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Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Parents and Children: Results From the Yale Family Study

Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Parents and Children: Results From the Yale Family Study Abstract • The children (aged 6 to 17 years) of probands with primary major depression, with and without various anxiety disorders, were compared with the children of a matched normal control group. The results from the study of these young children parallel our previous findings among the adult first-degree relatives of these probands. Depression in the proband increased the risk of depression in the children. Depression plus panic disorder or agoraphobia in the proband conferred an additional risk of depression and of an anxiety disorder in the children. Panic disorder in the parents conferred more than a threefold increased risk of separation anxiety in the children. Other factors that increased the risk to children were degree of familial loading for psychiatric illness, parental assortative mating, and parental recurrent depression. The findings suggest a relationship between depression and some of the anxiety disorders, and between adult panic disorder and agoraphobia and transmission of anxiety disorders to children. References 1. Leckman JF, Weissman MM, Merikangas KR, Pauls DL, Prusoff BA: Panic disorder and major depression: Increased risk of depression, alcoholism, panic and phobic disorders in families of depressed probands with panic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1055-1060.Crossref 2. Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Gammon GD, Merikangas KR, Leckman JF, Kidd KK: Psychopathology in the children (ages 6-18) of depressed and normal parents . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984;23:78-84.Crossref 3. Orvaschel H: Parental depression and child psychopathology , in Guze SB, Earls FJ, Barret JE (eds): Childhood Psychopathology and Development . New York, Raven Press, 1983, pp 53-66. 4. Weissman MM, Paykel ES, Klerman GL: The depressed woman as a mother . Soc Psychiatry 1972;7:98-108.Crossref 5. Beardslee WR, Bemporad J, Keller MB, Klerman GL: Children of parents with major affective disorder: A review . Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140:825-832. 6. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF: School phobia: Diagnostic considerations in the light of imipramine effects . J Nerv Ment Dis 1973;156:199-215.Crossref 7. Berg I, Butler A, Pritchard J: Psychiatric illness in the mothers of school-phobic adolescents . Br J Psychiatry 1974;125:466-467.Crossref 8. Berg I, Marks I, McGuire R, Lipsedge M: School phobia and agoraphobia . Psychol Med 1974;4:428-434.Crossref 9. Gittelman-Klein R: Psychiatric characteristics of the relatives of school phobic children , in Siva Sankar DV (ed): Mental Health in Children . New York, PJD Publications Inc, 1975, vol 1, pp 325-334. 10. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF: Separation anxiety in school refusal and its treatment with drugs , in Hersov L, Berg I (eds): Out of School . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1980, pp 321-341. 11. Klein DF: Delineation of two-drug-responsive anxiety syndromes . Psychopharmacologia 1964;5:397-408.Crossref 12. Tyrer P, Tyrer S: School refusal, truancy, and adult neurotic illness . Psychol Med 1974;4:416-421.Crossref 13. Berg I: School phobia in the children of agoraphobic women . Br J Psychiatry 1976;128:86-89.Crossref 14. Leckman JF, Merikangas KR, Pauls DL, Prusoff BA, Weissman MM: Anxiety disorders and depression: Contradictions between family study data and DSM-III conventions Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:880-882. 15. Munjack DJ, Moss HB: Affective disorder and alcoholism in families of agoraphobics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:869-874.Crossref 16. Crowe RR, Noyes R, Pauls DL, Slymen D: A family study of panic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1065-1069.Crossref 17. Leckman JF, Sholomskas D, Thompson WD, Belanger A, Weissman MM: Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: A methodological study . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:879-883.Crossref 18. Weissman MM, Kidd KK, Prusoff BA: Variability in rates of affective disorders in relatives of depressed and normal probands . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:1397-1403.Crossref 19. Weissman MM, Gershon ES, Kidd KK, Prusoff BA, Leckman JF, Dibble E, Hamovitt J, Thompson WD, Pauls DL, Guroff JJ: Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of probands with affective disorders: The Yale-National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:13-21.Crossref 20. Herjanic B, Reich W: Development of a structured psychiatric interview: Agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms . J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982;10:307-324.Crossref 21. Kaplan EL, Meier P: Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations . J Am Stat Assoc 1958;53:457.Crossref 22. Thompson WD, Weissman MM: Quantifying lifetime risk of psychiatric disorder . J Psychiatr Res 1981;16:113-126.Crossref 23. Dixon WJ (ed): BMDP Statistical Software . Berkeley, Calif, University of California Press, 1981. 24. Thompson WD, Orvaschel H, Prusoff BA, Kidd KK: An evaluation of the family history method for ascertaining psychiatric disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:53-58.Crossref 25. Roth M: The phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome and some general aetiological problems in psychiatry . J Neuropsychiatry 1960;12:293-306. 26. Sheehan DV, Sheehan KE, Minichiello WE: Age of onset of phobic disorders: A reevaluation . Compr Psychiatry 1981;22:544-553.Crossref 27. Buglass D, Clarke J, Henderson AS, Kreitman N, Presley AS: A study of agoraphobic housewives . Psychol Med 1977;7:73-86.Crossref 28. Agras S, Sylvester D, Oliveau D: The epidemiology of common fears and phobia . Compr Psychiatry 1969;10:151-156.Crossref 29. Rutter M: Children of Sick Parents: An Environmental and Psychiatric Study . Maudsley Monographs 16, Institute of Psychiatry. London, Oxford University Press, 1966. 30. Conners CK, Himmelhock J, Goyette CH, Ulrich R, Neil JF: Children of parents with affective illness . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1979;18:600-607.Crossref 31. Greenhill LL, Shopsin B, Temple H: Children of affectively ill parents: Psychiatric status determined by structured interview . Psychopharmacol Bull 1980;16:23-24. 32. McKnew DH, Cytryn L, Efron AM, Gershon ES, Bunney WE Jr: Offspring of patients with affective disorders . Br J Psychiatry 1979;134:148-152.Crossref 33. Welner Z, Welner A, McCrary MD, Leonard MA: Psychopathology in children of inpatients with depression: A controlled study . J Nerv Ment Dis 1977;164:408-413.Crossref 34. Cytryn L, McKnew DH, Bartko JJ, Lamour M, Hamovitt J: Offspring of patients with affective disorders: II . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1982;21:389-391.Crossref 35. Kestenbaum CJ: Children and adolescents at risk for manic-depressive illness: Introduction and overview . Adolesc Psychiatry 1982;10:245-255. 36. Kron L, Decina P, Kestenbaum CJ, Farber S, Gargan M, Fieve R: The offspring of bipolar manic-depressives: Clinical features . Adolesc Psychiatry 1982;10:273-291. 37. O'Connell RA, Mayo JA, O'Brien JD, Misrsheidaie F: Children of bipolar manic-depressives , in Mendlewicz J, Shopsin B (eds): Genetic Aspects of Affective Illness . New York, SP Medical & Scientific Books, 1979, pp 55-68. 38. Raskin M, Peeke HVS, Dickman W, Pinsker H: Panic and generalized anxiety disorder: Developmental antecedents and precipitants . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:687-689.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Parents and Children: Results From the Yale Family Study

