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Placental Abnormalities and Fetal Disease

Placental Abnormalities and Fetal Disease Abstract Pediatricians, although caring for newly born infants, often have limited knowledge of abnormalities of the placenta that may affect the infant. Few articles on this subject appear in pediatric journals. Pediatricians gain relevant personal experience indirectly, and in fact, seldom see even grossly abnormal placentas. Until recently, the treatment of most distressed newly born infants has been supportive and nonspecific; consequently, study of obstetrical events has not appeared important in the medical management of the infant. The purpose of this article is to encourage pediatricians to evaluate the effect of placental abnormalities on newborn infants. Gross structural or mechanical abnormalities of the cord and placenta will be emphasized. Little is known about abnormal placental function and its effect on the fetus. Abnormalities of placental implantation, such as circumvallate placenta associated with midterm abortion or placenta accreta causing incomplete placental separation after delivery of the infant, are not included because of References 1. Bourne, G.: Human Amnion and Chorion , Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1962. 2. Dancis, J.: Placenta , J Pediat 55:85, 1959.Crossref 3. Plentl, A. A., ed.: Symposium on Placenta , Amer J Obstet Gynec 84:1535, 1962. 4. Villee, C. A., ed.: Placenta and Fetal Membranes , New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960. 5. Potter, E.: Pathology of Fetus and Newborn , ed 2, Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1961. 6. Crawford, J. M.: Vascular Anatomy of Human Placenta , Amer J Obstet Gynec 84:1543, 1962. 7. Mossman, H. W.: Comparative Morphogenesis of Fetal Membranes and Accessory Uterine Structure , Contributions Embryol 26:129, 1937. 8. Walker, C. W., and Pye, B. G.: Length of Human Umbilical Cord , Brit Med J 1:546, 1960.Crossref 9. Eastman, N. J., and Hellman, L. M.: Obstetrics , ed 12, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1961. 10. Dempsey, E. W.: " Histophysical Considerations ," in Placenta and Fetal Membranes , C. A. Villee, ed., New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960, pp 29-35. 11. Cushner, J. M.: Prolapse of Umbilical Cord, Including a Late Follow-Up of Fetal Survivors , Amer J Obstet Gynec 81:666, 1961. 12. Mengert, W. F., and Longwell, F. H.: Prolapse of Umbilical Cord , Amer J Obstet Gynec 40:79, 1940. 13. Benirschke, K.: Twin Placenta in Perinatal Mortality , New York J Med 61:1499, 1961. 14. Corkill, T. F.: Infant's Vulnerable Life Line , Aust New Zeal J Obstet Gynec 1:154, 1961.Crossref 15. Browne, F. J.: On Abnormalities of Umbilical Cord Which May Cause Antenatal Death , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 32:17, 1925.Crossref 16. Salerno, L. J.: Monoamniotic Twinning: Survey of American Literature Since 1935 With Report of Four New Cases , Obstet Gynec 14:205, 1959. 17. Bergman, P.; Lundin, P.; and Malmstrom, T.: Mucoid Degeneration of Wharton's Jelly: Umbilical Cord Anomaly Threatening Fetal Life , Acta Obstet Gyrec Scand 40:372, 1961.Crossref 18. Colebatch, J. H.; Pitt, D.; and Maddison, T. G.: Foeto-Maternal Transfusion: Another Cause of Post-Haemorrhagic Anemia in Newborn , Med J Aust 2:209, 1956. 19. Kirkman, H. N., and Riley, H. D.: Posthemorrhagic Anemia and Shock in Newborn , Pediatrics 24:97Neligan, 20. Neligan, G. A., and Russell, J. K.: Blood Loss From Foetal Circulation: Hazard of Lower Segment Caesarean Section in Cases of Placenta Praevia , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 61:206, 1954.Crossref 21. Kirkman, N. H., and Riley, H. D.: Posthemorrhagic Anemia and Sho[ill] in Newborn Due to Hemorrhage During Delivery , Pediatrics 24:921959. 