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Early Intervention for Children With or at Risk of Cerebral Palsy

Early Intervention for Children With or at Risk of Cerebral Palsy Abstract • Quantitative and qualitative analyses of well-conducted scientific studies of therapeutic early intervention for infants and young children with or at risk of a motor handicap failed to find convincing evidence for the efficacy of physical therapy. The shortcomings of present assessment tools are discussed and possible lines of enquiry identified. (AJDC. 1993;147:54-59) References 1. Harris SR. Early intervention for children with motor handicaps . In: Guralnick MJ, Bennett FC, eds. The Effectiveness of Early Intervention for At Risk and Handicapped Children . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1987:175-212. 2. Tirosh E, Rabino S. Physiotherapy for children with cerebral palsy . AJDC . 1989;143:552-555. 3. Parette HP, Hourcade JJ. A review of therapeutic intervention research on gross and fine motor progress in young children with cerebral palsy . Am J Occup Ther. 1984;38:462-468.Crossref 4. Ferry P. On growing new neurons: are early intervention programs effective? Pediatrics . 1981;67:32-35. 5. Skolnick A. New ultrasound evidence appears to link prenatal brain damage, cerebral palsy . JAMA . 1991;265:948-949.Crossref 6. Paine RS. On the treatment of cerebral palsy: the outcome of 177 patients, 74 totally untreated . Pediatrics . 1962;29:605-616. 7. Glass GV. Primary, secondary and meta-analysis of research . Educ Res. 1976;5:3-9.Crossref 8. Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML. Meta-analysis of Social Research . Beverley Hills, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1981. 9. Glass GV. Integrating findings: the meta-analysis of research . Rev Res Educ. 1978;5:351-379. 10. Casto G, Mastropieri MA. The efficacy of early intervention programs: a meta-analysis . Excep Child. 1986;52:417-424. 11. Ottenbacher KJ, Biocca Z, De Cremer G, Geveliner M, Jedlovec KB, Johnson MB. Quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of pediatric therapy, emphasis on the neurodevelopmental treatment approach . Phys Ther. 1986; 66:1095-1101. 12. Bobath B, Bobath K. The facilitation of normal postural reactions and movements in the treatment of cerebral palsy . Physiotherapy . 1964;50;264. 13. Bobath K, Bobath B. The neurodevelopmental treatment . In: Scrutton D, ed. Management of the Motor Disorders of Children With Cerebral Palsy: Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. (90) . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1984. 14. Shonkoff JP, Hauser-Cram P. Early intervention for disabled infants and their families: a quantitative analysis . Pediatrics . 1987:80:650-658. 15. Cook TD, Leviton LC. Reviewing the literature: a comparison of traditional methods with meta-analysis . J Pers . 1980;48:449-461.Crossref 16. Eysenck HJ. An exercise in mega-silliness . Am Psychologist . 1983; 33:517.Crossref 17. Sackett DL. How to read clinical journals, V: to distinguish useful from useless or even harmful therapy . Can Med Assoc J. 1981;124:1156-1162. 18. Campbell SZ. Efficacy of physical therapy in improving postural control in cerebral palsy . Pediatr Phys Ther. 1991;2:135-140.Crossref 19. Aebi U. Frühbehandlung zerebraler Bewegungsstörungen: Befunde bei 50 Sondershülern . Helv Paediatr Acta. 1976;31:319-333. 20. Koch FP. A nursery school for children with cerebral palsy: five-year follow-up of thirteen children Pediatrics . 1958;22:329-335. 21. Kong E. Very early treatment of cerebral palsy . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1966;8:198-222.Crossref 22. Woods GE. The Outcome of physical treatment in cerebral palsy . Cereb Palsy Rev. 1964;25:3-9. 23. Ingram AJ, Withers E, Speltz E. Role of intensive physical and occu pational therapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy, testing and results . Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1959;40:429-438. 24. Jones MH, Wenner WH, Toczek AM, Barrett ML. Pre-nursery school program for children with cerebral palsy . J Am Med Worn Assoc. 1962; 17:713-719. 25. Zuck FN, Johnson MK. Progress of cerebral palsy patients under in-patient circumstances . In: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Instructional Course Lectures . Ann Arbor, Mich: JW Edwards; 1952;9. 26. Sommerfield D, Fraser BA, Hensinger RN, Beresford CV. Evaluation of physical therapy service for severely mentally impaired students with cerebral palsy . Phys Ther. 1981;61:338-344. 27. Sellick KJ, Over R. Effects of vestibular stimulation on motor development of cerebral palsied children . