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STUDIES OF HEPATIC FUNCTION BY THE QUICK HIPPURIC ACID TEST: I. BILIARY AND HEPATIC DISEASE

STUDIES OF HEPATIC FUNCTION BY THE QUICK HIPPURIC ACID TEST: I. BILIARY AND HEPATIC DISEASE Abstract When Pierson, cited by Robertson and his associates,1 said some years ago that perhaps the greatest good that had come out of the search for adequate tests of hepatic function was the awakening of interest in the state of the liver, he probably did not himself realize how important his statement was, even though he went on to say that in this regard most physicians "have been asleep in Zion and are in need of a great revival." On all sides today are signs, though in some quarters they are faint indeed, of the beginning of that revival. Just as the patient with deficiencies of the cardiac, renal and respiratory apparatus has long been considered a poor operative risk, so is the patient with hepatic deficiency or insufficiency coming to be considered an equally poor, if not a poorer, risk. Our own interest in the problem was first aroused References 1. Robertson, W. E.; Swalm, W. A., and Konzelmann, F. W.: Functional Capacity of the Liver: Comparative Merits of Five Most Popular Tests , J. A. M. A. 99:2071 ( (Dec. 17) ) 1932.Crossref 2. Mann, F. C.: Hepatic Physiology and Pathology from the Surgical Viewpoint , Minnesota Med. 19:695, 1936 3. Hepatic Function in Relation to Hepatic Pathology: Experimental Observations , Ann. Int. Med. 8:432, 1934.Crossref 4. Quick, A. J.; Stanley-Brown, M., and Bancroft, F. W.: Study of the Coagulation Defect in Hemophilia and in Jaundice , Am. J. M. Sc. 190:501, 1935.Crossref 5. Crile, G. W.: Function of the Liver in Relation to Operation on Gall-bladder and Ducts , J. A. M. A. 87:309 ( (July 31) ) 1926.Crossref 6. Helwig, F., and Schutz, C. B.: A Liver Kidney Syndrome , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 55:570, 1932. 7. Boyce, F. F., and McFetridge, E. M.: So-Called "Liver Death": A Clinical and Experimental Study , Arch. Surg. 31:105 ( (July) ) 1935 8. "Liver Deaths" in Surgery: An Analysis of Thirty-Four Cases , New Orleans M. & S. J. 88:563, 1936 9. The So-Called "Liver Death": An Experimental Study of Changes in the Biliary Ducts Following Decompression of the Obstructed Biliary Tree , Arch. Surg. 32:1080 ( (June) ) 1936. 10. Reimann, S. P.: Cholesterol Content of Blood in Gallstone Disease , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 26:282, 1918. 11. Graham, E. A.; Cole, W. H.; Copher, G. H., and Moore, S.: Diseases of the Gall-Bladder and Bile Ducts , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1928. 12. Flint, E. R.: Association Between Gall-Bladder Lesions and Hepatitis in Human Subjects , Brit. M. J. 1:1041, 1930. 13. Judd, E. S.: Physiology of the Liver and Its Relation to Surgery of the Biliary Tract , Ann. Surg. 90:1035, 1929. 14. Heyd, C. G.: The Chemical Mechanism of Liver Protection in Abdominal Surgery , Tr. Am. A. Obst. 46:102-107, 1933. 15. Graham, E. A.: Estimating the Risk of Operations on the Biliary Tract by Testing the Excretory Function of the Liver , Radiology 21:191, 1933. 16. Lehman, E. P., in discussion on Payne, R. L.: Postoperative Care in Surgery of the Bile Tract , J. A. M. A. 109:1436 ( (Oct. 30) ) 1937. 17. Gerritzen, F.: Liver Diuresis as Result of Rhythmic Function of Liver , Acta med. Scandinav. 89:101, 1936 18. abstracted, J. A. M. A. 107:754 ( (Aug. 29) ) 1936. 19. Jankelson, I. R., and Lerner, H. H.: Intravenous Galactose Liver Function Test , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 1:310, 1934. 20. Jones, C. M.: The Treatment of Acute Hepatic Insufficiency and Its Relation to Prognosis , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 3:624, 1936. 