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Pharmacologic Evidence for Specificity of Pursuit Dysfunction to Schizophrenia: Lithium Carbonate Associated With Abnormal Pursuit

Pharmacologic Evidence for Specificity of Pursuit Dysfunction to Schizophrenia: Lithium Carbonate... Abstract • Conflicting findings regarding the prevalence of abnormal smooth-pursuit eye movements in patients with major affective disorders call into question the specificity of impaired smooth-pursuit eye movements to schizophrenia. We report that pursuit is impaired in 88% of lithium carbonate—treated affective disorder patients whose pursuit was normal prior to receiving this drug. Over half of lithium carbonate—treated affective disorder patients in remission also showed impairment of smooth-pursuit eye movements. In conjunction with recent prevalence data on family members of psychiatric patients, the findings support the specificity of abnormal pursuit as a biological trait associated with schizophrenia, but not with the major affective disorders. The mechanisms by which lithium carbonate impairs pursuit are discussed. References 1. Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Hughes DW: Eye tracking patterns in schizophrenia . Science 1973;181:179-181.Crossref 2. Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Levy DL, Yasillo NJ, Meltzer HY, Hurt SW: Eye tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their relatives . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:143-151.Crossref 3. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Haberman S, Proctor LR, Yasillo NJ: Abnormal pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia: Evidence for a genetic indicator . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:802-805.Crossref 4. Shagass C, Roemer RA, Amadeo M: Eye tracking performance in psychiatric patients . Biol Psychiatry 1974;14:245-261. 5. Shagass C, Amadeo M, Overton DA: Eye tracking performance and engagement of attention . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:121-125.Crossref 6. Klein RH, Salzman LF, Jones F, Ritzler B: Eye tracking in psychiatric patients and their offspring , abstracted. Psychophysiology 1976;13:186. 7. Kuechenmeister CA, Linton PH, Mueller TV, White HB: Eye tracking in relation to age, sex, and illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:578-599.Crossref 8. Pass HL, Salzman LF, Klorman R, Kaskey GB, Klein RH: The effects of distraction on acute schizophrenics' visual tracking . Biol Psychiatry 1978;13:587-593. 9. Salzman LF, Klein RH, Strauss JS: Pendulum eye tracking in remitted psychiatric patients . J Psychiatr Res 1978;14:121-126.Crossref 10. May HJ: Oculomotor pursuit in schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:827.Crossref 11. Pivik RT: Smooth pursuit eye movements and attention in psychiatric patients . Biol Psychiatry 1979;14:859-879. 12. Karson CN: Oculomotor signs in a psychiatric population: A preliminary report . Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:1057-1060. 13. Cegalis JA, Sweeney JA: Eye movements in schizophrenia: A quantitative analysis . Biol Psychiatry 1979;14:13-26. 14. Cegalis JA, Sweeney JA: The effect of attention on smooth pursuit eye movements of schizophrenics . J Psychiatr Res 1981;16:145-161.Crossref 15. Lipton RB, Levin S, Holzman PS: Horizontal and vertical pursuit eye movements, the oculocephalic reflex, and the functional psychoses . Psychiatry Res 1980;3:193-203.Crossref 16. Iacono WG, Tuason VB, Johnson RA: Dissociation of smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye tracking in remitted schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:991-996.Crossref 17. Levin S, Holzman PS, Rothenberg SJ, Lipton RB: Saccadic eye movements in psychotic patients . Psychiatry Res 1981;5:47-58.Crossref 18. Mialet JP, Pichot P: Eye tracking patterns in schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;32:183-186.Crossref 19. Tomer R, Mintz M, Levy A, Myslobodsky M: Smooth pursuit pattern in schizophrenic patients during cognitive task . Biol Psychiatry 1981;16:131-144. 20. Cegalis JA, Hafez H, Wong PS: What is deviant about deviant smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 1983;10:47-58.Crossref 21. Bartfai A, Levander SE, Sedvall G: Smooth pursuit eye movements, clinical symptoms, CSF metabolites, and skin conductance habituation in schizophrenic patients . Biol Psychiatry 1983;18:971-987. 