22. Blanc, W. A., and Allan, G. W.: Intrafunicular Ulceration of Presistent Omphalomesenteric Duct With Intra-Amniotic Hemorrhage and Fetal Death , Amer J Obstet Gynec 82:1392, 1961. 23. Wiener, A. S.: Diagnosis and Treatment of Anemia of Newborn by Occult Placental Hemorrhage , Amer J Obstet Gynec 56:717, 1948. 24. Wickster, G. Z.: Posthemorrhagic Shock in Newborn , Amer J Obstet Gynec 63:524, 1952. 25. Chown, B.: Anaemia From Bleeding of Fetus Into Mother's Circulation , Lancet 1:1213, 1954.Crossref 26. Chown, B.: Fetus Can Bleed: Three Clinicopathological Pictures , Amer J Obstet Gynec 70: 1298, 1955. 27. Rucknagel, D. L., and Chernoff, A. I.: Immunologic Studies of Hemoglobins: III. Fetal Hemoglobin Changes in Circulation of Pregnant Women , Blood 10:1092, 1955. 28. Bromberg, Y. M.; Salzberger, M.; and Abrahamov, A.: Transplacental Transmission of Fetal Erythrocytes With Demonstration of Fetal Hemoglobin in Maternal Circulation , Obstet Gynec 7:672, 1956. 29. Gunson, H. H.: Neonatal Anemia Due to Fetal Hemorrhage Into Maternal Circulation , Pediatrics 20:3, 1957. 30. Borum, A.; Loyd, H. O.; and Talbot, T. R., Jr.: Possible Fetal Hemorrhage Into Maternal Circulation: Report of Two Cases , JAMA 164: 1087, 1957.Crossref 31. Creger, W. P., and Steele, M. R.: Human Fetomaternal Passage of Erythrocytes , New Eng J Med 256:158, 1957.Crossref 32. O'Connor, W. J., et al: Occurrence of Anemia of Newborn in Association With Appearance of Fetal Hemoglobin in Maternal Circulation , Amer J Obstet Gynec 73:768, 1957. 33. Shiller, J. G.: Shock in Newborn Caused by Transplacental Hemorrhage From Fetus to Mother , Pediatrics 20:7, 1957. 34. McGovern, J. J., et al: Iron-Deficiency Anemia Resulting From Fetomaternal Transfusion , New Eng J Med 258:1149, 1958.Crossref 35. Zipursky, A., et al: Transplacental Passage of Feotal Red Blood-Cells and Pathogenesis of Rh Immunization During Pregnancy , Lancet 2: 489, 1963.Crossref 36. Zipursky, A., et al: Transplacental Foetal Haemorrhage After Placental Injury During Delivery or Amniocentesis , Lancet 2:493, 1963.Crossref 37. Smith, C. H.: Abnormal Hemoglobins: Clinical and Hematological Aspects , J Pediat 50: 91, 1957.Crossref 38. Chown, B.: Anaemias in Newborn Other Than Haemolytic Disease , Pediat Clin N Amer 4:371, 1957. 39. Price, B.: Primary Biases in Twin Studies: Review of Prenatal and Natal Differences-Producing Factors in Monozygotic Pairs , Amer J Hum Genet 2:293, 1950. 40. Hertig, A. T.: " Pathological Aspects ," in Placenta and Fetal Membranes , C. A. Villee, ed., New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960. pp 109-124. 41. Benirschke, K.: Accurate Recording of Twin Placentation: Plea to Obstetrician , Obstet Gynec 18:334, 1961. 42. Benirschke, K.: Review of Pathological Anatomy of Human Placenta , Amer J Obstet Gynec 84:1595, 1962. 43. Klingberg, W. G.: Placental Parabiotic Circulation of Single Ovum Human Twins , abstracted, AMA Amer J Dis Child 90:519, 1955. 44. Sacks, M. O.: Occurrence of Anemia and Polycythemia in Phenotypically Dissimilar Single-Ovum Twins , Pediatrics 24:604, 1959. 45. Naeye, R. L.: Human Intrauterine Parabiotic Syndrome and Its Complications , New Eng J Med 268:804, 1963.Crossref 46. Benirschke, K.: Twin Placenta in Perinatal Mortality , New York J Med 61:1499, 1961. 47. Babson, S. G., et al.: Growth and Development of Twins of Dissimilar Size at Birth , Pediatrics 33:327, 1964. 48. Hedenstedt, S., and Naeslund, J.: Investigations of Permeability of Placenta With Help of Elliptocytes , Acta Med Scand ( (suppl) ) 170:126, 1946. 