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M. Rallison, Brown Dobyns, F. Keating, Joseph Rall, Frank Tyler (1975)
Occurrence and natural history of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in childhood.The Journal of pediatrics, 86 5
F. Azizi, H. Chandler, H. Bozorgzadeh, L. Braverman (1974)
The occurrence of hyperthyroidism in patients with Down's syndrome.The Johns Hopkins medical journal, 134 5
Fialkow PJ (1970)
Thyroid immunity and Down's syndromeAnn NY Acad Sci, 171
L. Vanhaelst, F. Hayez, M. Bonnyns, P. Bastenie (1969)
[Thyroid pathology and chromosome disorders].Annales d'endocrinologie, 30 5
R. Baxter, F. Martin, K. Myles, R. Larkins, P. Heyma, L. Ryan (1975)
Down syndrome and thyroid function in adultsThe Lancet, 306
Douglas Daniels, Jimmy Simon (1968)
Down's syndrome, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus.The Journal of pediatrics, 72 5
C. Benda (1946)
Mongolism and cretinism
A. Hayles, W. Hinrichs, W. Tauxe (1965)
Thyroid disease among children with Down's syndrome (mongolism).Pediatrics, 36 4
John Johnson, A. Cook (1962)
Hyperthyroidism in patients with mongolism.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 22
S. Pueschel, J. Rynders (1982)
Down syndrome : advances in biomedicine and the behavioral sciences
D. Floret, A. Thomas, B. Claustrat, P. Monnet (1978)
[Trisomy 21, myxedema due to thyroiditis with precocious puberty involvement. Study of gonadotropins and prolactin secretions].Pediatrie, 33 2
I. Verma, O. Ghai (1971)
Hypothyroidism in children with mongolismThe Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 38
Breg Wr (1977)
Down syndrome: a review of recent progress in research.Pathobiology, 7
Summitt RL Williams JD (1971)
Hypothyroidism in children with Down syndrome: Report of three casesBirth Defects, 7
Esen Fm, H. Mautner (1957)
Hypo- and hyperthyroidism in mongolism.Archives of pediatrics, 74 8
S. King, R. Ladda, H. Kulin (1978)
Hypothyroidism in an infant with Down's syndrome.American journal of diseases of children, 132 1
D. Hollingsworth, H. McKean, I. Roeckel (1974)
Goiter, immunological observations, and thyroid function tests in Down syndrome.American journal of diseases of children, 127 4
R. Vaccaro, R. Rossoni (1971)
[On the association of mongolism with thyroid autoimmunity].Minerva pediatrica, 23 6
E. Mcgirr, I. Murray (1956)
Thyrotoxicosis in a mongol.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 16 1
P. Fort, F. Lifshitz, R. Bellisario, J. Davis, R. Lanes, M. Pugliese, R. Richman, E. Post, R. David (1984)
Abnormalities of thyroid function in infants with Down syndrome.The Journal of pediatrics, 104 4
Pryles CV Saxena KM (1965)
Thyroid dysfunction in mongolismJ Pediatr, 67
L. Zergollern, G. Vukelić, M. Raos (1974)
[Athyrosis in Down's syndrome].Medicinski arhiv, 28 4
P. Fialkow (1970)
THYROID AUTOIMMUNITY AND DOWN'S SYNDROME *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 171
Parkin JM (1974)
Down's syndrome, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitusBr Med J, 2
F. Bennett, C. Sells, C. Brand (1979)
Influences on measured intelligence in Down's syndrome.American journal of diseases of children, 133 7
Pelton EW Bass NH (1977)
Thyroid Hormones and Brain Development
Zlatko ŠAre, R. Ruvalcaba, V. Kelley (1978)
Prevalence of thyroid disorder in Down syndromeClinical Genetics, 14
RobertH. Davis, H. Pitkow, H. Hill (1975)
DOWN SYNDROME AND THYROID FUNCTIONThe Lancet, 306
Douglas Hubble (1963)
PRECOCIOUS MENSTRUATION IN A MONGOLOID CHILD WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM--HORMONAL OVERLAP.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 23
D. Morton, M. Jenkins (1978)
Down's syndrome and thyroid dysfunction.Journal of the National Medical Association, 70 1
I. Chopra, D. Solomon, R. Ho (1971)
A radioimmunoassay of thyroxine.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 33 5
Weetch MB Diggle JH (1958)
Thyrotoxicosis in a MongolJ R Soc Med, 51
R. Hall, J. Amos, B. Ormston (1971)
Radioimmunoassay of Human Serum ThyrotrophinBritish Medical Journal, 1
Abstract • We investigated the thyroid function of 151 patients with Down syndrome. Compared with a control group of 89 siblings nearest in age to their brother or sister with Down syndrome, the mean thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) value was significantly higher in patients with Down syndrome than in subjects without Down syndrome. However, the mean thyroxine (T4) levels in both groups were nearly the same. In the Down syndrome group there was a trend for TSH values to increase and for T4 values to decrease with advancing age. Of the 151 patients with Down syndrome, ten had both significantly elevated TSH levels (≥9.5 μU/mL) and significantly decreased T4 levels (≤5.5 μg/dL), 21 had only abnormally high TSH values, seven had only markedly Increased T4 levels (≥12.0 μg/dL), and three had only significantly decreased T4 levels. The intellectual function of patients with both abnormal TSH and T4 levels was significantly lower (mean IQ, 41.7) than that of Down syndrome patients with only increased TSH values (mean IQ, 53.8) and that of Down syndrome patients with normal thyroid function (mean IQ, 55.3). This study provides further evidence that there is an increased prevalence of thyroid dysfunction In patients with Down syndrome. (AJDC 1985;139:636-639) References 1. Pueschel SM, Rynders J: Down Syndrome: Advances in Biomedicine and the Behavioral Sciences . Cambridge, Mass, Ware Press Inc, 1982, pp 243-246. 