Effect of microbial size and concentration . J Infect Dis 1966;116:523-528.Crossref 5. Walker HL, Mason AD, Raluston GL: Surface infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Ann Surg 1964;160:296-297.Crossref 6. Aranki A, Freter R: Use of anaerobic glove boxes for the cultivation of strictly anaerobic bacteria . Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25:1329-1334. 7. Berg RD: Antagonism among the normal anaerobic bacteria of the mouse gastrointestinal tract determined by immunofluorescence . Appl Environ Microbiol 1978;35:1066-1073. 8. Holdeman LV, Cato E, Moore WEC: Anaerobe Laboratory Manual , ed 4. Blacksburg, Va, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1977. 9. Pantelouris EM: Absence of thymus in a mouse mutant . Nature 1968;217:370-371.Crossref 10. Wortis HH: Immunological studies of nude mice , in Cooper MD, Warner NL (eds): Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology . New York, Plenum Press, 1974, vol 3, pp 243-263. 11. Reed ND, Jutila JW: Immune response of congenitally thymusless mice to heterologous erythrocytes . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972;139: 1234-1237.Crossref 12. Owens WE, Berg RD: Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract of athymic (nu/nu) mice . Infect Immun 1980;27:461-467. 13. Pluschke G, Mercer A, Kusecek B, et al: Induction of bacteremia in newborn rats by Escherichia coli K1 is correlated with only certain 0 (lipopolysaccharide) antigen types . Infect Immun 1983;39:599-608. 14. Keating MM, Rodriguez V, Bodey GP: Protected environments and microbial suppression in cancer therapy . Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1904-1910. 15. Cesario TL, Slater LM, Armentrout SA, et al: Septicemia in acute leukemia . Med Pediatr Oncol 1978;5:193-203.Crossref 16. Klastersky J: Therapy of bacterial infections in cancer patients , in Verhoef J, Peterson PK, Quic PG (eds): Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapy . New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc, 1980, pp 207-299. 17. Newman KA, Schimpff SC, Wade JC: Antibiotic prophylaxis of infection for patients with granulocytopenia , in Verhoef J, Peterson PK, Quic PG (eds): Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapy . New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc, 1980, pp 187-206. 18. Bodey GP: Antibiotic prophylaxis in cancer patients: Regimens of oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics for prevention of infection during induction of remission . Rev Infect Dis 1981;3( (suppl) ):S259-S268.Crossref 19. Jarrett F, Bali L, Motlan JA, et al: Clinical experience with prophylactic antibiotic bowel suppression in burn patients . Surgery 1978;83:523-527. 20. Rosoff CB: Effect of the intestinal bacteria on recovery from burn injury . Surg Forum 1964;15:39-41. 21. Markley K, Smallman L, Evans C: Mortality of germfree and conventional mice after thermal trauma . Am J Physiol 1965;209:365-370. 22. Markley K, Smallman L, Evans C: Effect of E coli and other bacteria on mortality of burned mice . J Trauma 1968;8:1052-1064.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Surgery American Medical Association

Thermal Injury Promotes Bacterial Translocation From the Gastrointestinal Tract in Mice With Impaired T-Cell—Mediated Immunity