21. Bollman, J. L., and Mann, F. C.: Experimentally Produced Lesions of the Liver , Ann. Int. Med. 5:699, 1931. 22. Piersol, G. M., and Rothman, M. M.: Practical Value of Liver Function Tests , J. A. M. A. 91:1768 ( (Dec. 8) ) 1928.Crossref 23. Greene, C. H.; McVicar, C. S.; Rowntree, L. G., and Walters, W.: Diseases of the Liver: III. Comparative Study of Certain Tests for Hepatic Function in Patients with Obstructive Jaundice , Arch. Int. Med. 36:418 ( (Sept.) ) 1925.Crossref 24. Jankelson, I. R., and Gargill, S. L.: Bilirubin Liver Function Test: I. Modification of the Method , New England J. Med. 20:547, 1931.Crossref 25. Harrop, G. A., Jr., and Barron, E. S. G.: Excretion of Intravenously Injected Bilirubin as Test of Liver Function , J. Clin. Investigation 9:577, 1931.Crossref 26. Graham, E. A.: Lowering the Mortality After Operations on the Biliary Tract , Illinois M. J. 60:196, 1931. 27. Magath, T. B.: The Takata-Ara Test of Liver Function , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 2:713, 1935. 28. Greene, C. H.; McVicar, C. S.; Snell, A. M., and Rowntree, L. G.: Diseases of the Liver: VI. Comparative Study of Certain Tests for Hepatic Function in Cases of Cirrhosis of the Liver , Arch. Int. Med. 40:159 ( (Aug.) ) 1927. 29. Greene, C. H., and Conner, H. M.: Diseases of the Liver: V. Comparative Study of Tests for Hepatic Function in Certain Diseases of the Hematopoietic System , Arch. Int. Med. 38:167 ( (Aug.) ) 1926. 30. Bargen, J. A., and Rankin, F. W.: Tests of Hepatic Function in Carcinoma: Their Value in Cases of Neoplasm of Colon With and Without Metastasis to Liver , Ann. Surg. 91:225, 1930. 31. Lahey, F. H.: Present Management of Biliary Tract Disease , S. Clin. North America 12:549, 1932. 32. Clute, H. M.: Surgical Management of Obstructive Jaundice , S. Clin. North America 12:565, 1932. 33. Weiss, S.: Liver Deaths and Their Prevention , Am. J. Surg. 23:96, 1934. 34. Epstein, E. Z., and Greenspan, E. B.: Clinical Significance of Cholesterol Partition of Blood Plasma in Hepatic and in Biliary Diseases , Arch. Int. Med. 58:860 ( (Nov.) ) 1936. 35. Foley, E.; Keeton, R. W.; Kendrick, A. B., and Darling, D.: Alterations in Serum Proteins as an Index of Liver Failure , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 33:430, 1935. 36. Kirk, R. C.: The Takata-Ara Test and Its Relation to Cirrhosis of the Liver , J. A. M. A. 107:1354 ( (Oct. 24) ) 1936. 37. Lichtman, S. S.: Cinchophen Oxidation Test of the Function of the Hepatic Cells , Arch. Int. Med. 48:98 ( (July) ) 1931. 38. Palmer, W. L.; Woodall, P. S., and Wang, K. C.: Cinchophen and Toxic Necrosis of Liver: Survey of Problem , Tr. A. Am. Physicians 51:381, 1936. 39. Quick, A. J.: Conjugation of Benzoic Acid with Glycine, a Test of Liver Function , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 29:12, 1932 40. The Synthesis of Hippuric Acid , Am. J. M. Sc. 185:630, 1933. 41. Hirscheimer, A.: Synthesis and Excretion of Hippuric Acid in Pregnancy , Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 29:395, 1935. 42. Kingsbury, F. B., and Bell, E. T.: Synthesis of Hippuric Acid in Nephrectomized Dogs , J. Biol. Chem. 21:297, 1915. 43. Lackner, E.; Levinson, A., and Morse, W.: Role of Liver in Hippuric Acid Synthesis , Biochem. J. 12:184, 1918. 44. Delprat, G. D., and Whipple, G. H.: Studies of Liver Function: Benzoate Synthesis and Hippuric Acid Synthesis , J. Biol. Chem. 49:229, 1921. 45. Bryan, A. W.: Clinical and Experimental Studies on Sodium Benzoate: Value of Sodium Benzoate Test of Renal Function, and Effect of Injury of Liver on Hippuric Acid Synthesis , J. Clin. Investigation 2:1, 1925.Crossref 46. Kohlstaedt, K. G.: A Study of the Hippuric Acid Excretion as a Test of Hepatic Function , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 3:501, 1936. 