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Explicit Memory and Repetition Priming in Depression: Preliminary Findings

Explicit Memory and Repetition Priming in Depression: Preliminary Findings Abstract • Explicit memory and repetition priming, a form of implicit memory, were examined in depressed patients and controls. Explicit memory of depressed patients was severely impaired, whereas repetition priming was intact. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the impairment of memory in depression is linked to a failure of effortdemanding cognitive processes. Repetition priming might be useful in differentiating between depression and dementia. References 1. Henry GM, Weingartner H, Murphy DL. Influence of affective states and psychoactive drugs on verbal learning and memory . Am J Psychiatry . 1973;130:966-971. 2. Sternberg DE, Jarvik ME. Memory functions in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1976;33:219-224.Crossref 3. Silberman EK, Weingartner H, Laraia M, Byrnes S, Post RM. Processing of emotional properties of stimuli by depressed and normal subjects . J Nerv Ment Dis . 1983;171:10-14.Crossref 4. Coughlan AK, Hollows SE. Use of memory tests in differentiating organic disorders from depression . Br J Psychiatry . 1984;145:164-167.Crossref 5. Weingartner H, Cohen RM, Martello IDI, Gerdt C. Cognitive processes in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry .1981;38:42-47.Crossref 6. Stromgren LS. The influence of depression on memory . Acta Psychiatr Scand . 1977;56:108-128.Crossref 7. Cohen RM, Weingartner H, Smallberg SA, Pickar D, Murphy DL. Effort and cognition in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1982;39:593-597.Crossref 8. Silberman EK, Weingartner H, Post R. Thinking disorder in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1983;40:775-780.Crossref 9. Roy-Byrne PP, Weingartner H, Bierer LM, Thompson K, Post RM. Effortful and automatic cognitive processes in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1986;43:265-267.Crossref 10. Weingartner H. Automatic and effort-demanding cognitive processes in depression . In: Poon LW, ed. Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1986:218-225. 11. Richardson-Klavehn A, Björk RA. Measures of memory . Annu Rev Psychol . 1988;39:475-543.Crossref 12. Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L. The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients . Neuropsychologia . 1974;12:419-428.Crossref 13. Graf P, Mandler G, Haden PE. Simulating amnesic symptoms in normal subjects . Science . 1982;218:1243-1244.Crossref 14. Cofer CC. Conditions for the use of verbal associations . Psychol Bull . 1967;68:1-12.Crossref 15. Tulving E, Schacter DL, Stark HA. Priming effects in wordfragment completion are independent of recognition memory . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1982;8:336-341.Crossref 16. Feustel TC, Shiffrin RM, Salasoo A. Episodic and lexical contributions to the repetition effect in word identification . J Exp Psychol Gen . 1983;112:309-346.Crossref 17. Scarborough DL, Gerard L, Cortese C. Accessing lexical memory: the transfer of word repetition across task and modality . Mem Cogn . 1979;7:3-12.Crossref 18. Masson MEJ. Memory for the surface structure of sentences: remembering with and without awareness . J Verb Learn Verb Behav . 1984;23:579-592.Crossref 19. Cohen NJ, Squire LR. Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing that . Science . 1980;210:207-210.Crossref 20. Jacoby LL, Dallas M. On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning . J Exp Psychol Gen . 1981;110:306-340.Crossref 21. Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L. Amnesia: a disconnection syndrome? Neuropsychologia . 1982;20:233-248.Crossref 22. Tulving E. Elements of Episodic Memory . Oxford, England: Clarendon Press; 1983. 23. Graf P, Schacter DL. Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1985;11:501-518.Crossref 24. Schacter DL. Implicit memory: history and current status . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1987;13:501-518.Crossref 25. Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L. Amnesic syndrome: consolidation or retrieval? Nature . 