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References (22)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0004-0010
eISSN
1538-3644
DOI
10.1001/archsurg.1986.01400010111015
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract • We have shown previously that after thermal trauma viable bacteria will cross the intact gastrointestinal mucosa (bacterial translocation) to invade the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs if the normal indigenous microflora is disrupted, allowing bacterial overgrowth. To determine whether T-cell—mediated immunity (T-CMI) was important in preventing translocation after thermal injury in animals with an intact normal flora, conventional (+/+ ), athymic (nu/nu), and heterozygous (nu/+ ) mice receiving a 30% third-degree burn were killed at various intervals after burn and their organs cultured. Bacterial translocation did not occur in control or burned specific pathogen-free mice with intact T-CMI but did occur in athymic mice with deficient T-CMI. Both the incidence of positive organs and the numbers of translocated bacteria per gram of organ were increased after thermal injury. Bacterial overgrowth was not responsible for these findings, since the levels of cecal enteric bacteria were not different between the burned and nonburned groups. Since translocation occurred to a greater extent in athymic burned mice than control athymic mice, it appears that a thermal injury promotes translocation by impairing other host defense systems in addition to the T-CMI. (Arch Surg 1986;121:97-101) References 1. Maejima K, Deitch EA, Berg R: Promotion by burn stress of the translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice . Arch Surg 1984;119:166-172.Crossref 2. Deitch EA, Maejima K, Berg R: Effect of organ antibiotics and bacterial overgrowth on the translocation of the GI tract microflora in burned rats . J Trauma 1985;25:385-392.Crossref 3. Berg RD, Garlington AW: Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model . Infect Immun 1979;23:403-411. 4. Wolochow H, Hildebrand GJ, Lamanna C: Translocation of microorganisms across the intestinal wall of the rat: Effect of microbial size and concentration . J Infect Dis 1966;116:523-528.Crossref 5. Walker HL, Mason AD, Raluston GL: Surface infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Ann Surg 1964;160:296-297.Crossref 6. Aranki A, Freter R: Use of anaerobic glove boxes for the cultivation of strictly anaerobic bacteria . Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25:1329-1334. 7. Berg RD: Antagonism among the normal anaerobic bacteria of the mouse gastrointestinal tract determined by immunofluorescence . Appl Environ Microbiol 1978;35:1066-1073. 8. Holdeman LV, Cato E, Moore WEC: Anaerobe Laboratory Manual , ed 4. Blacksburg, Va, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1977. 9. Pantelouris EM: Absence of thymus in a mouse mutant . Nature 1968;217:370-371.Crossref 10. Wortis HH: Immunological studies of nude mice , in Cooper MD, Warner NL (eds): Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology . New York, Plenum Press, 1974, vol 3, pp 243-263. 11. Reed ND, Jutila JW: Immune response of congenitally thymusless mice to heterologous erythrocytes . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972;139: 1234-1237.Crossref 12. Owens WE, Berg RD: Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract of athymic (nu/nu) mice . Infect Immun 1980;27:461-467. 13. Pluschke G, Mercer A, Kusecek B, et al: Induction of bacteremia in newborn rats by Escherichia coli K1 is correlated with only certain 0 (lipopolysaccharide) antigen types . Infect Immun 1983;39:599-608. 14. Keating MM, Rodriguez V, Bodey GP: Protected environments and microbial suppression in cancer therapy . Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1904-1910. 15. Cesario TL, Slater LM, Armentrout SA, et al: Septicemia in acute leukemia . Med Pediatr Oncol 1978;5:193-203.Crossref 16. Klastersky J: Therapy of bacterial infections in cancer patients , in Verhoef J, Peterson PK, Quic PG (eds): Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapy . New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc, 1980, pp 207-299. 17. Newman KA, Schimpff SC, Wade JC: Antibiotic prophylaxis of infection for patients with granulocytopenia , in Verhoef J, Peterson PK, Quic PG (eds): Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapy . New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc, 1980, pp 187-206. 18. Bodey GP: Antibiotic prophylaxis in cancer patients: Regimens of oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics for prevention of infection during induction of remission . Rev Infect Dis 1981;3( (suppl) ):S259-S268.Crossref 19. Jarrett F, Bali L, Motlan JA, et al: Clinical experience with prophylactic antibiotic bowel suppression in burn patients . Surgery 1978;83:523-527. 20. Rosoff CB: Effect of the intestinal bacteria on recovery from burn injury . Surg Forum 1964;15:39-41. 21. Markley K, Smallman L, Evans C: Mortality of germfree and conventional mice after thermal trauma . Am J Physiol 1965;209:365-370. 22. Markley K, Smallman L, Evans C: Effect of E coli and other bacteria on mortality of burned mice . J Trauma 1968;8:1052-1064.Crossref

Journal

Archives of Surgery – American Medical Association

Published: Jan 1, 1986

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