22. Diefendorf AR, Dodge R: An experimental study of the ocular reactions of the insane from photographic records . Brain 1908;31:451-489.Crossref 23. Couch FH, Fox JC: Photographic study of ocular movements in mental disease . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1934;34:556-578.Crossref 24. Holzman PS, Solomon CM, Levin S, Waternaux CS: Pursuit eye movement dysfunctions in schizophrenia: Family evidence for specificity . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:136-139.Crossref 25. Levy DL, Yasillo NJ, Dorus E, Shaughnessy R, Gibbons RD, Peterson J, Janicak PG, Gaviria M, Davis JM: Relatives of unipolar and bipolar patients have normal pursuit . Psychiatry Res 1983;10:285-293.Crossref 26. White HR: Ocular pursuit in normal and psychopathological subjects . J Exp Psychol 1938;22:17-31.Crossref 27. Iacono WG, Peloquin LJ, Lumry AE, Valentine BH, Tuason VB: Eye tracking in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder in remission . J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:35-44.Crossref 28. Holzman PS, Levy DL: Smooth-pursuit eye movement and functional psychoses: A review . Schizophr Bull 1977;3:15-27.Crossref 29. Lipton RB, Levy DL, Holzman PS, Levin S: Eye movement dysfunctions in psychiatric patients: A review . Schizophr Bull 1983;9:13-22.Crossref 30. Spohn HE, Larson J: Is eye tracking dysfunction specific to schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 1983;9:50-55.Crossref 31. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Proctor LR, Haberman S: Smooth pursuit eye movements in twins discordant for schizophrenia . J Psychiatr Res 1978;14:111-122.Crossref 32. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Haberman S: Deviant eye tracking in twins discordant for psychosis: A replication . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;32:627-631.Crossref 33. Iacono WG, Lykken DT: Electro-oculographic recording and scoring of smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye tracking: A parametric study using monozygotic twins . Psychophysiology 1979;16:94-107.Crossref 34. Holzman PS, Levy DL, Uhlenhuth EH, Proctor LR, Freedman DX: Smooth pursuit eye movements and diazepam, CPZ, and secobarbital . Psychopharmacologia 1975;44:111-115.Crossref 35. Stevens JR: Disturbances of ocular movements and blinking in schizophrenia . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978a;41:1024-1030.Crossref 36. Stevens JR: Eye-blink and schizophrenia: Psychosis or tardive dyskinesia? Am J Psychiatry 1978b;135:223-226. 37. Levy DL, Lipton RB, Holzman PS, Davis JM: Eye tracking dysfunction unrelated to clinical state and treatment with haloperidol . Biol Psychiatry 1983;18:813-819. 38. Levy DL, Lipton RB, Yasillo NJ, Peterson J, Pandey GN, Davis JM: Psychotropic drug effects on smooth pursuit eye movements: A summary of recent findings , in Gale AG, Johnson F (eds): Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research . Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co, 1984, pp 497-505. 39. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E: Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders , ed 3. New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1978. 40. Endicott J, Spitzer RL: A diagnostic interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:837-844.Crossref 41. Overall JE, Gorham DR: The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale . Psychol Rep 1962;10:799-812.Crossref 42. Holzman PS, Levy DL, Proctor LR: Smooth-pursuit eye movements, attention, and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1415-1420.Crossref 43. Benitez JT: Eye tracking and optokinetic tests: Diagnostic significance in peripheral and central vestibular disorders . Laryngoscope 1970;80:834-848.Crossref 44. Lindsey DT, Holzman PS, Haberman S, Yasillo NJ: Smooth pursuit eye movements: A comparison of two measurement techniques for studying schizophrenia . J Abnorm Psychol 1978;87:491-496.Crossref 45. Pandey GN, Baker J, Chang S, Davis JM: Prediction of in vivo red cell/plasma Li+ ratios by in vitro methods . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978;24:343-349. 46. Rothenberg SJ, Selkoe D: Specific oculomotor deficit after diazepam: II. Smooth-pursuit eye movements . Psychopharmacologia 1981;74:237-240.Crossref 47. Bittencourt P, Wade P, Smith A, Richens A: Benzodiazepines impair smooth pursuit eye movements . Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983;15:259-262.Crossref 48. Pandey GN, Goel I, Davis JM: Effect of neuroleptic drugs on lithium uptake by the human erythrocyte . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;26:96-102. 49. Pandey GN, Dorus E, Davis JM, Tosteson DC: Lithium transport in human red blood cells . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:902-908.Crossref 50. Drischel H: The frequency response of horizontal pursuit movements of the human eye and the influence of alcohol . Prog Basic Res 1968;22:161-174. 51. Baloh RW, Sharma S, Moskowitz H, Griffith R: Effect of alcohol and marijuana on eye movements . Aviat Space Environ Med 1979;50:18-23. 52. Levy DL, Lipton RB, Holzman PS: Smooth-pursuit eye movements and alcohol and chloral hydrate . J Psychiatr Res 1981;16:1-11.Crossref 53. Rashbass C: The relationship between saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements . J Physiol 1961;159:326-338. 54. Norris H: The time course of barbiturate action in man investigated by measurement of smooth tracking eye movement . Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1968;33:117-128.Crossref 55. Small JG, Milstein V, Perez HC, Small IF, Moore DF: EEG and neurophysiological studies of lithium in normal volunteers . Biol Psychiatry 1972;5:65-77. 56. Reilly E, Halmi KA, Noyes R Jr: Electroencephalographic responses to lithium . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1973;8:208-213. 57. Branchey MH, Charles J, Simpson GM: Extrapyramidal side effects in lithium maintenance therapy . Am J Psychiatry 1976;133:444-445. 58. Kane J, Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Klein DF: Extrapyramidal side effects with lithium treatment . Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:851-853. 59. LaPierre YD: Control of lithium tremor with propranolol . Can Med Assoc J 1976;114:619-624. 60. Floru L: Klinische Behandlungsversuche des lithiumbedingten Tremors durch einen beta-Rezeptorenantagonisten (Propranolol) . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1971;6:197-222. 61. Schou M: Lithium in psychiatric therapy and prophylaxis . J Psychiatr Res 1968;6:67-95.Crossref 62. Johnson FN, Wormington S: Effect of lithium on rearing activity in rats . Nature New Biol 1972;235:159-160.Crossref 63. Shagass C, Straumanis JJ, Overton DA: Effects of lithium and amitriptyline therapy on somatosensory evoked response 'excitability' measurements . Psychopharmacologia 1973;29:185-196.Crossref 64. Baron M, Gershon ES, Rudy V, Jonas WZ, Buchsbaum M: Lithium carbonate response in depression: Prediction by unipolar/bipolar illness, average-evoked response, catechol-O-methyl transferase, and family history . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:1107-1111.Crossref 65. Heninger GR: Lithium carbonate and brain function . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:228-232.Crossref 66. Girke W, Krebs F-A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B: Effects of lithium on electromyographic recordings in man . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1975;10:24-36. 67. Schou M: Electrocardiographic changes during treatment with lithium and with drugs of the imipramine-type . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1962;38:331-336.Crossref 68. Shopsin B, Johnson G, Gershon S: Neurotoxicity with lithium: Differential drug responsiveness . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1970;5:170-182. 69. Zakowska-Dabrowska T, Rybakowski J: Lithium-induced EEG changes: Relation to lithium levels in serum and red blood cells . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973;49:457-465.Crossref 70. Elizur A, Graff E, Steiner M, Davidson S: Intra/extra red blood cell lithium and electrolyte distributions as correlates of neurotoxic reactions during lithium therapy , in Gershon ES, Belmaker RH, Kety SS, Rosenbaum M (eds): The Impact of Biology on Modern Psychiatry . New York, Plenum Press, 1974, pp 55-64. 71. Ghadirian AM, Lehmann HE: Neurological side effects of lithium: Organic brain syndrome, seizures, extrapyramidal side effects and EEG changes . Compr Psychiatry 1980;21:327-335.Crossref 72. Dasso L, Campanini T, de Risio C: Modificazioni elettroencefalografiche in corso di terapia con sali di litio: Correlazione con il contenuto intraeritrocitario di litio . Acta Biomed 1977;48:417-423. 