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Variability in Schizophrenia: Reflection of a Regulatory Disease

Variability in Schizophrenia: Reflection of a Regulatory Disease Abstract • The clinical course, body weight, biological measurements, and responses to neuroleptic agents were examined in 92 chronic schizophrenics over a period of ten years. The individual occurrence of periodic exacerbations, shifts in symptoms, changes in drug responses, unusual fluctuations in body weight, and transient biological abnormalities led me to conclude that schizophrenia is characterized by an independent variability of clinical and biological features. This variability indicates that schizophrenia is a disease of regulation. References 1. Gunderson JG, Autry JH III, Mosher LR, et al: Special report: Schizophrenia, 1973 . Schizophrenia Bull 9:15-54, 1974.Crossref 2. Ollerenshaw DP: The classification of the functional psychosis . Br J Psychiatry 122:517-530, 1973.Crossref 3. Stephens JH: Long-term course and prognosis in schizophrenia . Semin Psychiatry 2:464-485, 1970. 4. Wyatt RJ, Termini BA, Davis J: Biochemical and sleep studies of schizophrenia: A review of the literature 1960-1970 . Schizophrenia Bull 4:10-66, 1971.Crossref 5. Kety SS: Biochemical theories of schizophrenia . Int J Psychiatry 1:409-430, 1957. 6. Claridge G: The schizophrenias as nervous types . Br J Psychiatry 121:1-17, 1972.Crossref 7. Reid AA: Schizophrenia: Disease or syndrome? Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:863-869, 1973.Crossref 8. Cancro R: The Schizophrenic Syndrome . New York, Brunner-Mazel Inc, 1972. 9. DSM II: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 2. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1968. 10. Van der Velde CD, Kiltie H: Effectiveness of loxapine succinate in schizophrenia . Curr Ther Res 17:1-12, 1975. 11. Dohan FC: Relapsed schizophrenics: More rapid improvement on a milk- and cereal-free diet . Br J Psychiatry 115:595-596, 1969.Crossref 12. Bleuler M: Some results of research in schizophrenia . Behav Sci 15:211-219, 1970.Crossref 13. Redlich FC, Freedman DX: The Theory and Practice of Psychiatry . New York, Basic Books, 1966. 14. Cameron N: Personality Development and Psychopathology . Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co, 1963. 15. Morrison JR: Changes in subtype diagnoses of schizophrenia: 1920-1966 . Am J Psychiatry 131:674-677, 1974. 16. Guggenheim FG, Babigian HM: Catatonic schizophrenia: Epidemiology and clinical course . J Nerv Ment Dis 158:291-305, 1974.Crossref 17. Achte KA: The course of schizophrenic and schizophreniform psychoses . Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 36 ( (suppl 155) ): 1-273, 1961.Crossref 18. Kline NS, Blair J, Cooper TB, et al: A controlled seven-year study of endocrine and other indices in drug-treated chronic schizophrenics . Acta Psychiatr Scand 44 ( (suppl 206) ): 75, 1968. 19. Van Putten T, Mutalipassi LR, Malkin MD: Phenothiazine-induced decompensation . Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:102-106, 1974.Crossref 20. Hollister LE, Overall JE, Kimbell I Jr, et al: Specific indications for different classes of phenothiazines . Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:94-99, 1974.Crossref 21. Goldstein MJ: Premorbid adjustment, paranoid status, and patterns of response to phenothiazine in acute schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bull 3:24-37, 1970.Crossref 22. Hobbs DC, Welch WM, Short MJ, et al: Pharmacokinetics of thiothixene in man . Clin Pharmacol Ther 16:473-478, 1974. 23. Singh MM, Kay SR: Therapeutic reversal with benztropine in schizophrenics . J Nerv Ment Dis 160:258-265, 1975.Crossref 24. Rivers L, Castaneda L, Lasagna L: Effects of mode of management of plasma chlorpromazine in schizophrenic patients . Clin Pharmacol Ther 14:978-986, 1973. 25. Drugs causing weight gain, editorial . Br Med J 1:168, 1974. 26. Goodhart RS, Shills ME; Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease . Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1973. 27. Wintrobe MM, Thorn GW, Adams RD: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1974. 28. Singh MM, DeDios LV, Kline NS: Weight as a correlate of clinical response to psychotropic drugs . Psychosomatics 5:384-395, 1970. 29. Dally P: Chemotherapy of Psychiatric Disorders . London, Longos Press Ltd, 1967. 30. Hoskins RG: The Biology of Schizophrenia . New York, WW Norton & Co, 1946, p 154. 31. Bleuler E: Dementia Praecox . New York, International Universities Press, 1958. 32. Freedman DX: Animal behavioral studies, sleep: The relation of serotonin to sleep , in Barchas J, Usdin E (eds): Serotonin and Behavior . New York, Academic Press, 1973, pp 381-383. 33. Ban TA: Psychopharmacology . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1969. 34. Myers RD: The role of hypothalamic serotonin in thermoregulation , in Barchas J, Usdin E (eds): Serotonin and Behavior . New York, Academic Press, 1973, pp 293-302. 35. Amkraut A, Solomon GF, Allansmith M, et al: Immunoglobulins and improvement in acute schizophrenic reactions . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:673-677, 1973.Crossref 36. Meltzer HY, Engel WK: Histochemical abnormalities of skeletal muscle in acutely psychotic patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 23:492-502, 1970.Crossref 37. Mosher LR, Gunderson JG, Buchsbaum S: Special report: Schizophrenia, 1972 . Schizophrenia Bull 7:12-52, 1973. 38. Cancro R: The Schizophrenic Syndrome . New York, Brunner-Mazel Inc, 1971. 39. Pincus JH, Tucker GJ: Behavioral Neurology . New York, Oxford University Press, 1974. 40. Luria AR: The Working Brain . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1973. 41. Murphy DL, Wyatt RJ: Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from schizophrenic patients . Nature 238:225-226, 1972.Crossref 42. Snyder SH: Catecholamines in the brain as mediators of amphetamine psychosis . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:169-179, 1972.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Variability in Schizophrenia: Reflection of a Regulatory Disease