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References (41)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1984 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790200027004
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract • The children (aged 6 to 17 years) of probands with primary major depression, with and without various anxiety disorders, were compared with the children of a matched normal control group. The results from the study of these young children parallel our previous findings among the adult first-degree relatives of these probands. Depression in the proband increased the risk of depression in the children. Depression plus panic disorder or agoraphobia in the proband conferred an additional risk of depression and of an anxiety disorder in the children. Panic disorder in the parents conferred more than a threefold increased risk of separation anxiety in the children. Other factors that increased the risk to children were degree of familial loading for psychiatric illness, parental assortative mating, and parental recurrent depression. The findings suggest a relationship between depression and some of the anxiety disorders, and between adult panic disorder and agoraphobia and transmission of anxiety disorders to children. References 1. Leckman JF, Weissman MM, Merikangas KR, Pauls DL, Prusoff BA: Panic disorder and major depression: Increased risk of depression, alcoholism, panic and phobic disorders in families of depressed probands with panic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1055-1060.Crossref 2. Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Gammon GD, Merikangas KR, Leckman JF, Kidd KK: Psychopathology in the children (ages 6-18) of depressed and normal parents . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984;23:78-84.Crossref 3. Orvaschel H: Parental depression and child psychopathology , in Guze SB, Earls FJ, Barret JE (eds): Childhood Psychopathology and Development . New York, Raven Press, 1983, pp 53-66. 4. Weissman MM, Paykel ES, Klerman GL: The depressed woman as a mother . Soc Psychiatry 1972;7:98-108.Crossref 5. Beardslee WR, Bemporad J, Keller MB, Klerman GL: Children of parents with major affective disorder: A review . Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140:825-832. 6. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF: School phobia: Diagnostic considerations in the light of imipramine effects . J Nerv Ment Dis 1973;156:199-215.Crossref 7. Berg I, Butler A, Pritchard J: Psychiatric illness in the mothers of school-phobic adolescents . Br J Psychiatry 1974;125:466-467.Crossref 8. Berg I, Marks I, McGuire R, Lipsedge M: School phobia and agoraphobia . Psychol Med 1974;4:428-434.Crossref 9. Gittelman-Klein R: Psychiatric characteristics of the relatives of school phobic children , in Siva Sankar DV (ed): Mental Health in Children . New York, PJD Publications Inc, 1975, vol 1, pp 325-334. 10. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF: Separation anxiety in school refusal and its treatment with drugs , in Hersov L, Berg I (eds): Out of School . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1980, pp 321-341. 11. Klein DF: Delineation of two-drug-responsive anxiety syndromes . Psychopharmacologia 1964;5:397-408.Crossref 12. Tyrer P, Tyrer S: School refusal, truancy, and adult neurotic illness . Psychol Med 1974;4:416-421.Crossref 13. Berg I: School phobia in the children of agoraphobic women . Br J Psychiatry 1976;128:86-89.Crossref 14. Leckman JF, Merikangas KR, Pauls DL, Prusoff BA, Weissman MM: Anxiety disorders and depression: Contradictions between family study data and DSM-III conventions Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:880-882. 15. Munjack DJ, Moss HB: Affective disorder and alcoholism in families of agoraphobics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:869-874.Crossref 16. Crowe RR, Noyes R, Pauls DL, Slymen D: A family study of panic disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1065-1069.Crossref 17. Leckman JF, Sholomskas D, Thompson WD, Belanger A, Weissman MM: Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: A methodological study . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:879-883.Crossref 18. Weissman MM, Kidd KK, Prusoff BA: Variability in rates of affective disorders in relatives of depressed and normal probands . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:1397-1403.Crossref 19. Weissman MM, Gershon ES, Kidd KK, Prusoff BA, Leckman JF, Dibble E, Hamovitt J, Thompson WD, Pauls DL, Guroff JJ: Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of probands with affective disorders: The Yale-National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:13-21.Crossref 20. Herjanic B, Reich W: Development of a structured psychiatric interview: Agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms . J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982;10:307-324.Crossref 21. Kaplan EL, Meier P: Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations . J Am Stat Assoc 1958;53:457.Crossref 22. Thompson WD, Weissman MM: Quantifying lifetime risk of psychiatric disorder . J Psychiatr Res 1981;16:113-126.Crossref 23. Dixon WJ (ed): BMDP Statistical Software . Berkeley, Calif, University of California Press, 1981. 24. Thompson WD, Orvaschel H, Prusoff BA, Kidd KK: An evaluation of the family history method for ascertaining psychiatric disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:53-58.Crossref 25. Roth M: The phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome and some general aetiological problems in psychiatry . J Neuropsychiatry 1960;12:293-306. 26. Sheehan DV, Sheehan KE, Minichiello WE: Age of onset of phobic disorders: A reevaluation . Compr Psychiatry 1981;22:544-553.Crossref 27. Buglass D, Clarke J, Henderson AS, Kreitman N, Presley AS: A study of agoraphobic housewives . Psychol Med 1977;7:73-86.Crossref 28. Agras S, Sylvester D, Oliveau D: The epidemiology of common fears and phobia . Compr Psychiatry 1969;10:151-156.Crossref 29. Rutter M: Children of Sick Parents: An Environmental and Psychiatric Study . Maudsley Monographs 16, Institute of Psychiatry. London, Oxford University Press, 1966. 30. Conners CK, Himmelhock J, Goyette CH, Ulrich R, Neil JF: Children of parents with affective illness . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1979;18:600-607.Crossref 31. Greenhill LL, Shopsin B, Temple H: Children of affectively ill parents: Psychiatric status determined by structured interview . Psychopharmacol Bull 1980;16:23-24. 32. McKnew DH, Cytryn L, Efron AM, Gershon ES, Bunney WE Jr: Offspring of patients with affective disorders . Br J Psychiatry 1979;134:148-152.Crossref 33. Welner Z, Welner A, McCrary MD, Leonard MA: Psychopathology in children of inpatients with depression: A controlled study . J Nerv Ment Dis 1977;164:408-413.Crossref 34. Cytryn L, McKnew DH, Bartko JJ, Lamour M, Hamovitt J: Offspring of patients with affective disorders: II . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1982;21:389-391.Crossref 35. Kestenbaum CJ: Children and adolescents at risk for manic-depressive illness: Introduction and overview . Adolesc Psychiatry 1982;10:245-255. 36. Kron L, Decina P, Kestenbaum CJ, Farber S, Gargan M, Fieve R: The offspring of bipolar manic-depressives: Clinical features . Adolesc Psychiatry 1982;10:273-291. 37. O'Connell RA, Mayo JA, O'Brien JD, Misrsheidaie F: Children of bipolar manic-depressives , in Mendlewicz J, Shopsin B (eds): Genetic Aspects of Affective Illness . New York, SP Medical & Scientific Books, 1979, pp 55-68. 38. Raskin M, Peeke HVS, Dickman W, Pinsker H: Panic and generalized anxiety disorder: Developmental antecedents and precipitants . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:687-689.Crossref

Journal

Archives of General PsychiatryAmerican Medical Association

Published: Sep 1, 1984

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