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Increased Serotonin2 and β-Adrenergic Receptor Binding in the Frontal Cortices of Suicide Victims

Increased Serotonin2 and β-Adrenergic Receptor Binding in the Frontal Cortices of Suicide Victims Abstract • A statistically significant 28% increase in the mean (±SD) number of serotonin2 receptors (127.8±13.4 vs 99.6 ±11.1 fmol/mg of protein) and a 73% increase in β-adrenergic receptor binding (14.5±1.5 vs 8.4 ±1.5 fmol/mg) was found in the frontal cortices of violent suicide victims compared with matched controls. No significant differences were found in the number of serotonin, binding sites (109.5 ± 13.4 vs 99.9 ±8.8 fmol/mg). We have previously reported a reduced density of presynaptic tritiated imipramine binding sites on serotonergic nerve terminals in the frontal cortices of suicide victims. These data support the hypothesis that suicide completed by violent methods is associated with reduced presynaptic serotonergic activity that has generated compensatory upregulation of the postsynaptic serotonin2 receptor sites. The increase observed in β-adrenergic binding suggests that there may also be a concomitant reduction in presynaptic noradrenergic activity associated with suicide. If antidepressant pharmacotherapies specifically downregulate cortical β-adrenergic and/or serotonin2 receptors in depressed subjects, as has been demonstrated in animal studies, and since these effects would be in the opposite direction of the receptor changes found in suicide victims, they may account for the therapeutic action of antidepressants on suicidal behavior and depressive disorders. References 1. Shaw DM, Camps EF, Eccleston EF: 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the hindbrain of depressive suicides . Br J Psychiatry 1967;113:1407-1411.Crossref 2. Bourne HR, Bunney WE, Colburn RW, Davis JM, Davis JN, Shaw DM, Coppen AJ: Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in hindbrains of suicidal patients . Lancet 1968;2:805-808.Crossref 3. Pare CMB, Young DPH, Price K, Stacey RS: 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in brain stem, hypothalamus, and caudate nucleus of controls and patients committing suicide by coal-gas poisoning . Lancet 1969;2:113-135. 4. Lloyd KG, Farley IJ, Deck JHN, Horneykiewicz O: Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in discrete areas of the brain stem of suicide victims and control patients . Adv Biochem 1974;11:387-398. 5. Beskow J, Gottfries CG, Roos BE, Winblad B: Determination of monoamine and monoamine metabolites in the human brain: Postmortem studies in a group of suicides and in a control group . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976;53:7-20.Crossref 6. Asberg M, Traskman L, Thoren P: 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: A biochemical suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;38:1193-1197.Crossref 7. Brown GL, Goodwin FK, Bunney WE: Human aggression and suicide: Their relationship to neuropsychiatric diagnosis and serotonin metabolism , in Ho BT, Schoolar JC, Usdin E (eds): Serotonin in Biological Psychiatry . New York, Raven Press, 1982, pp 287-307. 8. Agren H: Symptom patterns in unipolar and bipolar depression correlating with monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid: II. Suicide . Psychiatry Res 1980;3:225-236.Crossref 9. Van Praag HM: CSF 5-HIAA and suicide in nondepressed schizophrenics . Lancet 1983;2:977-978.Crossref 10. Banki CM, Arato M: Amine metabolites and neuroendocrine responses related to depression and suicide . J Affective Disord 1983;5:223-232.Crossref 11. Oreland L, Wiberg A, Asberg M, Traskman L, Sjostrand L, Thoren P, Bertilsson L, Tybring G: Platelet MAO activity and monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in depressed and suicidal patients and in healthy controls . Psychiatry Res 1981;4:21-29.Crossref 12. Mann JJ, Petito C, Stanley M, McBride PA, Chin J, Philgene A: Amine receptor binding and monoamine oxidase activity in postmortem human brain tissue: Effect of age, gender, and postmortem delay , in Burrows GD, Norman TR, Dennerstein L (eds): Clinical and Pharmacological Studies in Psychiatric Disorders . London, John Libey & Co Ltd, 1985, pp 37-39. 