73. Hansen H, Amdisen A: Lithium intoxication . Q J Med 1978;47:123-144. 74. Mayfield D, Brown RG: The clinical laboratory and electroencephalographic effects of lithium . J Psychiatr Res 1966;4:207-219.Crossref 75. Dimitrakoudi M, Jenner FA: Electroencephalographic effects of lithium , in Johnson FN (ed): Lithium Research and Therapy . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1975, pp 507-518. 76. Johnson G, Maccario M, Gershon S, Korein J: The effects of lithium on EEG, behavior and serum electrolytes . J Nerv Ment Dis 1970;151:273-289.Crossref 77. Baldessarini RJ, Yorke C: Effects of lithium and of pH on synaptosomal metabolism of noradrenalin . Nature 1970;228:1301-1303.Crossref 78. Mandell AJ, Knapp S: A neurobiological model for the symmetrical prophylactic action of lithium in bipolar affective disorder . Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1976;9:116-126.Crossref 79. Mandell AJ, Knapp S: Regulation of serotonin biosynthesis in brain: Role of high affinity uptake of tryptophan into serotonergic neurons . Fed Proc 1977;36:2142-2148. 80. Iacono WG, Lykken DT: Two-year retest stability of eye tracking performance and a comparison of electro-oculographic and infrared recording techniques: Evidence of EEG in the electro-oculogram . Psychophysiology 1981;18:49-55.Crossref 81. Spohn HE, Coyne L, Lacoursiere R, Mazur D, Hayes K: Relation of neuroleptic dose and tardive dyskinesia to attention-information processing and psychophysiology in medicated schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry , in press. 82. Baloh RW, Spooner JW: Downbeat nystagmus: A type of central vestibular nystagmus . Neurology 1981;31:304-310.Crossref 83. Coppeto JR, Monteiro MLR, Lessell S, Bear L, Martinez-Maldonado M: Downbeat nystagmus: Long-term therapy with moderate-dose lithium carbonate . Arch Neurol 1983;40:754-755.Crossref 84. Lobo A, Pilek E, Stokes PE: Papilledema following therapeutic dosages of lithium carbonate . J Nerv Ment Dis 1978;166:526-529.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Pharmacologic Evidence for Specificity of Pursuit Dysfunction to Schizophrenia: Lithium Carbonate Associated With Abnormal Pursuit

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References (99)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1985 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790270021002
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract • Conflicting findings regarding the prevalence of abnormal smooth-pursuit eye movements in patients with major affective disorders call into question the specificity of impaired smooth-pursuit eye movements to schizophrenia. We report that pursuit is impaired in 88% of lithium carbonate—treated affective disorder patients whose pursuit was normal prior to receiving this drug. Over half of lithium carbonate—treated affective disorder patients in remission also showed impairment of smooth-pursuit eye movements. In conjunction with recent prevalence data on family members of psychiatric patients, the findings support the specificity of abnormal pursuit as a biological trait associated with schizophrenia, but not with the major affective disorders. The mechanisms by which lithium carbonate impairs pursuit are discussed. References 1. Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Hughes DW: Eye tracking patterns in schizophrenia . Science 1973;181:179-181.Crossref 2. Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Levy DL, Yasillo NJ, Meltzer HY, Hurt SW: Eye tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their relatives . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:143-151.Crossref 3. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Haberman S, Proctor LR, Yasillo NJ: Abnormal pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia: Evidence for a genetic indicator . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:802-805.Crossref 4. Shagass C, Roemer RA, Amadeo M: Eye tracking performance in psychiatric patients . Biol Psychiatry 1974;14:245-261. 5. Shagass C, Amadeo M, Overton DA: Eye tracking performance and engagement of attention . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:121-125.Crossref 6. Klein RH, Salzman LF, Jones F, Ritzler B: Eye tracking in psychiatric patients and their offspring , abstracted. Psychophysiology 1976;13:186. 