47. Van Slyke, D. D., and others: Studies of Urea Excretion: Comparison of Blood Urea Clearance with Certain Other Measures of Renal Function , J. Clin. Investigation 8:357, 1930. 48. Quick, A. J.: Clinical Value of the Test for Hippuric Acid in Cases of Disease of the Liver , Arch. Int. Med. 57:544 ( (March) ) 1936. 49. Vaccaro, P. E.: The Synthesis of Hippuric Acid , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 61:36, 1935. 50. Snell, A. M., and Plunkett, J. E.: The Hippuric Acid Test for Hepatic Function: Its Relation to Other Tests in General Use , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 2:716, 1935 51. Yardumian, K., and Rosenthal, P. J.: Hippuric Acid Elimination as a Test for Liver Function , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 22:1046, 1937. 52. Boyce, F. F., and McFetridge, E. M.: A Serum Volume Test for the Hemorrhagic Diathesis in Jaundice , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 23:202, 1937. 53. Kramer, B.; Grayzel, H. G., and Solomon, C. I.: Chronic Hypoglycemia in Childhood , J. Pediat. 5:299, 1934. 54. Althausen, T. L.: Effects of the Administration of Glucose and Glycogen Content of Normal and Experimental Damaged Livers , Ann. Int. Med. 6:193, 1932 55. Dextrose Therapy in Diseases of the Liver , J. A. M. A. 100:1163 ( (April 15) ) 1933. 56. Jones, C. M.: Newer Concepts of Liver Disease , New England J. Med. 215:432, 1936. 57. Jones, C. M., and Eaton, F. B.: Prognostic Significance of Spontaneous Diuresis in Acute or Subacute Disease of Liver , New England J. Med. 213:907, 1935. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Surgery American Medical Association

STUDIES OF HEPATIC FUNCTION BY THE QUICK HIPPURIC ACID TEST: I. BILIARY AND HEPATIC DISEASE

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References (46)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1938 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0004-0010
eISSN
1538-3644
DOI
10.1001/archsurg.1938.01200030050003
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract When Pierson, cited by Robertson and his associates,1 said some years ago that perhaps the greatest good that had come out of the search for adequate tests of hepatic function was the awakening of interest in the state of the liver, he probably did not himself realize how important his statement was, even though he went on to say that in this regard most physicians "have been asleep in Zion and are in need of a great revival." On all sides today are signs, though in some quarters they are faint indeed, of the beginning of that revival. Just as the patient with deficiencies of the cardiac, renal and respiratory apparatus has long been considered a poor operative risk, so is the patient with hepatic deficiency or insufficiency coming to be considered an equally poor, if not a poorer, risk. Our own interest in the problem was first aroused References 1. Robertson, W. E.; Swalm, W. A., and Konzelmann, F. W.: Functional Capacity of the Liver: Comparative Merits of Five Most Popular Tests , J. A. M. A. 99:2071 ( (Dec. 17) ) 1932.Crossref 2. Mann, F. C.: Hepatic Physiology and Pathology from the Surgical Viewpoint , Minnesota Med. 19:695, 1936 3. Hepatic Function in Relation to Hepatic Pathology: Experimental Observations , Ann. Int. Med. 8:432, 1934.Crossref 4. Quick, A. J.; Stanley-Brown, M., and Bancroft, F. W.: Study of the Coagulation Defect in Hemophilia and in Jaundice , Am. J. M. Sc. 190:501, 1935.Crossref 5. Crile, G. W.: Function of the Liver in Relation to Operation on Gall-bladder and Ducts , J. A. M. A. 87:309 ( (July 31) ) 1926.Crossref 6. Helwig, F., and Schutz, C. B.: A Liver Kidney Syndrome , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 55:570, 1932. 