13. Langer SZ, Moret R, Raisman R, Dubocovich ML, Briley M: Highaffinity 3H-imipramine binding in rat hypothalamus: Association with uptake of serotonin but not of norepinephrine . Science 1980;210:1133-1135.Crossref 14. Paul SM, Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Goodwin FK: Demonstration of specific 'high affinity' binding sites for 3H-imipramine on human platelets . Life Sci 1980;26:953-959.Crossref 15. Brunello N, Chuang DM, Costa E: Different synaptic location of mianserin and imipramine binding sites . Science 1982;215:1112-1115.Crossref 16. Stanley M, Virgilio J, Gershon S: Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the frontal cortex of suicides . Science 1982;216:1337-1339.Crossref 17. Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Paul SM: Characterization of high-affinity antidepressant binding to rat and human brain, in Gram L, Usdin E (eds): Proceedings of the Third International Meeting on Clinical Pharmacology in Psychiatry. London, Macmillan Press, 1985, pp 846-853. 18. Stanley M, Mann JJ: Serotonin-2 binding sites are increased in the frontal cortex of suicide victims . Lancet 1983;1:214-216.Crossref 19. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH: Two distinct central serotonin receptors with different physiological functions . Science 1981;212:827-829.Crossref 20. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH: Two distinct serotonin receptors: Regional variations in receptor binding in mammalian brain . Brain Res 1981;208:339-347.Crossref 21. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH: Multiple serotonin receptors: Differential binding of (3H) 5-hydroxytryptamine, (3H) lysergic acid diethylamide and (3H) spiroperidol . Mol Pharmacol 1979;16:687-699. 22. McBride PA, Mann JJ, McEwen B, Biegon A: Characterization of serotonin binding sites on human platelets . Life Sci 1983;33:2033-2041.Crossref 23. Sulser F, Vetulani J, Mobley PL: Mode of action of antidepressant drugs . Biochem Pharmacol 1978;27:257-271.Crossref 24. Banerjee SD, Kung LS, Riggi SJ, Chandra SK: Development of betaadrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants . Nature 1977;268:455-456.Crossref 25. Byland DB, Snyder SH: β-Adrenergic receptor binding in membrane preparations from mammalian brain . Mol Pharmacol 1976;12:568-580. 26. Lowry H, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall AJ: Protein measurement with the folin reagent . J Biol Chem 1951;193:265-275. 27. Scatchard G: The attraction of proteins for small molecules and ions . Ann NY Acad Sci 1949;51:660-672.Crossref 28. Owen F, Cross AJ, Crow TJ, Deakin JFW, Ferrier IN, Lofthouse R, Poulter M: Brain 5-HT2 receptors and suicide . Lancet 1983;1:1256.Crossref 29. Zanko MT, Biegon A: Increased β-adrenergic receptor binding in human frontal cortex of suicide victims, abstract 210.5. Program and Abstracts of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Boston, October 1983. 30. Meyerson LR, Wennogle LP, Abel MS, Coupet J, Lippa AS, Rauh CE, Beer B: Human brain receptor alterations in suicide victims . Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982;17:159-163.Crossref 31. Rainbow TC, Parsons B, Wolfe BB: Quantitative autoradiography of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in rat brain . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:1585-1589.Crossref 32. Johnson EW, Rainbow TC, Wolfe BB: Quantitative autoradiography of rat corticol β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors after 6-OHDA treatment, abstract 305.13. Program and Abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Dallas, Oct 20-25, 1985. 33. Minneman KP, Dibner MD, Wolfe BB, Molinoff PB: β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex are independently regulated . Science 1979;204:866-868.Crossref 34. Nelson DL, Herbert A, Bougoin S, Glowinski J, Hamon M: Characteristics of central 5-HT receptors and their adaptive changes following intracerebral 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine administration in the rat . Mol Pharmacol 1978;14:983-995. 35. Savage DD, Mendels J, Frazer A: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and serotonin uptake inhibitors: Differential effects on 3H-serotonin binding sites in rat brain . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980;212:259-263. 36. Stanley M, Mann JJ: Suicide and serotonin receptors . Lancet 1984;1:349.Crossref 37. Bergstrom DA, Kellar KJ: Adrenergic and serotonergic receptor binding in rat brain after chronic desmethylimipramine treatment . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979;209:256-261. 38. Tang SW, Seeman P, Kwan S: Differential effect of chronic desipramine and amitriptyline treatment on rat brain adrenergic and serotonergic receptors . Psychiatry Res 1981;4:129-138.Crossref 39. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH: Long-term antidepressant treatment decreases spiroperidol-labelled serotonin receptor binding . Science 1980;210:88-90.Crossref 40. Wirz-Justice A, Krauchi K, Lichtsteiner M, Feer H: Is it possible to modify serotonin receptor sensitivity? Life Sci 1978;23:1249-1254.Crossref 41. Olpe H-R: Differential effects of chlomipramine and clorgyline on the sensitivity of cortical neurons to serotonin: Effect of chronic treatment . Eur J Pharmacol 1981;69:375-377.Crossref 42. Biegon A, McEwen BS: Modulation by estradiol of serotonin receptors in brain . J Neurosci 1982;2:199-205. 43. Mann JJ, Brown RP, Halper JP, Sweeney JA, Kocsis JH, Stokes PE, Bilezikian JP: Reduced sensitivity of lymphocyte β-adrenergic receptors in patients with endogenous depression and psychomotor agitation . N Engl J Med 1985;313:715-720.Crossref 44. Chalmers JP: Nervous system and hypertension . Clin Sci 1978;55:45s-56s. 45. Sulser F, Gillespie DD, Manier DH: Physiological mechanism and significance of changes in the regulation of β adrenoreceptors by antidepressants . Clin Neuropharmacol 1984;7:304-305.Crossref 46. Stockmeier CA, Martino AM, Kellar KJ: Changes in β-adrenergic number and function following selective lesions of serotonin axons, abstract No. 217.15. Program and Abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Dallas, Oct 20-25, 1985. 47. Stanley M: Central nervous system cholinergic receptors are unchanged in suicide . Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1432-1436. 48. Kaufman CA, Gillin JC, O'Laughlin T, Kleinman JE: Muscarinic binding in suicides , in New Research Abstracts . Washington, DC, American Psychiatry Association, May 1983, p 65. 49. Segawa T, Mizuta T, Nomura Y: Modification of central 5-hydroxytryptamine binding sites in synaptic membranes from rat brain after longterm administration of tricyclic antidepressants . Eur J Pharmacol 1979;58:75-83.Crossref 50. Kellar KJ, Stockmeier CA, Rainbow TC, Wolfe BB: Electroconvulsive shock selectively downregulates β1-adrenergic receptors in specific areas of rat brain, abstract 237.10. Program and Abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Dallas, Oct 20-25, 1985. 51. Robins E, Murphy G, Wilkinson R, Gassmer S, Kayes J: Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides . Am J Public Health 1959;49:888-899.Crossref 52. Winokur G, Tsuang M: The Iowa 500: Suicide in mania, depression and schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:650-651. 53. Van Praag HM: Depression, suicide and the metabolism of serotonin in the brain . J Affective Disord 1982;4:275-290.Crossref 54. Schildkraut JJ: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . Am J Psychiatry 1965;122:509-522. 55. Van Praag HM: Neurotransmitters and CNS disease: Depression . Lancet 1982;2:1259-1264.Crossref 56. Perry EK, Marshall EF, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Perry RH: Decreased imipramine binding in the brains of patients with depressive illness . Br J Psychiatry 1983;142:188-192.Crossref 57. Ferrier IN, McKeith IG, Cross AJ, Perry EK, Candy JM, Perry RH: Postmortem neurochemical studies in depression , in Mann JJ, Stanley M (eds): Psychobiological Correlates of Suicidal Behavior . New York, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, in press. 58. Birkmayer W, Reiderer P: Biochemical postmortem findings in depressed patients . J Neural Transm 1975;37:95-109.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Increased Serotonin2 and β-Adrenergic Receptor Binding in the Frontal Cortices of Suicide Victims