49. Naeslund, J., and Nylin, G.: Investigations on Permeability of Placenta With Aid of Red Blood Corpuscles Tagged With Radioactive Phosphorus , Acta Med Scand suppl 170:390, 1946. 50. Naeslund, J.: Studies on Placental Permeability With Radioactive Isotopes of Phosphorus and Iron , Acta Obstet Gynec Scand 30:231, 1951.Crossref 51. Mengert, W. T., et al: Placental Transmission of Erythrocytes , Amer J Obstet Gynec 69:678, 1955. 52. Macris, N. T.; Hellman, L. M.; and Watson, R. J.: Transmission of Transfused Sickle-Trait Cells From Mother to Fetus , Amer J Obstet Gynec 76:1214, 1958. 53. Wood, J. L.: Plethora in Newborn Infant Associated With Cyanosis and Convulsions , J Pediat 54:143, 1959.Crossref 54. Cook, C. D.; Brodie, H. R.; and Allen, D. W.: Measurement of Fetal Hemoglobin in Newborn Infants , Pediatrics 20:272, 1957. 55. Michael, A. F., and Mauer, A. M.: Maternal-Fetal Transfusion as a Cause of Plethora in the Neonatal Period , Pediatrics 28:458, 1961. 56. Emery, J. L.: Chorionepithelioma in Newborn Male Child With Hyperplasia of Interstitial Cells of Testes , J Path Bact 64:735, 1952.Crossref 57. Buckell, E. W. C., and Owne, T. K.: Chorionepithelioma in Mother and Infant , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 61:329, 1954.Crossref 58. Mercer, R. D., et al: Choriocarcinoma in Mother and Infant , JAMA 166:482, 1958.Crossref 59. De Costa, E. J., et al: Placental Tumors: Hemangiomas , Obstet Gynec 7:249, 1956. 60. Kaiser, I. H.: Impairment of Placental Exchange , Clin Obstet Gynec 4:352, 1961.Crossref 61. Benson, P. F., and Joseph, M. C.: Cardiomegaly in Newborn Due to Placental Chorioangioma , Brit Med J 1:102, 1961.Crossref 62. Freedman, W. L., and McMahon, F. J.: Placental Metastasis: Review of Literature and Report of Case of Metastatic Melanoma , Obstet Gynec 16:550, 1960. 63. Horner, E. N.: Placental Metastases: Case Report; Maternal Death From Ovarian Cancer , Obstet Gynec 15:566, 1960. 64. Holland, E.: Case of Transplacental Metastasis of Malignant Melanoma From Mother to Foetus , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 56:529, 1949.Crossref 65. Dargeon, H. W.; Eversole, J. W.; and Del Duca, V.: Malignant Melanoma in an Infant , Cancer 3:299, 1950.Crossref 66. Byrd, B. F., and McGanity, W. J.: Effect of Pregnancy on Clinical Course of Malignant Melanoma , Southern Med J 47:196, 1954.Crossref 67. Landing, B. H.: Amnion Nodosum: Lesion of Placenta Apparently Associated With Deficient Secretion of Fetal Urine , Amer J Obstet Gynec 60:1339, 1950. 68. Jeffcoate, T. N. A., and Scott, J. S.: Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios , Canad Med Ass J 80:77, 1959. 69. Blanc, W. A.; Apperson, J. W.; and McNally, J.: Pathology of Newborn and of Placenta in Oligohydramnios , Bull Sloane Hosp Wom 8:51, 1962. 70. Benirschke, K., and Brown, W. H.: Vascular Anomaly of Umbilical Cord , Obstet Gynec 6:399, 1955. 71. Faierman, E.: Significance of One Umbilical Artery , Arch Dis Child 35:285, 1960.Crossref 72. Bourne, G. L., and Benirschke, K.: Absent Umbilical Artery: Review of 113 Cases , Arch Dis Child 35:534, 1960.Crossref 73. Blanc, W. A.: Preliminary Report on Collaborative Study, Perinatal Research Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, reported at 32nd Annual Meeting, American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago, October, 1963. 74. Uchida, I. A.; Bowman, J. M.; and Wang, H. C.: 18-Trisomy Syndrome , New Eng J Med 266:1198, 1962.Crossref 75. German, J. L., et al: Autosomal Trisomy of Group of 16-18 Chromosomes , J Pediat 60:503, 1962.Crossref 76. Richert, R., and Benirschke, K.: Gonadal Dysgenesis in Newborn Infant , New Eng J Med 258:974, 1958.Crossref 77. Little, W. A.: Umbilical Artery Aplasia , Obstet Gynec 17:695, 1961. 