2. Benda CE: Mongolism and Cretinism . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1964. 3. McGirr EM, Murray IPC: Thyrotoxicosis in a Mongol . J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1956;16: 160-163.Crossref 4. Esen FM, Mautner H: Hypo- and hyperthyroidism in mongolism . Arch Pediatr 1957;74:291-298. 5. Diggle JH, Weetch MB: Thyrotoxicosis in a Mongol . J R Soc Med 1958;51:293-294. 6. Johnson JE, Cook AR: Hyperthyroidism in patients with mongolism . J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1962;22:665-668.Crossref 7. Azizi F, Chandler H, Boxorgzadeh H, et al: The occurrence of hyperthyroidism in patients with Down's syndrome . Johns Hopkins Med J 1974;134:303-306. 8. Verman IC, Ghia OP: Hypothyroidism in children with mongolism . Indian J Pediatr 1971; 38:229-232.Crossref 9. Zergollern L, Vukelic G, Raos M: Athyrosis in Down's syndrome . Med Arh 1974;28:429-432. 10. Williams JD, Summitt RL, Camacho AM: Hypothyroidism in children with Down syndrome: Report of three cases . Birth Defects 1971;7:43-47. 11. Saxena KM, Pryles CV: Thyroid dysfunction in mongolism . J Pediatr 1965;67:363-370.Crossref 12. King SL, Ladda RL, Kulin HE: Hypothyroidism in an infant with Down's syndrome . AJDC 1978;132:96-97. 13. Morton DA, Jenkins ME: Down's syndrome and thyroid dysfunction . J Natl Med Assoc 1978;70:27-29. 14. Hayles A, Hinrichs WL, Tauze WN: Thyroid disease among children with Down's syndrome (mongolism) . Pediatrics 1965;36:608-623. 15. Hollingsworth DR, McKean HE, Roeckel I: Goiter, immunological observations, and thyroid function tests in Down syndrome . AJDC 1974;127:524-527. 16. Baxter RG, Martin FIR, Myles K, et al: Down syndrome and thyroid function in adults . Lancet 1975;2:794-796.Crossref 17. Davis RH, Pitkow HS, Hill HG: Down syndrome and thyroid function . Lancet 1975;2: 1308.Crossref 18. Sare Z, Ruvalcaba RH, Kelley VC: Prevalence of thyroid disorder in Down syndrome . Clin Genet 1978;14:154-158.Crossref 19. Breg WR: Down syndrome: A review of recent progress in research . Pathobiol Annu 1977;7:257-303. 20. Fort P, Lifshitz F, Bellisario R, et al: Abnormalities of thyroid function in infants with Down syndrome . J Pediatr 1984;104:545-549.Crossref 21. Daniels DM, Simon JL: Down's syndrome, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus . J Pediatr 1968;72:697-699.Crossref 22. Parkin JM: Down's syndrome, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus . Br Med J 1974;2: 384.Crossref 23. Hubble D: Precocious menstruation in a mongoloid child with hypothyroidism–hormonal overlap . J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1963;23: 1302-1305.Crossref 24. Floret D, Thomas A, Claustrat B, et al: Trisomy 21, myxedema due to thyroiditis with precocious puberty involvement: Study of gonadotropins and prolactin secretions . Pediatric 1978;33:189-200. 25. Vanhaelst L, Hayez F, Bonnyns M, et al: Thyroid pathology and chromosome disorders . Ann Endocrinol 1969;30:659-667. 26. Vaccaro R, Bossoni R: On the association of mongolism with thyroid autoimmunity . Minerva Pediatr 1971;23:252-257. 27. Fialkow PJ: Thyroid immunity and Down's syndrome . Ann NY Acad Sci 1970;171:500-511.Crossref 28. Chopra IJ, Solomon DH, Ho RS: A radioimmunoassay of thyroxine . J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1971;33:865-868.Crossref 29. Hall R, Amos J, Ormston B: Radioimmunoassay of human serum thyrotropin . Br Med J 1971;1:582-585.Crossref 30. Bennett FC, Sells CJ, Brand C: Influences on measured intelligence in Down's syndrome . AJDC 1979;133:700-703. 31. Rallison ML, Dobyns BM, Rail JE, et al: Occurrence and natural history of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in childhood . J Pediatrics 1975;86:675-682.Crossref 32. Bass NH, Pelton EW, Young E: Defective maturation of cerebral cortex: An inevitable consequence of dysthyroid states during early postnatal life , in Grave GD (ed): Thyroid Hormones and Brain Development . New York, Raven Press, 1977, pp 199-214.
American Journal of Diseases of Children – American Medical Association
Published: Jun 1, 1985
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