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References (61)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800100048007
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract • A statistically significant 28% increase in the mean (±SD) number of serotonin2 receptors (127.8±13.4 vs 99.6 ±11.1 fmol/mg of protein) and a 73% increase in β-adrenergic receptor binding (14.5±1.5 vs 8.4 ±1.5 fmol/mg) was found in the frontal cortices of violent suicide victims compared with matched controls. No significant differences were found in the number of serotonin, binding sites (109.5 ± 13.4 vs 99.9 ±8.8 fmol/mg). We have previously reported a reduced density of presynaptic tritiated imipramine binding sites on serotonergic nerve terminals in the frontal cortices of suicide victims. These data support the hypothesis that suicide completed by violent methods is associated with reduced presynaptic serotonergic activity that has generated compensatory upregulation of the postsynaptic serotonin2 receptor sites. The increase observed in β-adrenergic binding suggests that there may also be a concomitant reduction in presynaptic noradrenergic activity associated with suicide. If antidepressant pharmacotherapies specifically downregulate cortical β-adrenergic and/or serotonin2 receptors in depressed subjects, as has been demonstrated in animal studies, and since these effects would be in the opposite direction of the receptor changes found in suicide victims, they may account for the therapeutic action of antidepressants on suicidal behavior and depressive disorders. References 1. Shaw DM, Camps EF, Eccleston EF: 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the hindbrain of depressive suicides . Br J Psychiatry 1967;113:1407-1411.Crossref 2. Bourne HR, Bunney WE, Colburn RW, Davis JM, Davis JN, Shaw DM, Coppen AJ: Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in hindbrains of suicidal patients . Lancet 1968;2:805-808.Crossref 3. Pare CMB, Young DPH, Price K, Stacey RS: 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in brain stem, hypothalamus, and caudate nucleus of controls and patients committing suicide by coal-gas poisoning . Lancet 1969;2:113-135. 4. Lloyd KG, Farley IJ, Deck JHN, Horneykiewicz O: Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in discrete areas of the brain stem of suicide victims and control patients . Adv Biochem 1974;11:387-398. 5. Beskow J, Gottfries CG, Roos BE, Winblad B: Determination of monoamine and monoamine metabolites in the human brain: Postmortem studies in a group of suicides and in a control group . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976;53:7-20.Crossref 6. Asberg M, Traskman L, Thoren P: 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: A biochemical suicide predictor? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;38:1193-1197.Crossref 7. Brown GL, Goodwin FK, Bunney WE: Human aggression and suicide: Their relationship to neuropsychiatric diagnosis and serotonin metabolism , in Ho BT, Schoolar JC, Usdin E (eds): Serotonin in Biological Psychiatry . New York, Raven Press, 1982, pp 287-307. 8. Agren H: Symptom patterns in unipolar and bipolar depression correlating with monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid: II. Suicide . Psychiatry Res 1980;3:225-236.Crossref 9. Van Praag HM: CSF 5-HIAA and suicide in nondepressed schizophrenics . Lancet 1983;2:977-978.Crossref 10. Banki CM, Arato M: Amine metabolites and neuroendocrine responses related to depression and suicide . J Affective Disord 1983;5:223-232.Crossref 11. Oreland L, Wiberg A, Asberg M, Traskman L, Sjostrand L, Thoren P, Bertilsson L, Tybring G: Platelet MAO activity and monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in depressed and suicidal patients and in healthy controls . Psychiatry Res 1981;4:21-29.Crossref 12. Mann JJ, Petito C, Stanley M, McBride PA, Chin J, Philgene A: Amine receptor binding and monoamine oxidase activity in postmortem human brain tissue: Effect of age, gender, and postmortem delay , in Burrows GD, Norman TR, Dennerstein L (eds): Clinical and Pharmacological Studies in Psychiatric Disorders . London, John Libey & Co Ltd, 1985, pp 37-39. 