78. Gosselin, O.: Contribution à l'étude de l'invasion des organismes maternel et foetal par les microbes des voies génitales inférieures au cours du travail, Liège Vaillant, Belgium: Carmanne, S.A., 1945, p 87. 79. Morison, J. E.: Foetal and Neonatal Pathology , ed 2, London: Butterworth and Co., Ltd., 1963, pp 453-454. 80. Benirschke, K., and Raphael, R. I.: Candida Albicans Infection of Amniotic Sac , Amer J Obstet Gynec 75:200, 1958. 81. Benirschke, K., and Clifford, S. H.: Intrauterine Bacterial Infection of Newborn Infant , J Pediat 54:11, 1959.Crossref 82. Benirschke, K.: Routes and Types of Infection in Fetus and Newborn , Amer J Dis Child 99:714, 1960. 83. Blanc, W. A.: Pathways of Fetal and Early Neonatal Infection , J Pediat 59:473, 1961.Crossref 84. Blanc, W. A.: Infection amniotique et néonatale: diagnostic cytologique rapide , Gynecologia 136:101, 1953. 85. Blanc, W. A.: Amniotic Infection Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Morphology, and Significance in Circumnatal Mortality , Clin Obstet Gynec 2:705, 1959.Crossref 86. Pryles, C. V., et al: Controlled Study of Influence on Newborn of Prolonged Premature Rupture of Amniotic Membranes and/or Infection in Mother , Pediatrics 31:608, 1963. 87. Wilson, M. G., et al: Prolonged Rupture of Fetal Membranes , Amer J Dis Child 107:138, 1964.Crossref 88. Wilson, M. G., and Armstrong, D. H.: Inflammation of Umbilical Cord and Neonatal Illness, Amer J Obstet Gynec, to be published. 89. Eichenwald, H. F., and Shinefield, H. R.: Viral Infections of Fetus and of Premature and Newborn Infants , Advances Pediat 12:249, 1962. 90. Wichramasuriya, G. A. W.: Some Observations on Malaria Occurring in Association With Pregnancy , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 42:816, 1935.Crossref 91. Vaughan, J. E., and Ramirez, H.: Coccidioidomycosis as a Complication of Pregnancy , Calif Med 74:121, 1951. 92. Hood, C. K., and McKinnon, G. E.: Prenatal Vaccinia , Amer J Obstet Gynec 85:238, 1963. 93. Naidoo, M. B., and Hirsch, H.: Hazards of Vaccinia During Pregnancy , Lancet 1:196, 1963.Crossref 94. Quan, A., and Strauss, L.: Congenital Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease , Amer J Obstet Gynec 83:1240, 1962. 95. Wielanga, G., et al: Prenatal Infection With Vaccinia Virus , Lancet 1:258, 1961.Crossref 96. Schaeffer, M.; Fox, M. J.; and Li, C. P.: Intrauterine Poliomyelitis Infection , JAMA 155: 248, 1954.Crossref 97. Shelokov, A., and Habel, K.: Subclinical Poliomyelitis in Newborn Infant Due to Intrauterine Infection , JAMA 160:465, 1956.Crossref 98. Hellman, L. M., and Hertig, A. T.: Pathological Changes in Placenta Associated With Erythroblastosis of Fetus , Amer J Path 14:111, 1938. 99. Zeek, P. M., and Assali, N. S.: Vascular Changes in Decidua Associated With Eclamptogenic Toxemia of Pregnancy , Amer J Clin Path 20:1099, 1950. 100. Baird, D.; Thomson, A. M.; and Billewicz, W. Z.: Birth Weights and Placental Weights in Pre-Eclampsia , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 64: 370, 1957.Crossref 101. Clifford, S. H.: Postmaturity , Advances Pediat 9:13, 1957. 102. Gruenwald, P.: Chronic Fetal Distress and Placental Insufficiency , Biol Neonat 5:215, 1963.Crossref 103. Villee, C. A.: " Proceedings of Conference " in Placenta and Fetal Membranes , C. A. Villee, ed., New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960, p 233. 104. Prystowsky, H.: " Proceedings of Conference " in Placenta and Fetal Membranes , C. A. Villee, ed., New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960, p 233. 105. Boyd, J. D.: " Proceedings of Conferences " in Placenta and Fetal Membranes , C. A. Villee, ed., New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960, p 235. 