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Errors, Types I and II

Errors, Types I and II Abstract • The practicing physician and the clinical investigator regularly confront therapeutic trials, diagnostic tests, and other hypothesis-testing situations. The clinical literature increasingly displays statistical notations and concepts related to decision making in medicine. For these reasons, the physician is obligated to have some familiarity with the principles behind the null hypothesis, Type I and II errors, statistical power, and related elements of hypothesis testing. (Am J Dis Child 1983;137:586-591) References 1. Neyman J, Pearson ES: On the use and interpretation of certain test criteria for the purposes of statistical inference . Biometrika 1928;20:175-240. 2. Neyman J, Pearson ES: The testing of statistical hypotheses in relation to probabilities a priori . Proc Cambridge Philos Soc 1933;24:492-510.Crossref 3. Feinstein AR: Clinical biostatistics: XXXII. Biologic dependency, 'hypothesis testing,' unilateral probabilities, and other issues in scientific direction vs statistical duplexity . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975;17:499-513. 4. Brown GW: Standard deviation, standard error: Which 'standard' should we use? Am J Dis Child 1982;136:937-941. 5. Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H Jr, et al: The importance of beta, the Type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial: Survey of 71 'negative' trials . N Engl J Med 1978;299:690-694.Crossref 6. Sheehan TJ: The medical literature: Let the reader beware . Arch Intern Med 1980;140:472-474.Crossref 7. Berwick DM: Experimental power: The other side of the coin . Pediatrics 1980;65:1043-1045. 8. Pascoe JM: Was it a Type II error? Pediatrics 1981;68:149-150. 9. Reed JF III, Slaichert W: Statistical proof in inconclusive 'negative' trials . Arch Intern Med 1981;141:1307-1310.Crossref 10. Dixon WJ, Massey FJ Jr: Introduction to Statistical Analysis , ed 3. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1969. 11. Galen RS, Gambino SR: Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnosis . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1975. 12. Feinstein AR: Clinical biostatistics: XXXIV. The other side of 'statistical significance': Alpha, beta, delta, and the calculation of sample size . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975;18:491-505. 13. Glantz SA: Primer of Biostatistics . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1981. 14. Guess H: Lack of predictive indices in kernicterus—or lack of power? Pediatrics 1982;69:383. 15. Chilton NW, Fertig JW: The estimation of sample size in experiments: I. Using comparisons of averages . J Dent Res 1953;32:530-540.Crossref 16. Anderson DR, Sweeney DJ, Williams TA: Introduction to Statistics: An Applications Approach . St Paul, West Publishing Co, 1981. 17. Chilton NW, Fertig JW: The estimation of sample size in experiments: II. Using comparisons of proportions . J Dent Res 1953;32:606-612.Crossref 18. Cohen J: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1977. 19. Pearson ES: 'Student' as statistician . Biometrika 1938;30:210-250. 20. Pearson ES: Studies in the history of probability and statistics: XVII. Some reflections on continuity in the development of mathematical statistics, 1885-1920 . Biometrika 1967;54:341-355. 21. Fisher RA: The Design of Experiments , ed 7. New York, Hafner Publishing Co, 1960. 22. Rothman KJ: A show of confidence . N Engl J Med 1978;299:1362-1363.Crossref 23. Schor S: Statistical proof in inconclusive 'negative' trials . Arch Intern Med 1981;141: 1263-1264.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png American Journal of Diseases of Children American Medical Association

Errors, Types I and II

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References (27)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1983 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0002-922X
DOI
10.1001/archpedi.1983.02140320062014
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract • The practicing physician and the clinical investigator regularly confront therapeutic trials, diagnostic tests, and other hypothesis-testing situations. The clinical literature increasingly displays statistical notations and concepts related to decision making in medicine. For these reasons, the physician is obligated to have some familiarity with the principles behind the null hypothesis, Type I and II errors, statistical power, and related elements of hypothesis testing. (Am J Dis Child 1983;137:586-591) References 1. Neyman J, Pearson ES: On the use and interpretation of certain test criteria for the purposes of statistical inference . Biometrika 1928;20:175-240. 2. Neyman J, Pearson ES: The testing of statistical hypotheses in relation to probabilities a priori . Proc Cambridge Philos Soc 1933;24:492-510.Crossref 3. Feinstein AR: Clinical biostatistics: XXXII. Biologic dependency, 'hypothesis testing,' unilateral probabilities, and other issues in scientific direction vs statistical duplexity . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975;17:499-513. 4. Brown GW: Standard deviation, standard error: Which 'standard' should we use? Am J Dis Child 1982;136:937-941. 5. Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H Jr, et al: The importance of beta, the Type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial: Survey of 71 'negative' trials . N Engl J Med 1978;299:690-694.Crossref 6. Sheehan TJ: The medical literature: Let the reader beware . Arch Intern Med 1980;140:472-474.Crossref 7. Berwick DM: Experimental power: The other side of the coin . Pediatrics 1980;65:1043-1045. 8. Pascoe JM: Was it a Type II error? Pediatrics 1981;68:149-150. 9. Reed JF III, Slaichert W: Statistical proof in inconclusive 'negative' trials . Arch Intern Med 1981;141:1307-1310.Crossref 10. Dixon WJ, Massey FJ Jr: Introduction to Statistical Analysis , ed 3. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1969. 11. Galen RS, Gambino SR: Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnosis . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1975. 12. Feinstein AR: Clinical biostatistics: XXXIV. The other side of 'statistical significance': Alpha, beta, delta, and the calculation of sample size . Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975;18:491-505. 13. Glantz SA: Primer of Biostatistics . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1981. 14. Guess H: Lack of predictive indices in kernicterus—or lack of power? Pediatrics 1982;69:383. 15. Chilton NW, Fertig JW: The estimation of sample size in experiments: I. Using comparisons of averages . J Dent Res 1953;32:530-540.Crossref 16. Anderson DR, Sweeney DJ, Williams TA: Introduction to Statistics: An Applications Approach . St Paul, West Publishing Co, 1981. 17. Chilton NW, Fertig JW: The estimation of sample size in experiments: II. Using comparisons of proportions . J Dent Res 1953;32:606-612.Crossref 18. Cohen J: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1977. 19. Pearson ES: 'Student' as statistician . Biometrika 1938;30:210-250. 20. Pearson ES: Studies in the history of probability and statistics: XVII. Some reflections on continuity in the development of mathematical statistics, 1885-1920 . Biometrika 1967;54:341-355. 21. Fisher RA: The Design of Experiments , ed 7. New York, Hafner Publishing Co, 1960. 22. Rothman KJ: A show of confidence . N Engl J Med 1978;299:1362-1363.Crossref 23. Schor S: Statistical proof in inconclusive 'negative' trials . Arch Intern Med 1981;141: 1263-1264.Crossref

Journal

American Journal of Diseases of Children – American Medical Association

Published: Jun 1, 1983

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