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E. Beachey, I. Ofek (1976)
Epithelial cell binding of group A streptococci by lipoteichoic acid on fimbriae denuded of M proteinThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 143
Kilbourne Ed, Loge Jp (1948)
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT PENICILLIN THERAPY ON THE FORMATION OF ANTISTREPTOLYSIN IN HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITISJournal of Clinical Investigation, 27
O. Collins (1972)
Antistreptolysin O determination by sheep cell agglutination.American journal of clinical pathology, 57 5
E. Kaplan, B. Anthony, S. Chapman, E. Ayoub, L. Wannamaker (1970)
The influence of the site of infection on the immune response to group A streptococci.The Journal of clinical investigation, 49 7
Wood WB Jr Foley MJ (1959)
Studies on the pathogenicity of group A streptococci: II. The antiphagocytic effects of the M protein and capsular gelJ Exp Med, 110
(1945)
Epidemiology Unit Number 22. Sulfadiazine resistant strains of beta hemolytic streptococciJAMA, 129
C. Rammelkamp, R. Weaver (1953)
Acute glomerulonephritis, the significance of the variations in the incidence of the disease.The Journal of clinical investigation, 32 4
R. Lancefield (1933)
A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AND OTHER GROUPS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCIThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 57
J. Janeff, D. Janeff, A. Taranta, H. Cohen (1971)
A Screening Test for Streptococcal AntibodiesLabmedicine, 2
C. Baker (1977)
Summary of the workshop on perinatal infections due to group B Streptococcus.The Journal of infectious diseases, 136 1
E. Kaplan, F. Top, B. Dudding, L. Wannamaker (1971)
Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis: differentiation of active infection from the carrier state in the symptomatic child.The Journal of infectious diseases, 123 5
A. Mondzac (1967)
Throat culture processing in the office--a warning.JAMA, 200 12
Maxted WR (1953)
The use of bacitracin for identifying group A hemolytic streptococciJ Clin Pathol, 6
R. Quinn, C. Federspiel (1973)
The occurrence of hemolytic streptococci in school children in Nashville, Tennessee, 1961-1967.American journal of epidemiology, 97 1
D. Feingold, N. Stagg, L. Kunz (1966)
Extrarespiratory streptococcal infections. Importance of the various serologic groups.The New England journal of medicine, 275 7
P. Ferrieri (1977)
Pharyngeal carriage of group B streptococci: detection by three methodsJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 6
Rosner R (1977)
Laboratory evaluation of a rapid four-hour serological grouping of groups A, B, C, and G beta-streptococcal by the Phadebact Streptococcus TestJ Clin Microbiol, 6
T. Harris, S. Harris, R. Nagle (1949)
Studies in the relation of the hemolytic streptococcus to rheumatic fever; comparison of streptococcal antihyaluronidase with antibodies to other streptococcal antigens in the serum of patients with rheumatic fever and acute streptococcal infection; mucin clot prevention test.Pediatrics, 3 4
L. James, R. Mcfarland (1971)
An epidemic of pharyngitis due to a nonhemolytic group A streptococcus at lowry air force base.The New England journal of medicine, 284 14
Randolph Mf, DeHaan Rm (1969)
A comparison of lincomycin and penicillin in the treatment of group A streptococcal infections: speculation on the "L" form as a mechanism of recurrence.Delaware medical journal, 41 2
B. Breese (1968)
The use of the fluorescent antibody technic for identification of group A streptococci in pediatric practice.American journal of public health and the nation's health, 58 12
H. Pollock, B. Dahlgren (1974)
Distribution of Streptococcal Groups in Clinical Specimens with Evaluation of Bacitracin ScreeningApplied Microbiology, 27
Stagg NL Feingold DS (1966)
Extrarespiratory streptococcal infectionsNew Engl J Med, 275
M. Foley, Mary Smith, W. Wood (1959)
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCIThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 110
F. Griffith (1934)
The Serological Classification of Streptococcus pyogenesEpidemiology and Infection, 34
G. Klein (1976)
Evaluation of the Beckman Antistreptolysin O and Antideoxyribonuclease B (ASO/ADB) Test KitJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 3
R. Facklam, J. Padula, L. Thacker, E. Wortham, B. Sconyers (1974)
Presumptive Identification of Group A, B, and D StreptococciApplied Microbiology, 27
G. Klein, W. Jones (1971)
Comparison of the streptozyme test with the antistreptolysin O, antideoxyribonuclease B, and antihyaluronidase tests.Applied microbiology, 21 2
S. Bergner-Rabinowitz, I. Ofek, S. Fleiderman, M. Zohar, K. Rabinowitz, I. Ginsburg (1973)
Evaluation of streptozyme and antistreptolysin O tests in streptococcal pyodermal nephritis.Applied microbiology, 26 1
I. Ofek, S. Fleiderman, S. Bergner-rabinowitz, I. Ginsberg (1971)
Application of enzyme production properties in subtyping of group A streptococci according to T type.Applied microbiology, 22 5
Griffith F (1934)
The serological classification of Streptococcus pyogenesJ Hyg, 34
H. Moffet, H. Cramblett, J. Black (1964)
GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS IN A CHILDREN'S HOME. I. EVALUATION OF PRACTICAL BACTERIOLOGIC METHODS.Pediatrics, 33
Young Dc, Breese Rb (1945)
Sulfadiazine resistant strains of beta hemolytic streptococci; appearance during the course of sulfadiazine prophylaxis at a large naval training center.JAMA, 129
H. Swift, Armine Wilson, R. Lancefield (1943)
TYPING GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY M PRECIPITIN REACTIONS IN CAPILLARY PIPETTESThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 78
Tucker EB Braunstein H (1969)
Identification and significance of S agalactiae (Lancefield group B)Am J Clin Pathol, 51
Watson DW Kim YB (1972)
Biological and Pathological Properties in Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases
R. Facklam (1976)
A review of the microbiological techniques for the isolation and identification of streptococci.CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 6 4
Facklam R (1976)
Annual Reports National Streptococcus Reference Laboratory
Breese BB (1969)
Culturing beta hemolytic streptococci in pediatric practice: Observations after 20 yearsJ Pediatr, 75
Herbert Braunstein, Elon Tucker, B. Gibson (1969)
Identification and significance of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B).American journal of clinical pathology, 51 2
Johnson E Seigel AC (1975)
Pediatric Infectious disease
S. Bell, Douglas Smith (1976)
QUANTITATIVE THROAT-SWAB CULTURE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS IN CHILDRENThe Lancet, 308
C. Darling (1975)
Standardization and evaluation of the CAMP reaction for the prompt, presumptive identification of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B) in clinical materialJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 1
Gordis L Markowitz M (1972)
Rheumatic Fever
E. Ayoub, L. Wannamaker (1962)
EVALUATION OF THE STREPTOCOCCAL DESOXYRIBO-NUCLEASE B AND DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDASE ANTIBODY TESTS IN ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER AND ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITISPediatrics
Abstract In the management of β-hemolytic streptococcal illness, the use of bacteriologic methods is essential. These methods can and should be simple and inexpensive, but adequate diagnosis and follow-up depends on their use. Although many streptococcal infections other than those in the neonate may be recognized or excluded on clinical grounds, errors are commonplace. Results of a culture provide the only reasonably sure means of diagnosis within several days of the onset of illness. In the vast majority of streptococcal illnesses, the organism can be isolated in appreciable numbers. Sometimes, they are missed for a variety of reasons, including the use of antibiotics. Second, because streptococcal carriers exist, the presence of streptococci on culture does not necessarily mean that they are the causal agent. However, the finding of a strongly positive culture is of great diagnostic value and most clinicians depend on it as the best guide to proper diagnosis. References 1. Breese BB: Culturing beta hemolytic streptococci in pediatric practice: Observations after 20 years . J Pediatr 75:164-166, 1969.Crossref 2. James L, McFarland RB: An epidemic of pharyngitis due to non-hemolytic group A streptococcus at Lowry Air Force Base . New Engl J Med 284:750-752, 1971.Crossref 3. Seigel AC, Johnson E, Loeffen M, et al, unpublished data quoted by Moffet HL: Pediatric Infectious disease . New York JB Lippincott, 1975, p 25. 4. Bell SM, Smith DD: Quantitative throatswab culture in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children . Lancet 2:61-63, 1976.Crossref 5. Mondzac AM: Throat culture processing in the office: A warning . JAMA 200:1132-1133, 1967.Crossref 6. Kaplan EL, Top FH Jr, Dudding BA, et al: Diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis: Differentiation of active infection from the carrier state in the symptomatic child . J Infect Dis 123:490-501, 1971.Crossref 7. Moffet HL, Cramblett HG, Black JP: Group A streptococcal infections in a children's home: I. Evaluation of practical bacteriologic methods . Pediatrics 33:5-10, 1964. 8. Lancefield RC: A serological differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci . J Exper Med 57:571-595, 1933.Crossref 9. Baker CJ: Summary of the workshop on perinatal infection due to group B streptococcus . J Infect Dis 136:137-152, 1977.Crossref 10. Feingold DS, Stagg NL, Kunz LJ: Extrarespiratory streptococcal infections . New Engl J Med 275:356-361, 1966.Crossref 11. Facklam RR: A review of the microbiological techniques for the isolation and identification of streptococci . CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 6:287-317, 1976.Crossref 12. Breese BB: The use of the fluorescent antibody technique for identification of group A streptococci in pediatric practice . Am J Pub Health 58:2295-2305, 1968.Crossref 13. Maxted WR: The use of bacitracin for identifying group A hemolytic streptococci . J Clin Pathol 6:224-226, 1953.Crossref 14. Pollock HM, Dehlgleen BJ: Distribution of streptococcal groups in clinical specimens with evaluation of bacitracin screening . Appl Microbiol 27:141-143, 1974. 