106. Prystowsky, H.: Fetal Blood Studies: VII. Oxygen Pressure Gradient Between Maternal and Fetal Bloods of Human in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancy , Bull Hopkins Hosp 101:48, 1957. 107. Prystowsky, H.: Fetomaternal Gas Exchange , Clin Obstet Gynec 3:286, 1960.Crossref 108. Flexner, L. B., et al: Permeability of Human Placenta to Sodium in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancies and Supply of Sodium to Human Fetus as Determined With Radioactive Sodium , Amer J Obstet Gynec 55:469, 1948. 109. Browne, J. C. McC.: " Measurement and Significance of Utero-Placental and Uterine Muscle Flow ," in Oxygen Supply to Human Fetus , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1959. pp 113-127. 110. Browne, J. C. McC.: Postmaturity , Amer J Obstet Gynec 85:573, 1963. 111. Morris, N.; Osborn, S. B.; and Wright, H. P.: Effective Circulation of Uterine Wall in Late Pregnancy Measured With 24 NaCl , Lancet 1:323, 1955.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png American Journal of Diseases of Children American Medical Association

Placental Abnormalities and Fetal Disease

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References (119)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1964 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0002-922X
DOI
10.1001/archpedi.1964.02090010156007
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract Pediatricians, although caring for newly born infants, often have limited knowledge of abnormalities of the placenta that may affect the infant. Few articles on this subject appear in pediatric journals. Pediatricians gain relevant personal experience indirectly, and in fact, seldom see even grossly abnormal placentas. Until recently, the treatment of most distressed newly born infants has been supportive and nonspecific; consequently, study of obstetrical events has not appeared important in the medical management of the infant. The purpose of this article is to encourage pediatricians to evaluate the effect of placental abnormalities on newborn infants. Gross structural or mechanical abnormalities of the cord and placenta will be emphasized. Little is known about abnormal placental function and its effect on the fetus. Abnormalities of placental implantation, such as circumvallate placenta associated with midterm abortion or placenta accreta causing incomplete placental separation after delivery of the infant, are not included because of References 1. Bourne, G.: Human Amnion and Chorion , Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1962. 2. Dancis, J.: Placenta , J Pediat 55:85, 1959.Crossref 3. Plentl, A. A., ed.: Symposium on Placenta , Amer J Obstet Gynec 84:1535, 1962. 4. Villee, C. A., ed.: Placenta and Fetal Membranes , New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960. 5. Potter, E.: Pathology of Fetus and Newborn , ed 2, Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1961. 6. Crawford, J. M.: Vascular Anatomy of Human Placenta , Amer J Obstet Gynec 84:1543, 1962. 7. Mossman, H. W.: Comparative Morphogenesis of Fetal Membranes and Accessory Uterine Structure , Contributions Embryol 26:129, 1937. 8. Walker, C. W., and Pye, B. G.: Length of Human Umbilical Cord , Brit Med J 1:546, 1960.Crossref 9. Eastman, N. J., and Hellman, L. M.: Obstetrics , ed 12, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1961. 10. Dempsey, E. W.: " Histophysical Considerations ," in Placenta and Fetal Membranes , C. A. Villee, ed., New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960, pp 29-35. 11. Cushner, J. M.: Prolapse of Umbilical Cord, Including a Late Follow-Up of Fetal Survivors , Amer J Obstet Gynec 81:666, 1961. 12. Mengert, W. F., and Longwell, F. H.: Prolapse of Umbilical Cord , Amer J Obstet Gynec 40:79, 1940. 