1970;228:628-630.Crossref 26. Graf P, Squire LR, Mandler G. The information that amnesic patients do not forget . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1984;10:164-178.Crossref 27. Cermak LS, Talbot N, Chandler K, Wolbarst LR. The perceptual priming phenomenon in amnesia . Neuropsychologia . 1985;23:615-622.Crossref 28. Hashtroudi S, Parker ES, Delisi LE, Wyatt RJ, Mutter SA. Intact retention in acute alcohol amnesia . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1984;10:156-163.Crossref 29. Fang JC, Hinrichs JV, Ghoneim MM. Diazepam and memory: evidence for spared memory function . Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 1987;28:347-352.Crossref 30. Danion JM, Zimmerman MA, Willard-Schroeder D, Grange D, Singer L. Diazepam induces a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory . Psychopharmacology . 1989;99:238-243.Crossref 31. Kirsner K, Milech D, Standen P. Common and modalityspecific processes in the mental lexicon . Mem Cogn . 1983;11:621-630.Crossref 32. Monsell S. Repetition and the lexicon . In: Ellis AW, ed. Progress in the Psychology of Language . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc; 1985;2:147-195. 33. Carroll M, Byrne B, Kirsner K. Autobiographical memory and perceptual learning: a developmental study using picture recognition, naming latency, and perceptual identification . Mem Cogn . 1985;13:273-279.Crossref 34. Parkin A. Residual learning capability in organic amnesia . Cortex . 1982;18:417-440.Crossref 35. Squire LR, Cohen NJ. Human memory and amnesia. In: McGauch J, Lynch G, Weinberger N, eds. Proceedings of the Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1984:3-64. 36. Jacoby LL. Perceptual enhancement: persistent effects of an experience . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1983;9:21-38.Crossref 37. Moscovitch M, Winocur G, McLachlan D. Memory as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and memoryimpaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders . J Exp Psychol Gen . 1986;115:331-347.Crossref 38. Roediger HL III, Blaxton TA. Retrieval modes produce dissociations in memory for surface information. In: Gorfein DS, Hoffman RR, eds. Memory and Cognitive Processes: The Ebbinghaus Conference. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc; 1987:349-379. 39. Graf P, Mandler G. Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable . J Verb Learn Verb Behav . 1984;23:553-568.Crossref 40. Hasher L, Zacks RT. Automatic and effortful processes in memory . J Exp Psychol . 1979;108:356-388.Crossref 41. Juilland A, Brodin D, Davidovitch C. Frequency Dictionary of French Words . Paris, France: Editions Mouton & Cie; 1970. 42. Breslow R, Kocsis J, Belkin B. Contributions of the depressive perspective to memory function in depression . Am J Psychiatry . 1981; 138:227-230. 43. Curran HV, Sakulsriprong M, Lader M. Antidepressants and human memory: an investigation of four drugs with different sedative and anticholinergic profiles . Psychopharmacology . 1988;95:520-527.Crossref 44. Lister RG. The amnesic action of benzodiazepines in man . Neurosci Biobehav Rev . 1985;9:87-94.Crossref 45. Johnson MK, Magaro PA. Effects of mood and severity on memory processes in depression and mania . Psychol Bull . 1987;101:28-40.Crossref 46. Tariot PN, Weingartner H. A Psychobiologic analysis of cognitive failures . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1986;43:1183-1188.Crossref 47. Weingartner H, Grafman J, Boutelle W, Kaye W, Martin P. Forms of cognitive failure . Science . 1983;221:380-382.Crossref 48. Martin A, Fedio P. Word Production and comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: the breakdown of semantic knowledge . Brain Lang . 1983;19:124-141.Crossref 49. Shimamura AP, Salmon DP, Squire LR, Butters N. Memory dysfunction and Word priming in dementia and amnesia . Behav Neurosci . 1987;101:347-351.Crossref 50. Salmon DP, Shimamura AP, Butters N, Smith S. Lexical and semantic priming deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1988;10:477-494.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Explicit Memory and Repetition Priming in Depression: Preliminary Findings