7. Boyce, F. F., and McFetridge, E. M.: So-Called "Liver Death": A Clinical and Experimental Study , Arch. Surg. 31:105 ( (July) ) 1935 8. "Liver Deaths" in Surgery: An Analysis of Thirty-Four Cases , New Orleans M. & S. J. 88:563, 1936 9. The So-Called "Liver Death": An Experimental Study of Changes in the Biliary Ducts Following Decompression of the Obstructed Biliary Tree , Arch. Surg. 32:1080 ( (June) ) 1936. 10. Reimann, S. P.: Cholesterol Content of Blood in Gallstone Disease , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 26:282, 1918. 11. Graham, E. A.; Cole, W. H.; Copher, G. H., and Moore, S.: Diseases of the Gall-Bladder and Bile Ducts , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1928. 12. Flint, E. R.: Association Between Gall-Bladder Lesions and Hepatitis in Human Subjects , Brit. M. J. 1:1041, 1930. 13. Judd, E. S.: Physiology of the Liver and Its Relation to Surgery of the Biliary Tract , Ann. Surg. 90:1035, 1929. 14. Heyd, C. G.: The Chemical Mechanism of Liver Protection in Abdominal Surgery , Tr. Am. A. Obst. 46:102-107, 1933. 15. Graham, E. A.: Estimating the Risk of Operations on the Biliary Tract by Testing the Excretory Function of the Liver , Radiology 21:191, 1933. 16. Lehman, E. P., in discussion on Payne, R. L.: Postoperative Care in Surgery of the Bile Tract , J. A. M. A. 109:1436 ( (Oct. 30) ) 1937. 17. Gerritzen, F.: Liver Diuresis as Result of Rhythmic Function of Liver , Acta med. Scandinav. 89:101, 1936 18. abstracted, J. A. M. A. 107:754 ( (Aug. 29) ) 1936. 19. Jankelson, I. R., and Lerner, H. H.: Intravenous Galactose Liver Function Test , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 1:310, 1934. 20. Jones, C. M.: The Treatment of Acute Hepatic Insufficiency and Its Relation to Prognosis , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 3:624, 1936. 21. Bollman, J. L., and Mann, F. C.: Experimentally Produced Lesions of the Liver , Ann. Int. Med. 5:699, 1931. 22. Piersol, G. M., and Rothman, M. M.: Practical Value of Liver Function Tests , J. A. M. A. 91:1768 ( (Dec. 8) ) 1928.Crossref 23. Greene, C. H.; McVicar, C. S.; Rowntree, L. G., and Walters, W.: Diseases of the Liver: III. Comparative Study of Certain Tests for Hepatic Function in Patients with Obstructive Jaundice , Arch. Int. Med. 36:418 ( (Sept.) ) 1925.Crossref 24. Jankelson, I. R., and Gargill, S. L.: Bilirubin Liver Function Test: I. Modification of the Method , New England J. Med. 20:547, 1931.Crossref 25. Harrop, G. A., Jr., and Barron, E. S. G.: Excretion of Intravenously Injected Bilirubin as Test of Liver Function , J. Clin. Investigation 9:577, 1931.Crossref 26. Graham, E. A.: Lowering the Mortality After Operations on the Biliary Tract , Illinois M. J. 60:196, 1931. 27. Magath, T. B.: The Takata-Ara Test of Liver Function , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 2:713, 1935. 28. Greene, C. H.; McVicar, C. S.; Snell, A. M., and Rowntree, L. G.: Diseases of the Liver: VI. Comparative Study of Certain Tests for Hepatic Function in Cases of Cirrhosis of the Liver , Arch. Int. Med. 40:159 ( (Aug.) ) 1927. 29. Greene, C. H., and Conner, H. M.: Diseases of the Liver: V. Comparative Study of Tests for Hepatic Function in Certain Diseases of the Hematopoietic System , Arch. Int. Med. 38:167 ( (Aug.) ) 1926. 30. Bargen, J. A., and Rankin, F. W.: Tests of Hepatic Function in Carcinoma: Their Value in Cases of Neoplasm of Colon With and Without Metastasis to Liver , Ann. Surg. 91:225, 1930. 31. Lahey, F. H.: Present Management of Biliary Tract Disease , S. Clin. North America 12:549, 1932. 