13. Benirschke, K.: Twin Placenta in Perinatal Mortality , New York J Med 61:1499, 1961. 14. Corkill, T. F.: Infant's Vulnerable Life Line , Aust New Zeal J Obstet Gynec 1:154, 1961.Crossref 15. Browne, F. J.: On Abnormalities of Umbilical Cord Which May Cause Antenatal Death , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 32:17, 1925.Crossref 16. Salerno, L. J.: Monoamniotic Twinning: Survey of American Literature Since 1935 With Report of Four New Cases , Obstet Gynec 14:205, 1959. 17. Bergman, P.; Lundin, P.; and Malmstrom, T.: Mucoid Degeneration of Wharton's Jelly: Umbilical Cord Anomaly Threatening Fetal Life , Acta Obstet Gyrec Scand 40:372, 1961.Crossref 18. Colebatch, J. H.; Pitt, D.; and Maddison, T. G.: Foeto-Maternal Transfusion: Another Cause of Post-Haemorrhagic Anemia in Newborn , Med J Aust 2:209, 1956. 19. Kirkman, H. N., and Riley, H. D.: Posthemorrhagic Anemia and Shock in Newborn , Pediatrics 24:97Neligan, 20. Neligan, G. A., and Russell, J. K.: Blood Loss From Foetal Circulation: Hazard of Lower Segment Caesarean Section in Cases of Placenta Praevia , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 61:206, 1954.Crossref 21. Kirkman, N. H., and Riley, H. D.: Posthemorrhagic Anemia and Sho[ill] in Newborn Due to Hemorrhage During Delivery , Pediatrics 24:921959. 22. Blanc, W. A., and Allan, G. W.: Intrafunicular Ulceration of Presistent Omphalomesenteric Duct With Intra-Amniotic Hemorrhage and Fetal Death , Amer J Obstet Gynec 82:1392, 1961. 23. Wiener, A. S.: Diagnosis and Treatment of Anemia of Newborn by Occult Placental Hemorrhage , Amer J Obstet Gynec 56:717, 1948. 24. Wickster, G. Z.: Posthemorrhagic Shock in Newborn , Amer J Obstet Gynec 63:524, 1952. 25. Chown, B.: Anaemia From Bleeding of Fetus Into Mother's Circulation , Lancet 1:1213, 1954.Crossref 26. Chown, B.: Fetus Can Bleed: Three Clinicopathological Pictures , Amer J Obstet Gynec 70: 1298, 1955. 27. Rucknagel, D. L., and Chernoff, A. I.: Immunologic Studies of Hemoglobins: III. Fetal Hemoglobin Changes in Circulation of Pregnant Women , Blood 10:1092, 1955. 28. Bromberg, Y. M.; Salzberger, M.; and Abrahamov, A.: Transplacental Transmission of Fetal Erythrocytes With Demonstration of Fetal Hemoglobin in Maternal Circulation , Obstet Gynec 7:672, 1956. 29. Gunson, H. H.: Neonatal Anemia Due to Fetal Hemorrhage Into Maternal Circulation , Pediatrics 20:3, 1957. 30. Borum, A.; Loyd, H. O.; and Talbot, T. R., Jr.: Possible Fetal Hemorrhage Into Maternal Circulation: Report of Two Cases , JAMA 164: 1087, 1957.Crossref 31. Creger, W. P., and Steele, M. R.: Human Fetomaternal Passage of Erythrocytes , New Eng J Med 256:158, 1957.Crossref 32. O'Connor, W. J., et al: Occurrence of Anemia of Newborn in Association With Appearance of Fetal Hemoglobin in Maternal Circulation , Amer J Obstet Gynec 73:768, 1957. 33. Shiller, J. G.: Shock in Newborn Caused by Transplacental Hemorrhage From Fetus to Mother , Pediatrics 20:7, 1957. 34. McGovern, J. J., et al: Iron-Deficiency Anemia Resulting From Fetomaternal Transfusion , New Eng J Med 258:1149, 1958.Crossref 35. Zipursky, A., et al: Transplacental Passage of Feotal Red Blood-Cells and Pathogenesis of Rh Immunization During Pregnancy , Lancet 2: 489, 1963.Crossref 36. Zipursky, A., et al: Transplacental Foetal Haemorrhage After Placental Injury During Delivery or Amniocentesis , Lancet 2:493, 1963.Crossref 37. Smith, C. H.: Abnormal Hemoglobins: Clinical and Hematological Aspects , J Pediat 50: 91, 1957.Crossref 38. Chown, B.: Anaemias in Newborn Other Than Haemolytic Disease , Pediat Clin N Amer 4:371, 1957. 39. Price, B.: Primary Biases in Twin Studies: Review of Prenatal and Natal Differences-Producing Factors in Monozygotic Pairs , Amer J Hum Genet 2:293, 1950. 