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References (55)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810320031005
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Abstract

Abstract • Explicit memory and repetition priming, a form of implicit memory, were examined in depressed patients and controls. Explicit memory of depressed patients was severely impaired, whereas repetition priming was intact. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the impairment of memory in depression is linked to a failure of effortdemanding cognitive processes. Repetition priming might be useful in differentiating between depression and dementia. References 1. Henry GM, Weingartner H, Murphy DL. Influence of affective states and psychoactive drugs on verbal learning and memory . Am J Psychiatry . 1973;130:966-971. 2. Sternberg DE, Jarvik ME. Memory functions in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1976;33:219-224.Crossref 3. Silberman EK, Weingartner H, Laraia M, Byrnes S, Post RM. Processing of emotional properties of stimuli by depressed and normal subjects . J Nerv Ment Dis . 1983;171:10-14.Crossref 4. Coughlan AK, Hollows SE. Use of memory tests in differentiating organic disorders from depression . Br J Psychiatry . 1984;145:164-167.Crossref 5. Weingartner H, Cohen RM, Martello IDI, Gerdt C. Cognitive processes in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry .1981;38:42-47.Crossref 6. Stromgren LS. The influence of depression on memory . Acta Psychiatr Scand . 1977;56:108-128.Crossref 7. Cohen RM, Weingartner H, Smallberg SA, Pickar D, Murphy DL. Effort and cognition in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1982;39:593-597.Crossref 8. Silberman EK, Weingartner H, Post R. Thinking disorder in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1983;40:775-780.Crossref 9. Roy-Byrne PP, Weingartner H, Bierer LM, Thompson K, Post RM. Effortful and automatic cognitive processes in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1986;43:265-267.Crossref 10. Weingartner H. Automatic and effort-demanding cognitive processes in depression . In: Poon LW, ed. Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1986:218-225. 11. Richardson-Klavehn A, Björk RA. Measures of memory . Annu Rev Psychol . 1988;39:475-543.Crossref 12. Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L. The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients . Neuropsychologia . 1974;12:419-428.Crossref 13. Graf P, Mandler G, Haden PE. Simulating amnesic symptoms in normal subjects . Science . 1982;218:1243-1244.Crossref 14. Cofer CC. Conditions for the use of verbal associations . Psychol Bull . 1967;68:1-12.Crossref 15. Tulving E, Schacter DL, Stark HA. Priming effects in wordfragment completion are independent of recognition memory . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1982;8:336-341.Crossref 16. Feustel TC, Shiffrin RM, Salasoo A. Episodic and lexical contributions to the repetition effect in word identification . J Exp Psychol Gen . 1983;112:309-346.Crossref 17. Scarborough DL, Gerard L, Cortese C. Accessing lexical memory: the transfer of word repetition across task and modality . Mem Cogn . 1979;7:3-12.Crossref 18. Masson MEJ. Memory for the surface structure of sentences: remembering with and without awareness . J Verb Learn Verb Behav . 1984;23:579-592.Crossref 19. Cohen NJ, Squire LR. Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing that . Science . 1980;210:207-210.Crossref 20. Jacoby LL, Dallas M. On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning . J Exp Psychol Gen . 1981;110:306-340.Crossref 21. Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L. Amnesia: a disconnection syndrome? Neuropsychologia . 1982;20:233-248.Crossref 22. Tulving E. Elements of Episodic Memory . Oxford, England: Clarendon Press; 1983. 23. Graf P, Schacter DL. Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1985;11:501-518.Crossref 24. Schacter DL. Implicit memory: history and current status . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1987;13:501-518.Crossref 25. Warrington EK, Weiskrantz L. Amnesic syndrome: consolidation or retrieval? Nature . 