7. Kuechenmeister CA, Linton PH, Mueller TV, White HB: Eye tracking in relation to age, sex, and illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:578-599.Crossref 8. Pass HL, Salzman LF, Klorman R, Kaskey GB, Klein RH: The effects of distraction on acute schizophrenics' visual tracking . Biol Psychiatry 1978;13:587-593. 9. Salzman LF, Klein RH, Strauss JS: Pendulum eye tracking in remitted psychiatric patients . J Psychiatr Res 1978;14:121-126.Crossref 10. May HJ: Oculomotor pursuit in schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:827.Crossref 11. Pivik RT: Smooth pursuit eye movements and attention in psychiatric patients . Biol Psychiatry 1979;14:859-879. 12. Karson CN: Oculomotor signs in a psychiatric population: A preliminary report . Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:1057-1060. 13. Cegalis JA, Sweeney JA: Eye movements in schizophrenia: A quantitative analysis . Biol Psychiatry 1979;14:13-26. 14. Cegalis JA, Sweeney JA: The effect of attention on smooth pursuit eye movements of schizophrenics . J Psychiatr Res 1981;16:145-161.Crossref 15. Lipton RB, Levin S, Holzman PS: Horizontal and vertical pursuit eye movements, the oculocephalic reflex, and the functional psychoses . Psychiatry Res 1980;3:193-203.Crossref 16. Iacono WG, Tuason VB, Johnson RA: Dissociation of smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye tracking in remitted schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:991-996.Crossref 17. Levin S, Holzman PS, Rothenberg SJ, Lipton RB: Saccadic eye movements in psychotic patients . Psychiatry Res 1981;5:47-58.Crossref 18. Mialet JP, Pichot P: Eye tracking patterns in schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;32:183-186.Crossref 19. Tomer R, Mintz M, Levy A, Myslobodsky M: Smooth pursuit pattern in schizophrenic patients during cognitive task . Biol Psychiatry 1981;16:131-144. 20. Cegalis JA, Hafez H, Wong PS: What is deviant about deviant smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 1983;10:47-58.Crossref 21. Bartfai A, Levander SE, Sedvall G: Smooth pursuit eye movements, clinical symptoms, CSF metabolites, and skin conductance habituation in schizophrenic patients . Biol Psychiatry 1983;18:971-987. 22. Diefendorf AR, Dodge R: An experimental study of the ocular reactions of the insane from photographic records . Brain 1908;31:451-489.Crossref 23. Couch FH, Fox JC: Photographic study of ocular movements in mental disease . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1934;34:556-578.Crossref 24. Holzman PS, Solomon CM, Levin S, Waternaux CS: Pursuit eye movement dysfunctions in schizophrenia: Family evidence for specificity . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:136-139.Crossref 25. Levy DL, Yasillo NJ, Dorus E, Shaughnessy R, Gibbons RD, Peterson J, Janicak PG, Gaviria M, Davis JM: Relatives of unipolar and bipolar patients have normal pursuit . Psychiatry Res 1983;10:285-293.Crossref 26. White HR: Ocular pursuit in normal and psychopathological subjects . J Exp Psychol 1938;22:17-31.Crossref 27. Iacono WG, Peloquin LJ, Lumry AE, Valentine BH, Tuason VB: Eye tracking in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder in remission . J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:35-44.Crossref 28. Holzman PS, Levy DL: Smooth-pursuit eye movement and functional psychoses: A review . Schizophr Bull 1977;3:15-27.Crossref 29. Lipton RB, Levy DL, Holzman PS, Levin S: Eye movement dysfunctions in psychiatric patients: A review . Schizophr Bull 1983;9:13-22.Crossref 30. Spohn HE, Larson J: Is eye tracking dysfunction specific to schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 1983;9:50-55.Crossref 31. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Proctor LR, Haberman S: Smooth pursuit eye movements in twins discordant for schizophrenia . J Psychiatr Res 1978;14:111-122.Crossref 32. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Levy DL, Haberman S: Deviant eye tracking in twins discordant for psychosis: A replication . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;32:627-631.Crossref 33. Iacono WG, Lykken DT: Electro-oculographic recording and scoring of smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye tracking: A parametric study using monozygotic twins . Psychophysiology 1979;16:94-107.Crossref 34. Holzman PS, Levy DL, Uhlenhuth EH, Proctor LR, Freedman DX: Smooth pursuit eye movements and diazepam, CPZ, and secobarbital . Psychopharmacologia 1975;44:111-115.Crossref 35. Stevens JR: Disturbances of ocular movements and blinking in schizophrenia . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978a;41:1024-1030.Crossref 36. Stevens JR: Eye-blink and schizophrenia: Psychosis or tardive dyskinesia? Am J Psychiatry 1978b;135:223-226. 37. Levy DL, Lipton RB, Holzman PS, Davis JM: Eye tracking dysfunction unrelated to clinical state and treatment with haloperidol . Biol Psychiatry 1983;18:813-819. 38. Levy DL, Lipton RB, Yasillo NJ, Peterson J, Pandey GN, Davis JM: Psychotropic drug effects on smooth pursuit eye movements: A summary of recent findings , in Gale AG, Johnson F (eds): Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research . Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co, 1984, pp 497-505. 39. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E: Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders , ed 3. New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1978. 40. Endicott J, Spitzer RL: A diagnostic interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:837-844.Crossref 41. Overall JE, Gorham DR: The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale . Psychol Rep 1962;10:799-812.Crossref 42. Holzman PS, Levy DL, Proctor LR: Smooth-pursuit eye movements, attention, and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1415-1420.Crossref 43. Benitez JT: Eye tracking and optokinetic tests: Diagnostic significance in peripheral and central vestibular disorders . Laryngoscope 1970;80:834-848.Crossref 44. Lindsey DT, Holzman PS, Haberman S, Yasillo NJ: Smooth pursuit eye movements: A comparison of two measurement techniques for studying schizophrenia . J Abnorm Psychol 1978;87:491-496.Crossref 45. Pandey GN, Baker J, Chang S, Davis JM: Prediction of in vivo red cell/plasma Li+ ratios by in vitro methods . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978;24:343-349. 46. Rothenberg SJ, Selkoe D: Specific oculomotor deficit after diazepam: II. Smooth-pursuit eye movements . Psychopharmacologia 1981;74:237-240.Crossref 47. Bittencourt P, Wade P, Smith A, Richens A: Benzodiazepines impair smooth pursuit eye movements . Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983;15:259-262.Crossref 48. Pandey GN, Goel I, Davis JM: Effect of neuroleptic drugs on lithium uptake by the human erythrocyte . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;26:96-102. 49. Pandey GN, Dorus E, Davis JM, Tosteson DC: Lithium transport in human red blood cells . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:902-908.Crossref 50. Drischel H: The frequency response of horizontal pursuit movements of the human eye and the influence of alcohol . Prog Basic Res 1968;22:161-174. 51. Baloh RW, Sharma S, Moskowitz H, Griffith R: Effect of alcohol and marijuana on eye movements . Aviat Space Environ Med 1979;50:18-23. 52. Levy DL, Lipton RB, Holzman PS: Smooth-pursuit eye movements and alcohol and chloral hydrate . J Psychiatr Res 1981;16:1-11.Crossref 53. Rashbass C: The relationship between saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements . J Physiol 1961;159:326-338. 54. Norris H: The time course of barbiturate action in man investigated by measurement of smooth tracking eye movement . Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1968;33:117-128.Crossref 55. Small JG, Milstein V, Perez HC, Small IF, Moore DF: EEG and neurophysiological studies of lithium in normal volunteers . Biol Psychiatry 1972;5:65-77. 56. Reilly E, Halmi KA, Noyes R Jr: Electroencephalographic responses to lithium . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1973;8:208-213. 57. Branchey MH, Charles J, Simpson GM: Extrapyramidal side effects in lithium maintenance therapy . Am J Psychiatry 1976;133:444-445. 58. Kane J, Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Klein DF: Extrapyramidal side effects with lithium treatment . Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:851-853. 59. LaPierre YD: Control of lithium tremor with propranolol . Can Med Assoc J 1976;114:619-624. 60. Floru L: Klinische Behandlungsversuche des lithiumbedingten Tremors durch einen beta-Rezeptorenantagonisten (Propranolol) . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1971;6:197-222. 