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1980;22:476-483. 28. Chee FKW, Kreutzberg JR, Clark DL. Semicircular canal stimulation in cerebral palsied children . Phys Ther. 1978;58:1071-1075. 29. Karlsson B, Nauman B, Gardestrom L. Results of physical treatment in cerebral palsy . Cereb Palsy Bull. 1960;2:278-285. 30. Footh WK, Kogan L. Measuring the effectiveness of physical therapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy . J Am Phys Ther Assoc. 1963;43:867-873. 31. D'Avignon MD, Norén L, Årman T. Early physiotherapy ad modum Vojta or Bobath in infants with suspected motor disturbances . Neuropediatrics . 1981;12:232-241.Crossref 32. Banham KM. Progress in motor development of retarded cerebral palsied infants . Rehabil Lit. 1976;37:13-14. 33. Brandt S, Lonstrup HV, Marner T, et al. Prevention of cerebral palsy in motor risk infants by treatment ad modum Vojta: a controlled study . Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980;69:283-286.Crossref 34. Carlsen PN. A comparison of two occupational therapy approaches for treating the young cerebral-palsied child . Am J Occup Ther. 1975; 29:267-272. 35. Goldkamp O. Treatment effectiveness in cerebral palsy . Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65:232-234. 36. Goodman M, Rothberg AD, Houston-McMillan JE, Cooper PA, Cartwright JD, van der Velde MA. Effect of early neurodevelopmental therapy in normal and at-risk survivors of neonatal intensive care . Lancet . 1985; 2:1327-1330.Crossref 37. Kanda T, Yage M, Yasmori Y, Suzuki J, Fukase H. Early physiotherapy in the treatment of spastic diplegia . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1985; 26:438-444.Crossref 38. Law M, Cadman D, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, DeMatteo C. Neurodevelopmental therapy and upper-extremity inhibitive casting for children with cerebral palsy . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33:379-387.Crossref 39. Mayo NE. The effect of physical therapy for children with motor delay and cerebral palsy: a randomized clinical trial . Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1991:70:258-267.Crossref 40. Palmer FB, Shapiro BK, Wachtel RC, et al. The effects of physical therapy on cerebral palsy: a controlled trial in infants with spastic diplegia . N Engl J Med. 1988;318:803-808.Crossref 41. Parette HP. The relationship of specific variables to motoric gains in infants who have cerebral palsy or motor delay: a comparative treatment study. In: Dissertation Abstracts International. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; 1982;43:1503. Thesis. 42. Piper MC, Kunos VI, Willis DM, Mazer BLM, Silver KM. Early physical therapy effects on the high-risk infant: a randomized controlled trial . Pediatrics . 1986;78:216-224. 43. Scherzer AL, Miké V, Ilson J. Physical therapy as a determinant of change in the cerebral palsied infant . Pediatrics . 1976;58:47-52. 44. Soboloff HR. Early intervention: fact or fiction? Dev Med Child Neurol. 1981;58:261-266. 45. Wright T, Nicholson J. Physiotherapy for the spastic child: an evaluation . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1973;15:146-163.Crossref 46. Rosenthal R. Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research . Berkeley, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1991. 47. Tukey JW. Exploratory Data Analysis . Boston, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co Inc; 1977. 48. Rosenbaum PL, Russell DJ, Cadman DT, Gowland C, Jarvis S, Hardy S. Issues in measuring change in motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a special communication . Phys Ther. 1990;70:125-131. 49. Reddihough D, Bach T, Burgess G, Oke L, Hudson I. Objective test of the quality of motor function of children with cerebral palsy: preliminary study . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1990;32:904-909. 50. Kluzik J, Fetters L, Coryell J. Quantification of control: a preliminary study of effects of neurodevelopmental treatment on reaching in children with cerebral palsy . Phys Ther. 1990;70:65-78. 51. Van der Weel FR, van der Meer ALH, Lee DN. Effect of task on movement control in cerebral palsy: implications for assessment and therapy . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33:419-426.Crossref 52. Harris SR. Efficacy of physical therapy in promoting family functioning and functional independence for children with cerebral palsy . Pediatr Phys Ther. 1990;2:160-164.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png American Journal of Diseases of Children American Medical Association