40. Hertig, A. T.: " Pathological Aspects ," in Placenta and Fetal Membranes , C. A. Villee, ed., New York: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960. pp 109-124. 41. Benirschke, K.: Accurate Recording of Twin Placentation: Plea to Obstetrician , Obstet Gynec 18:334, 1961. 42. Benirschke, K.: Review of Pathological Anatomy of Human Placenta , Amer J Obstet Gynec 84:1595, 1962. 43. Klingberg, W. G.: Placental Parabiotic Circulation of Single Ovum Human Twins , abstracted, AMA Amer J Dis Child 90:519, 1955. 44. Sacks, M. O.: Occurrence of Anemia and Polycythemia in Phenotypically Dissimilar Single-Ovum Twins , Pediatrics 24:604, 1959. 45. Naeye, R. L.: Human Intrauterine Parabiotic Syndrome and Its Complications , New Eng J Med 268:804, 1963.Crossref 46. Benirschke, K.: Twin Placenta in Perinatal Mortality , New York J Med 61:1499, 1961. 47. Babson, S. G., et al.: Growth and Development of Twins of Dissimilar Size at Birth , Pediatrics 33:327, 1964. 48. Hedenstedt, S., and Naeslund, J.: Investigations of Permeability of Placenta With Help of Elliptocytes , Acta Med Scand ( (suppl) ) 170:126, 1946. 49. Naeslund, J., and Nylin, G.: Investigations on Permeability of Placenta With Aid of Red Blood Corpuscles Tagged With Radioactive Phosphorus , Acta Med Scand suppl 170:390, 1946. 50. Naeslund, J.: Studies on Placental Permeability With Radioactive Isotopes of Phosphorus and Iron , Acta Obstet Gynec Scand 30:231, 1951.Crossref 51. Mengert, W. T., et al: Placental Transmission of Erythrocytes , Amer J Obstet Gynec 69:678, 1955. 52. Macris, N. T.; Hellman, L. M.; and Watson, R. J.: Transmission of Transfused Sickle-Trait Cells From Mother to Fetus , Amer J Obstet Gynec 76:1214, 1958. 53. Wood, J. L.: Plethora in Newborn Infant Associated With Cyanosis and Convulsions , J Pediat 54:143, 1959.Crossref 54. Cook, C. D.; Brodie, H. R.; and Allen, D. W.: Measurement of Fetal Hemoglobin in Newborn Infants , Pediatrics 20:272, 1957. 55. Michael, A. F., and Mauer, A. M.: Maternal-Fetal Transfusion as a Cause of Plethora in the Neonatal Period , Pediatrics 28:458, 1961. 56. Emery, J. L.: Chorionepithelioma in Newborn Male Child With Hyperplasia of Interstitial Cells of Testes , J Path Bact 64:735, 1952.Crossref 57. Buckell, E. W. C., and Owne, T. K.: Chorionepithelioma in Mother and Infant , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 61:329, 1954.Crossref 58. Mercer, R. D., et al: Choriocarcinoma in Mother and Infant , JAMA 166:482, 1958.Crossref 59. De Costa, E. J., et al: Placental Tumors: Hemangiomas , Obstet Gynec 7:249, 1956. 60. Kaiser, I. H.: Impairment of Placental Exchange , Clin Obstet Gynec 4:352, 1961.Crossref 61. Benson, P. F., and Joseph, M. C.: Cardiomegaly in Newborn Due to Placental Chorioangioma , Brit Med J 1:102, 1961.Crossref 62. Freedman, W. L., and McMahon, F. J.: Placental Metastasis: Review of Literature and Report of Case of Metastatic Melanoma , Obstet Gynec 16:550, 1960. 63. Horner, E. N.: Placental Metastases: Case Report; Maternal Death From Ovarian Cancer , Obstet Gynec 15:566, 1960. 64. Holland, E.: Case of Transplacental Metastasis of Malignant Melanoma From Mother to Foetus , J Obstet Gynaec Brit Comm 56:529, 1949.Crossref 65. Dargeon, H. W.; Eversole, J. W.; and Del Duca, V.: Malignant Melanoma in an Infant , Cancer 3:299, 1950.Crossref 66. Byrd, B. F., and McGanity, W. J.: Effect of Pregnancy on Clinical Course of Malignant Melanoma , Southern Med J 47:196, 1954.Crossref 67. Landing, B. 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Journal

American Journal of Diseases of ChildrenAmerican Medical Association

Published: Aug 1, 1964

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