15. Rosner R: Laboratory evaluation of a rapid four-hour serological grouping of groups A, B, C, and G beta-streptococcal by the Phadebact Streptococcus Test . J Clin Microbiol 6:23-26, 1977. 16. Braunstein H, Tucker EB, Gibson BC: Identification and significance of S agalactiae (Lancefield group B) . Am J Clin Pathol 51:207-213, 1969. 17. Darling CL: Standardization and evaluation of the CAMP reaction for the prompt, presumptive identification of S agalactiae (Lancefield group B) in clinical material . J Clin Microbiol 1:171-174, 1975. 18. Facklam RR, Padula JF, Thacker LG, et al: Presumptive identification of group A, B, and D streptococci . Appl Microbiol 27:107-113, 1974. 19. Ferrieri P, Blair LL: Pharyngeal carriage of group B streptococci: Detection by three methods . J Clin Microbiol 6:136-139, 1977. 20. Gray B, Eisenfeld L, Dillion HC: Field and laboratory evaluation of selective media for isolation of group B. Read before the annual meeting of the Streptococcal Club, New York, Oct 9, 1977. 21. Quinn RW, Federspiel CF: The occurrence of hemolytic streptococci in school children in Nashville, Tenn, 1961-1967 . Am J Epidemiol 97:22-33, 1973. 22. Swift MF, Wilson AT, Lancefield RC: Typing group A hemolytic streptococci by M precipitin reactions in capillary pipettes . J Exper Med 78:127-133, 1943.Crossref 23. Epidemiology Unit Number 22. Sulfadiazine resistant strains of beta hemolytic streptococci . JAMA 129:921-927, 1945.Crossref 24. Rammelkamp CH Jr, Weaver RS: Acute glomerulonephritis. The significance of the variations in the incidence of the disease . J Clin Invest 32:345-358, 1953.Crossref 25. Griffith F: The serological classification of Streptococcus pyogenes . J Hyg 34:542-584, 1934.Crossref 26. Moody MD, Padula J, Facklam R: Serologic typing of Streptococcus pyogenes report. Read before the 67th annual meeting of the American Society of Microbiology, New York, May 3, 1967. " 27. Facklam R: Annual Reports National Streptococcus Reference Laboratory , Center for Disease Control, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976. 28. Ofek I, Fleiderman S, Bergner-Rabinowitz, et al: Application of enzyme production properties in subtyping of group A streptococci according to T type . Appl Microbiol 22:748-751, 1971. 29. Kilbourne ED, Loge JP: The comparative effects of continuous and intermittent penicillin therapy on the formation of antistreptolysin in hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis . J Clin Invest 27:418-424, 1948.Crossref 30. Markowitz M, Gordis L: Rheumatic Fever . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1972. 31. Harris TN, Harris S, Nagle RL: Studies in the relation of the hemolytic streptococcus to rheumatic fever: VI. Comparison of streptococcal antihyaluronidase with antibodies to other streptococcal antigens in the serum of patients with rheumatic fever and acute streptococcal infection: Mucin clot prevention test . Pediatrics 3:482-503, 1949. 32. Ayoub EM, Wannamaker LW: Evaluation of the streptococcal desoxyribonuclease B and diphosphopyridine nucleotidase antibody tests in acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis . Pediatrics 29:527-538, 1962. 33. Kaplan EL, Anthony BF, Chapman SS, et al: The influence of the site of infection on the immune response to group A streptococci . J Clin Invest 49:1405-1414, 1970.Crossref 34. Center Disease Control: Micro Anti DNase B Test: Requirements and Performance. National Streptococcal Center for Disease Control. 35. Collins OD III: Antistreptolysin O determination by sheep cell agglutination . Am J Clin Pathol 57:598-602, 1972. 36. Janeff J, Janeff D, Taranta A, et al: A screening test for streptococcal antibodies . Lab Med 2:38-40, 1971. 37. Bergner-Rabinowitz S, Ofek I, Fleiderman S, et al: Evaluation of streptozyme and antistreptolysin O tests in streptococcal pyodermal nephritis . Appl Microbiol 26:56-58, 1973. 38. Klein GC, Jones WL: Comparison of the streptozyme test with the antistreptolysin O, antidesoxyibonuclease B, and antihyaluronidase tests . Appl Microbiol 21:257-259, 1971. 39. Klein GC: Evaluation of Beckman antistreptolysin O and antideoxyribonuclease B (ASO/ADB) test kit . J Clin Microbiol 3:458-459, 1976. 40. Kim YB, Watson DW: Streptococcal exotoxins , in Wannamaker LW, Matsen JM (eds): Biological and Pathological Properties in Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1972, pp 33-50. 41. Randolph MF, DeHaan RM: A comparison of lincomycin and penicillin in the treatment of group A streptococcal infections: Speculation on the "L" form as a mechanism of recurrence . Delaware Med J 2:51-62, 1969. 42. Foley MJ, Wood WB Jr: Studies on the pathogenicity of group A streptococci: II. The antiphagocytic effects of the M protein and capsular gel . J Exp Med 110:617-628, 1959.Crossref 43. Beachey EH, Ofek I: Epithelial cell binding of group A streptococci by lipoteichoic acid on fimbriae denuded of M protein . J Exp Med 143:759-771, 1976.Crossref
American Journal of Diseases of Children – American Medical Association
Published: May 1, 1978
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