Early Intervention for Children With or at Risk of Cerebral Palsy

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Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1993 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0002-922X
DOI
10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160250056017
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Abstract

Abstract • Quantitative and qualitative analyses of well-conducted scientific studies of therapeutic early intervention for infants and young children with or at risk of a motor handicap failed to find convincing evidence for the efficacy of physical therapy. The shortcomings of present assessment tools are discussed and possible lines of enquiry identified. (AJDC. 1993;147:54-59) References 1. Harris SR. Early intervention for children with motor handicaps . In: Guralnick MJ, Bennett FC, eds. The Effectiveness of Early Intervention for At Risk and Handicapped Children . Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1987:175-212. 2. Tirosh E, Rabino S. Physiotherapy for children with cerebral palsy . AJDC . 1989;143:552-555. 3. Parette HP, Hourcade JJ. A review of therapeutic intervention research on gross and fine motor progress in young children with cerebral palsy . Am J Occup Ther. 1984;38:462-468.Crossref 4. Ferry P. On growing new neurons: are early intervention programs effective? Pediatrics . 1981;67:32-35. 5. Skolnick A. New ultrasound evidence appears to link prenatal brain damage, cerebral palsy . JAMA . 1991;265:948-949.Crossref 6. Paine RS. On the treatment of cerebral palsy: the outcome of 177 patients, 74 totally untreated . Pediatrics . 1962;29:605-616. 7. Glass GV. Primary, secondary and meta-analysis of research . Educ Res. 1976;5:3-9.Crossref 8. Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML. Meta-analysis of Social Research . Beverley Hills, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1981. 9. Glass GV. Integrating findings: the meta-analysis of research . Rev Res Educ. 1978;5:351-379. 10. Casto G, Mastropieri MA. The efficacy of early intervention programs: a meta-analysis . Excep Child. 1986;52:417-424. 11. Ottenbacher KJ, Biocca Z, De Cremer G, Geveliner M, Jedlovec KB, Johnson MB. Quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of pediatric therapy, emphasis on the neurodevelopmental treatment approach . Phys Ther. 1986; 66:1095-1101. 12. Bobath B, Bobath K. The facilitation of normal postural reactions and movements in the treatment of cerebral palsy . Physiotherapy . 1964;50;264. 13. Bobath K, Bobath B. The neurodevelopmental treatment . In: Scrutton D, ed. Management of the Motor Disorders of Children With Cerebral Palsy: Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. (90) . Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1984. 14. Shonkoff JP, Hauser-Cram P. Early intervention for disabled infants and their families: a quantitative analysis . Pediatrics . 1987:80:650-658. 15. Cook TD, Leviton LC. Reviewing the literature: a comparison of traditional methods with meta-analysis . J Pers . 1980;48:449-461.Crossref 16. Eysenck HJ. An exercise in mega-silliness . Am Psychologist . 1983; 33:517.Crossref 17. Sackett DL. How to read clinical journals, V: to distinguish useful from useless or even harmful therapy . Can Med Assoc J. 1981;124:1156-1162. 18. Campbell SZ. Efficacy of physical therapy in improving postural control in cerebral palsy . Pediatr Phys Ther. 1991;2:135-140.Crossref 19. Aebi U. Frühbehandlung zerebraler Bewegungsstörungen: Befunde bei 50 Sondershülern . Helv Paediatr Acta. 1976;31:319-333. 20. Koch FP. A nursery school for children with cerebral palsy: five-year follow-up of thirteen children Pediatrics . 1958;22:329-335. 21. Kong E. Very early treatment of cerebral palsy . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1966;8:198-222.Crossref 22. Woods GE. The Outcome of physical treatment in cerebral palsy . Cereb Palsy Rev. 1964;25:3-9. 23. Ingram AJ, Withers E, Speltz E. Role of intensive physical and occu pational therapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy, testing and results . Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1959;40:429-438. 24. Jones MH, Wenner WH, Toczek AM, Barrett ML. Pre-nursery school program for children with cerebral palsy . J Am Med Worn Assoc. 1962; 17:713-719. 25. Zuck FN, Johnson MK. Progress of cerebral palsy patients under in-patient circumstances . In: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Instructional Course Lectures . Ann Arbor, Mich: JW Edwards; 1952;9. 26. Sommerfield D, Fraser BA, Hensinger RN, Beresford CV. Evaluation of physical therapy service for severely mentally impaired students with cerebral palsy . Phys Ther. 1981;61:338-344. 