32. Clute, H. M.: Surgical Management of Obstructive Jaundice , S. Clin. North America 12:565, 1932. 33. Weiss, S.: Liver Deaths and Their Prevention , Am. J. Surg. 23:96, 1934. 34. Epstein, E. Z., and Greenspan, E. B.: Clinical Significance of Cholesterol Partition of Blood Plasma in Hepatic and in Biliary Diseases , Arch. Int. Med. 58:860 ( (Nov.) ) 1936. 35. Foley, E.; Keeton, R. W.; Kendrick, A. B., and Darling, D.: Alterations in Serum Proteins as an Index of Liver Failure , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 33:430, 1935. 36. Kirk, R. C.: The Takata-Ara Test and Its Relation to Cirrhosis of the Liver , J. A. M. A. 107:1354 ( (Oct. 24) ) 1936. 37. Lichtman, S. S.: Cinchophen Oxidation Test of the Function of the Hepatic Cells , Arch. Int. Med. 48:98 ( (July) ) 1931. 38. Palmer, W. L.; Woodall, P. S., and Wang, K. C.: Cinchophen and Toxic Necrosis of Liver: Survey of Problem , Tr. A. Am. Physicians 51:381, 1936. 39. Quick, A. J.: Conjugation of Benzoic Acid with Glycine, a Test of Liver Function , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 29:12, 1932 40. The Synthesis of Hippuric Acid , Am. J. M. Sc. 185:630, 1933. 41. Hirscheimer, A.: Synthesis and Excretion of Hippuric Acid in Pregnancy , Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 29:395, 1935. 42. Kingsbury, F. B., and Bell, E. T.: Synthesis of Hippuric Acid in Nephrectomized Dogs , J. Biol. Chem. 21:297, 1915. 43. Lackner, E.; Levinson, A., and Morse, W.: Role of Liver in Hippuric Acid Synthesis , Biochem. J. 12:184, 1918. 44. Delprat, G. D., and Whipple, G. H.: Studies of Liver Function: Benzoate Synthesis and Hippuric Acid Synthesis , J. Biol. Chem. 49:229, 1921. 45. Bryan, A. W.: Clinical and Experimental Studies on Sodium Benzoate: Value of Sodium Benzoate Test of Renal Function, and Effect of Injury of Liver on Hippuric Acid Synthesis , J. Clin. Investigation 2:1, 1925.Crossref 46. Kohlstaedt, K. G.: A Study of the Hippuric Acid Excretion as a Test of Hepatic Function , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 3:501, 1936. 47. Van Slyke, D. D., and others: Studies of Urea Excretion: Comparison of Blood Urea Clearance with Certain Other Measures of Renal Function , J. Clin. Investigation 8:357, 1930. 48. Quick, A. J.: Clinical Value of the Test for Hippuric Acid in Cases of Disease of the Liver , Arch. Int. Med. 57:544 ( (March) ) 1936. 49. Vaccaro, P. E.: The Synthesis of Hippuric Acid , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 61:36, 1935. 50. Snell, A. M., and Plunkett, J. E.: The Hippuric Acid Test for Hepatic Function: Its Relation to Other Tests in General Use , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 2:716, 1935 51. Yardumian, K., and Rosenthal, P. J.: Hippuric Acid Elimination as a Test for Liver Function , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 22:1046, 1937. 52. Boyce, F. F., and McFetridge, E. M.: A Serum Volume Test for the Hemorrhagic Diathesis in Jaundice , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 23:202, 1937. 53. Kramer, B.; Grayzel, H. G., and Solomon, C. I.: Chronic Hypoglycemia in Childhood , J. Pediat. 5:299, 1934. 54. Althausen, T. L.: Effects of the Administration of Glucose and Glycogen Content of Normal and Experimental Damaged Livers , Ann. Int. Med. 6:193, 1932 55. Dextrose Therapy in Diseases of the Liver , J. A. M. A. 100:1163 ( (April 15) ) 1933. 56. Jones, C. M.: Newer Concepts of Liver Disease , New England J. Med. 215:432, 1936. 57. Jones, C. M., and Eaton, F. B.: Prognostic Significance of Spontaneous Diuresis in Acute or Subacute Disease of Liver , New England J. Med. 213:907, 1935.

Journal

Archives of SurgeryAmerican Medical Association

Published: Sep 1, 1938

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