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References (46)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1976 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770040053010
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract • The clinical course, body weight, biological measurements, and responses to neuroleptic agents were examined in 92 chronic schizophrenics over a period of ten years. The individual occurrence of periodic exacerbations, shifts in symptoms, changes in drug responses, unusual fluctuations in body weight, and transient biological abnormalities led me to conclude that schizophrenia is characterized by an independent variability of clinical and biological features. This variability indicates that schizophrenia is a disease of regulation. References 1. Gunderson JG, Autry JH III, Mosher LR, et al: Special report: Schizophrenia, 1973 . Schizophrenia Bull 9:15-54, 1974.Crossref 2. Ollerenshaw DP: The classification of the functional psychosis . Br J Psychiatry 122:517-530, 1973.Crossref 3. Stephens JH: Long-term course and prognosis in schizophrenia . Semin Psychiatry 2:464-485, 1970. 4. Wyatt RJ, Termini BA, Davis J: Biochemical and sleep studies of schizophrenia: A review of the literature 1960-1970 . Schizophrenia Bull 4:10-66, 1971.Crossref 5. Kety SS: Biochemical theories of schizophrenia . Int J Psychiatry 1:409-430, 1957. 6. Claridge G: The schizophrenias as nervous types . Br J Psychiatry 121:1-17, 1972.Crossref 7. Reid AA: Schizophrenia: Disease or syndrome? Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:863-869, 1973.Crossref 8. Cancro R: The Schizophrenic Syndrome . New York, Brunner-Mazel Inc, 1972. 9. DSM II: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 2. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1968. 10. Van der Velde CD, Kiltie H: Effectiveness of loxapine succinate in schizophrenia . Curr Ther Res 17:1-12, 1975. 11. Dohan FC: Relapsed schizophrenics: More rapid improvement on a milk- and cereal-free diet . Br J Psychiatry 115:595-596, 1969.Crossref 12. Bleuler M: Some results of research in schizophrenia . Behav Sci 15:211-219, 1970.Crossref 13. Redlich FC, Freedman DX: The Theory and Practice of Psychiatry . New York, Basic Books, 1966. 14. Cameron N: Personality Development and Psychopathology . Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co, 1963. 15. Morrison JR: Changes in subtype diagnoses of schizophrenia: 1920-1966 . Am J Psychiatry 131:674-677, 1974. 16. Guggenheim FG, Babigian HM: Catatonic schizophrenia: Epidemiology and clinical course . J Nerv Ment Dis 158:291-305, 1974.Crossref 17. Achte KA: The course of schizophrenic and schizophreniform psychoses . Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 36 ( (suppl 155) ): 1-273, 1961.Crossref 18. Kline NS, Blair J, Cooper TB, et al: A controlled seven-year study of endocrine and other indices in drug-treated chronic schizophrenics . Acta Psychiatr Scand 44 ( (suppl 206) ): 75, 1968. 19. Van Putten T, Mutalipassi LR, Malkin MD: Phenothiazine-induced decompensation . Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:102-106, 1974.Crossref 20. Hollister LE, Overall JE, Kimbell I Jr, et al: Specific indications for different classes of phenothiazines . Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:94-99, 1974.Crossref 21. Goldstein MJ: Premorbid adjustment, paranoid status, and patterns of response to phenothiazine in acute schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bull 3:24-37, 1970.Crossref 22. Hobbs DC, Welch WM, Short MJ, et al: Pharmacokinetics of thiothixene in man . Clin Pharmacol Ther 16:473-478, 1974. 23. Singh MM, Kay SR: Therapeutic reversal with benztropine in schizophrenics . J Nerv Ment Dis 160:258-265, 1975.Crossref 24. Rivers L, Castaneda L, Lasagna L: Effects of mode of management of plasma chlorpromazine in schizophrenic patients . Clin Pharmacol Ther 14:978-986, 1973. 25. Drugs causing weight gain, editorial . Br Med J 1:168, 1974. 26. Goodhart RS, Shills ME; Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease . Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1973. 27. Wintrobe MM, Thorn GW, Adams RD: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co Inc, 1974. 28. Singh MM, DeDios LV, Kline NS: Weight as a correlate of clinical response to psychotropic drugs . Psychosomatics 5:384-395, 1970. 29. Dally P: Chemotherapy of Psychiatric Disorders . London, Longos Press Ltd, 1967. 30. Hoskins RG: The Biology of Schizophrenia . New York, WW Norton & Co, 1946, p 154. 31. Bleuler E: Dementia Praecox . New York, International Universities Press, 1958. 32. Freedman DX: Animal behavioral studies, sleep: The relation of serotonin to sleep , in Barchas J, Usdin E (eds): Serotonin and Behavior . New York, Academic Press, 1973, pp 381-383. 33. Ban TA: Psychopharmacology . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1969. 34. Myers RD: The role of hypothalamic serotonin in thermoregulation , in Barchas J, Usdin E (eds): Serotonin and Behavior . New York, Academic Press, 1973, pp 293-302. 35. Amkraut A, Solomon GF, Allansmith M, et al: Immunoglobulins and improvement in acute schizophrenic reactions . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:673-677, 1973.Crossref 36. Meltzer HY, Engel WK: Histochemical abnormalities of skeletal muscle in acutely psychotic patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 23:492-502, 1970.Crossref 37. Mosher LR, Gunderson JG, Buchsbaum S: Special report: Schizophrenia, 1972 . Schizophrenia Bull 7:12-52, 1973. 38. Cancro R: The Schizophrenic Syndrome . New York, Brunner-Mazel Inc, 1971. 39. Pincus JH, Tucker GJ: Behavioral Neurology . New York, Oxford University Press, 1974. 40. Luria AR: The Working Brain . New York, Basic Books Inc, 1973. 41. Murphy DL, Wyatt RJ: Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from schizophrenic patients . Nature 238:225-226, 1972.Crossref 42. Snyder SH: Catecholamines in the brain as mediators of amphetamine psychosis . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:169-179, 1972.Crossref

Journal

Archives of General PsychiatryAmerican Medical Association

Published: Apr 1, 1976

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