27. Sellick KJ, Over R. Effects of vestibular stimulation on motor development of cerebral palsied children . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1980;22:476-483. 28. Chee FKW, Kreutzberg JR, Clark DL. Semicircular canal stimulation in cerebral palsied children . Phys Ther. 1978;58:1071-1075. 29. Karlsson B, Nauman B, Gardestrom L. Results of physical treatment in cerebral palsy . Cereb Palsy Bull. 1960;2:278-285. 30. Footh WK, Kogan L. Measuring the effectiveness of physical therapy in the treatment of cerebral palsy . J Am Phys Ther Assoc. 1963;43:867-873. 31. D'Avignon MD, Norén L, Årman T. Early physiotherapy ad modum Vojta or Bobath in infants with suspected motor disturbances . Neuropediatrics . 1981;12:232-241.Crossref 32. Banham KM. Progress in motor development of retarded cerebral palsied infants . Rehabil Lit. 1976;37:13-14. 33. Brandt S, Lonstrup HV, Marner T, et al. Prevention of cerebral palsy in motor risk infants by treatment ad modum Vojta: a controlled study . Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980;69:283-286.Crossref 34. Carlsen PN. A comparison of two occupational therapy approaches for treating the young cerebral-palsied child . Am J Occup Ther. 1975; 29:267-272. 35. Goldkamp O. Treatment effectiveness in cerebral palsy . Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65:232-234. 36. Goodman M, Rothberg AD, Houston-McMillan JE, Cooper PA, Cartwright JD, van der Velde MA. Effect of early neurodevelopmental therapy in normal and at-risk survivors of neonatal intensive care . Lancet . 1985; 2:1327-1330.Crossref 37. Kanda T, Yage M, Yasmori Y, Suzuki J, Fukase H. Early physiotherapy in the treatment of spastic diplegia . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1985; 26:438-444.Crossref 38. Law M, Cadman D, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, DeMatteo C. Neurodevelopmental therapy and upper-extremity inhibitive casting for children with cerebral palsy . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33:379-387.Crossref 39. Mayo NE. The effect of physical therapy for children with motor delay and cerebral palsy: a randomized clinical trial . Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1991:70:258-267.Crossref 40. Palmer FB, Shapiro BK, Wachtel RC, et al. The effects of physical therapy on cerebral palsy: a controlled trial in infants with spastic diplegia . N Engl J Med. 1988;318:803-808.Crossref 41. Parette HP. The relationship of specific variables to motoric gains in infants who have cerebral palsy or motor delay: a comparative treatment study. In: Dissertation Abstracts International. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; 1982;43:1503. Thesis. 42. Piper MC, Kunos VI, Willis DM, Mazer BLM, Silver KM. Early physical therapy effects on the high-risk infant: a randomized controlled trial . Pediatrics . 1986;78:216-224. 43. Scherzer AL, Miké V, Ilson J. Physical therapy as a determinant of change in the cerebral palsied infant . Pediatrics . 1976;58:47-52. 44. Soboloff HR. Early intervention: fact or fiction? Dev Med Child Neurol. 1981;58:261-266. 45. Wright T, Nicholson J. Physiotherapy for the spastic child: an evaluation . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1973;15:146-163.Crossref 46. Rosenthal R. Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research . Berkeley, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1991. 47. Tukey JW. Exploratory Data Analysis . Boston, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co Inc; 1977. 48. Rosenbaum PL, Russell DJ, Cadman DT, Gowland C, Jarvis S, Hardy S. Issues in measuring change in motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a special communication . Phys Ther. 1990;70:125-131. 49. Reddihough D, Bach T, Burgess G, Oke L, Hudson I. Objective test of the quality of motor function of children with cerebral palsy: preliminary study . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1990;32:904-909. 50. Kluzik J, Fetters L, Coryell J. Quantification of control: a preliminary study of effects of neurodevelopmental treatment on reaching in children with cerebral palsy . Phys Ther. 1990;70:65-78. 51. Van der Weel FR, van der Meer ALH, Lee DN. Effect of task on movement control in cerebral palsy: implications for assessment and therapy . Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33:419-426.Crossref 52. Harris SR. Efficacy of physical therapy in promoting family functioning and functional independence for children with cerebral palsy . Pediatr Phys Ther. 1990;2:160-164.Crossref

Journal

American Journal of Diseases of Children – American Medical Association

Published: Jan 1, 1993

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