1970;228:628-630.Crossref 26. Graf P, Squire LR, Mandler G. The information that amnesic patients do not forget . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1984;10:164-178.Crossref 27. Cermak LS, Talbot N, Chandler K, Wolbarst LR. The perceptual priming phenomenon in amnesia . Neuropsychologia . 1985;23:615-622.Crossref 28. Hashtroudi S, Parker ES, Delisi LE, Wyatt RJ, Mutter SA. Intact retention in acute alcohol amnesia . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1984;10:156-163.Crossref 29. Fang JC, Hinrichs JV, Ghoneim MM. Diazepam and memory: evidence for spared memory function . Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 1987;28:347-352.Crossref 30. Danion JM, Zimmerman MA, Willard-Schroeder D, Grange D, Singer L. Diazepam induces a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory . Psychopharmacology . 1989;99:238-243.Crossref 31. Kirsner K, Milech D, Standen P. Common and modalityspecific processes in the mental lexicon . Mem Cogn . 1983;11:621-630.Crossref 32. Monsell S. Repetition and the lexicon . In: Ellis AW, ed. Progress in the Psychology of Language . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc; 1985;2:147-195. 33. Carroll M, Byrne B, Kirsner K. Autobiographical memory and perceptual learning: a developmental study using picture recognition, naming latency, and perceptual identification . Mem Cogn . 1985;13:273-279.Crossref 34. Parkin A. Residual learning capability in organic amnesia . Cortex . 1982;18:417-440.Crossref 35. Squire LR, Cohen NJ. Human memory and amnesia. In: McGauch J, Lynch G, Weinberger N, eds. Proceedings of the Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1984:3-64. 36. Jacoby LL. Perceptual enhancement: persistent effects of an experience . J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn . 1983;9:21-38.Crossref 37. Moscovitch M, Winocur G, McLachlan D. Memory as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and memoryimpaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders . J Exp Psychol Gen . 1986;115:331-347.Crossref 38. Roediger HL III, Blaxton TA. Retrieval modes produce dissociations in memory for surface information. In: Gorfein DS, Hoffman RR, eds. Memory and Cognitive Processes: The Ebbinghaus Conference. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc; 1987:349-379. 39. Graf P, Mandler G. Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable . J Verb Learn Verb Behav . 1984;23:553-568.Crossref 40. Hasher L, Zacks RT. Automatic and effortful processes in memory . J Exp Psychol . 1979;108:356-388.Crossref 41. Juilland A, Brodin D, Davidovitch C. Frequency Dictionary of French Words . Paris, France: Editions Mouton & Cie; 1970. 42. Breslow R, Kocsis J, Belkin B. Contributions of the depressive perspective to memory function in depression . Am J Psychiatry . 1981; 138:227-230. 43. Curran HV, Sakulsriprong M, Lader M. Antidepressants and human memory: an investigation of four drugs with different sedative and anticholinergic profiles . Psychopharmacology . 1988;95:520-527.Crossref 44. Lister RG. The amnesic action of benzodiazepines in man . Neurosci Biobehav Rev . 1985;9:87-94.Crossref 45. Johnson MK, Magaro PA. Effects of mood and severity on memory processes in depression and mania . Psychol Bull . 1987;101:28-40.Crossref 46. Tariot PN, Weingartner H. A Psychobiologic analysis of cognitive failures . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1986;43:1183-1188.Crossref 47. Weingartner H, Grafman J, Boutelle W, Kaye W, Martin P. Forms of cognitive failure . Science . 1983;221:380-382.Crossref 48. Martin A, Fedio P. Word Production and comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: the breakdown of semantic knowledge . Brain Lang . 1983;19:124-141.Crossref 49. Shimamura AP, Salmon DP, Squire LR, Butters N. Memory dysfunction and Word priming in dementia and amnesia . Behav Neurosci . 1987;101:347-351.Crossref 50. Salmon DP, Shimamura AP, Butters N, Smith S. Lexical and semantic priming deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1988;10:477-494.Crossref

Journal

Archives of General Psychiatry – American Medical Association

Published: Aug 1, 1991

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