13. Langer SZ, Moret R, Raisman R, Dubocovich ML, Briley M: Highaffinity 3H-imipramine binding in rat hypothalamus: Association with uptake of serotonin but not of norepinephrine . Science 1980;210:1133-1135.Crossref 14. Paul SM, Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Goodwin FK: Demonstration of specific 'high affinity' binding sites for 3H-imipramine on human platelets . Life Sci 1980;26:953-959.Crossref 15. Brunello N, Chuang DM, Costa E: Different synaptic location of mianserin and imipramine binding sites . Science 1982;215:1112-1115.Crossref 16. Stanley M, Virgilio J, Gershon S: Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the frontal cortex of suicides . Science 1982;216:1337-1339.Crossref 17. Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Paul SM: Characterization of high-affinity antidepressant binding to rat and human brain, in Gram L, Usdin E (eds): Proceedings of the Third International Meeting on Clinical Pharmacology in Psychiatry. London, Macmillan Press, 1985, pp 846-853. 18. Stanley M, Mann JJ: Serotonin-2 binding sites are increased in the frontal cortex of suicide victims . Lancet 1983;1:214-216.Crossref 19. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH: Two distinct central serotonin receptors with different physiological functions . Science 1981;212:827-829.Crossref 20. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH: Two distinct serotonin receptors: Regional variations in receptor binding in mammalian brain . Brain Res 1981;208:339-347.Crossref 21. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH: Multiple serotonin receptors: Differential binding of (3H) 5-hydroxytryptamine, (3H) lysergic acid diethylamide and (3H) spiroperidol . Mol Pharmacol 1979;16:687-699. 22. McBride PA, Mann JJ, McEwen B, Biegon A: Characterization of serotonin binding sites on human platelets . Life Sci 1983;33:2033-2041.Crossref 23. Sulser F, Vetulani J, Mobley PL: Mode of action of antidepressant drugs . Biochem Pharmacol 1978;27:257-271.Crossref 24. Banerjee SD, Kung LS, Riggi SJ, Chandra SK: Development of betaadrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants . Nature 1977;268:455-456.Crossref 25. Byland DB, Snyder SH: β-Adrenergic receptor binding in membrane preparations from mammalian brain . Mol Pharmacol 1976;12:568-580. 26. Lowry H, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall AJ: Protein measurement with the folin reagent . J Biol Chem 1951;193:265-275. 27. Scatchard G: The attraction of proteins for small molecules and ions . Ann NY Acad Sci 1949;51:660-672.Crossref 28. Owen F, Cross AJ, Crow TJ, Deakin JFW, Ferrier IN, Lofthouse R, Poulter M: Brain 5-HT2 receptors and suicide . Lancet 1983;1:1256.Crossref 29. Zanko MT, Biegon A: Increased β-adrenergic receptor binding in human frontal cortex of suicide victims, abstract 210.5. Program and Abstracts of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Boston, October 1983. 30. Meyerson LR, Wennogle LP, Abel MS, Coupet J, Lippa AS, Rauh CE, Beer B: Human brain receptor alterations in suicide victims . Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982;17:159-163.Crossref 31. Rainbow TC, Parsons B, Wolfe BB: Quantitative autoradiography of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in rat brain . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:1585-1589.Crossref 32. Johnson EW, Rainbow TC, Wolfe BB: Quantitative autoradiography of rat corticol β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors after 6-OHDA treatment, abstract 305.13. Program and Abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Dallas, Oct 20-25, 1985. 33. Minneman KP, Dibner MD, Wolfe BB, Molinoff PB: β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex are independently regulated . Science 1979;204:866-868.Crossref 34. Nelson DL, Herbert A, Bougoin S, Glowinski J, Hamon M: Characteristics of central 5-HT receptors and their adaptive changes following intracerebral 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine administration in the rat . Mol Pharmacol 1978;14:983-995. 35. Savage DD, Mendels J, Frazer A: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and serotonin uptake inhibitors: Differential effects on 3H-serotonin binding sites in rat brain . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980;212:259-263. 36. Stanley M, Mann JJ: Suicide and serotonin receptors . Lancet 1984;1:349.Crossref 37. Bergstrom DA, Kellar KJ: Adrenergic and serotonergic receptor binding in rat brain after chronic desmethylimipramine treatment . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979;209:256-261. 38. Tang SW, Seeman P, Kwan S: Differential effect of chronic desipramine and amitriptyline treatment on rat brain adrenergic and serotonergic receptors . Psychiatry Res 1981;4:129-138.Crossref 39. Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH: Long-term antidepressant treatment decreases spiroperidol-labelled serotonin receptor binding . Science 1980;210:88-90.Crossref 40. Wirz-Justice A, Krauchi K, Lichtsteiner M, Feer H: Is it possible to modify serotonin receptor sensitivity? Life Sci 1978;23:1249-1254.Crossref 41. Olpe H-R: Differential effects of chlomipramine and clorgyline on the sensitivity of cortical neurons to serotonin: Effect of chronic treatment . Eur J Pharmacol 1981;69:375-377.Crossref 42. Biegon A, McEwen BS: Modulation by estradiol of serotonin receptors in brain . J Neurosci 1982;2:199-205. 43. Mann JJ, Brown RP, Halper JP, Sweeney JA, Kocsis JH, Stokes PE, Bilezikian JP: Reduced sensitivity of lymphocyte β-adrenergic receptors in patients with endogenous depression and psychomotor agitation . N Engl J Med 1985;313:715-720.Crossref 44. Chalmers JP: Nervous system and hypertension . Clin Sci 1978;55:45s-56s. 45. Sulser F, Gillespie DD, Manier DH: Physiological mechanism and significance of changes in the regulation of β adrenoreceptors by antidepressants . Clin Neuropharmacol 1984;7:304-305.Crossref 46. Stockmeier CA, Martino AM, Kellar KJ: Changes in β-adrenergic number and function following selective lesions of serotonin axons, abstract No. 217.15. Program and Abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Dallas, Oct 20-25, 1985. 47. Stanley M: Central nervous system cholinergic receptors are unchanged in suicide . Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1432-1436. 48. Kaufman CA, Gillin JC, O'Laughlin T, Kleinman JE: Muscarinic binding in suicides , in New Research Abstracts . Washington, DC, American Psychiatry Association, May 1983, p 65. 49. Segawa T, Mizuta T, Nomura Y: Modification of central 5-hydroxytryptamine binding sites in synaptic membranes from rat brain after longterm administration of tricyclic antidepressants . Eur J Pharmacol 1979;58:75-83.Crossref 50. Kellar KJ, Stockmeier CA, Rainbow TC, Wolfe BB: Electroconvulsive shock selectively downregulates β1-adrenergic receptors in specific areas of rat brain, abstract 237.10. Program and Abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Dallas, Oct 20-25, 1985. 51. Robins E, Murphy G, Wilkinson R, Gassmer S, Kayes J: Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides . Am J Public Health 1959;49:888-899.Crossref 52. Winokur G, Tsuang M: The Iowa 500: Suicide in mania, depression and schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:650-651. 53. Van Praag HM: Depression, suicide and the metabolism of serotonin in the brain . J Affective Disord 1982;4:275-290.Crossref 54. Schildkraut JJ: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence . Am J Psychiatry 1965;122:509-522. 55. Van Praag HM: Neurotransmitters and CNS disease: Depression . Lancet 1982;2:1259-1264.Crossref 56. Perry EK, Marshall EF, Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Perry RH: Decreased imipramine binding in the brains of patients with depressive illness . Br J Psychiatry 1983;142:188-192.Crossref 57. Ferrier IN, McKeith IG, Cross AJ, Perry EK, Candy JM, Perry RH: Postmortem neurochemical studies in depression , in Mann JJ, Stanley M (eds): Psychobiological Correlates of Suicidal Behavior . New York, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, in press. 58. Birkmayer W, Reiderer P: Biochemical postmortem findings in depressed patients . J Neural Transm 1975;37:95-109.Crossref

Journal

Archives of General PsychiatryAmerican Medical Association

Published: Oct 1, 1986

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