61. Schou M: Lithium in psychiatric therapy and prophylaxis . J Psychiatr Res 1968;6:67-95.Crossref 62. Johnson FN, Wormington S: Effect of lithium on rearing activity in rats . Nature New Biol 1972;235:159-160.Crossref 63. Shagass C, Straumanis JJ, Overton DA: Effects of lithium and amitriptyline therapy on somatosensory evoked response 'excitability' measurements . Psychopharmacologia 1973;29:185-196.Crossref 64. Baron M, Gershon ES, Rudy V, Jonas WZ, Buchsbaum M: Lithium carbonate response in depression: Prediction by unipolar/bipolar illness, average-evoked response, catechol-O-methyl transferase, and family history . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:1107-1111.Crossref 65. Heninger GR: Lithium carbonate and brain function . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:228-232.Crossref 66. Girke W, Krebs F-A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B: Effects of lithium on electromyographic recordings in man . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1975;10:24-36. 67. Schou M: Electrocardiographic changes during treatment with lithium and with drugs of the imipramine-type . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1962;38:331-336.Crossref 68. Shopsin B, Johnson G, Gershon S: Neurotoxicity with lithium: Differential drug responsiveness . Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1970;5:170-182. 69. Zakowska-Dabrowska T, Rybakowski J: Lithium-induced EEG changes: Relation to lithium levels in serum and red blood cells . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973;49:457-465.Crossref 70. Elizur A, Graff E, Steiner M, Davidson S: Intra/extra red blood cell lithium and electrolyte distributions as correlates of neurotoxic reactions during lithium therapy , in Gershon ES, Belmaker RH, Kety SS, Rosenbaum M (eds): The Impact of Biology on Modern Psychiatry . New York, Plenum Press, 1974, pp 55-64. 71. Ghadirian AM, Lehmann HE: Neurological side effects of lithium: Organic brain syndrome, seizures, extrapyramidal side effects and EEG changes . Compr Psychiatry 1980;21:327-335.Crossref 72. Dasso L, Campanini T, de Risio C: Modificazioni elettroencefalografiche in corso di terapia con sali di litio: Correlazione con il contenuto intraeritrocitario di litio . Acta Biomed 1977;48:417-423. 73. Hansen H, Amdisen A: Lithium intoxication . Q J Med 1978;47:123-144. 74. Mayfield D, Brown RG: The clinical laboratory and electroencephalographic effects of lithium . J Psychiatr Res 1966;4:207-219.Crossref 75. Dimitrakoudi M, Jenner FA: Electroencephalographic effects of lithium , in Johnson FN (ed): Lithium Research and Therapy . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1975, pp 507-518. 76. Johnson G, Maccario M, Gershon S, Korein J: The effects of lithium on EEG, behavior and serum electrolytes . J Nerv Ment Dis 1970;151:273-289.Crossref 77. Baldessarini RJ, Yorke C: Effects of lithium and of pH on synaptosomal metabolism of noradrenalin . Nature 1970;228:1301-1303.Crossref 78. Mandell AJ, Knapp S: A neurobiological model for the symmetrical prophylactic action of lithium in bipolar affective disorder . Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1976;9:116-126.Crossref 79. Mandell AJ, Knapp S: Regulation of serotonin biosynthesis in brain: Role of high affinity uptake of tryptophan into serotonergic neurons . Fed Proc 1977;36:2142-2148. 80. Iacono WG, Lykken DT: Two-year retest stability of eye tracking performance and a comparison of electro-oculographic and infrared recording techniques: Evidence of EEG in the electro-oculogram . Psychophysiology 1981;18:49-55.Crossref 81. Spohn HE, Coyne L, Lacoursiere R, Mazur D, Hayes K: Relation of neuroleptic dose and tardive dyskinesia to attention-information processing and psychophysiology in medicated schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry , in press. 82. Baloh RW, Spooner JW: Downbeat nystagmus: A type of central vestibular nystagmus . Neurology 1981;31:304-310.Crossref 83. Coppeto JR, Monteiro MLR, Lessell S, Bear L, Martinez-Maldonado M: Downbeat nystagmus: Long-term therapy with moderate-dose lithium carbonate . Arch Neurol 1983;40:754-755.Crossref 84. Lobo A, Pilek E, Stokes PE: Papilledema following therapeutic dosages of lithium carbonate . J Nerv Ment Dis 1978;166:526-529.Crossref

Journal

Archives of General PsychiatryAmerican Medical Association

Published: Apr 1, 1985

There are no references for this article.