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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR Abstract This review of the literature dealing1 with progress made in studies of the anatomic and physiologic relations of the ear does not cover all the available bibliographic material. We have utilized abstracts whenever possible, and translations were made when the articles were of such importance as to warrant the effort. The number of articles reviewed, therefore, is not great, but, in our opinion, is adequate to summarize the present day view. ANATOMIC AND HISTOLOGIC RELATIONS OF THE LABYRINTH Bast2 introduced the name utriculo-endolymphatic valve to designate a highly cellular connective tissue flap lined by columnar epithelium which guards the utricular opening into the endolymphatic canal. The valve is described as a fold of the posterior wall of the utricle and the endolymphatic canal at the point of junction of the two structures. Serial sections of twenty-five human fetal ears formed the basis for the study.Bast suggested that the position References 1. Dr. Edgar M. Holmes, Dr. John R. Richardson and Dr. John R. Frazee, associates in the graduate course in otology at the Harvard University Medical School, gave assistance in this study. 2. Bast, T. H.: The Utriculo-Endolymphatic Valve , Anat. Rec. 40:61-66, 1928.Crossref 3. Anson, B. J., and Nesselrod, J. P.: Endolymphatic and Associated Ducts in Man , Arch. Otolaryng. 24:127-140 ( (Aug.) ) 1936.Crossref 4. Anson, B. J., and Wilson, J. G.: Form and Structure of Endolymphatic and Associated Ducts in the Child , Anat. Rec. 65:485-498, 1936.Crossref 5. Perlman, H. B., and Lindsay, J. R.: Utriculo-Endolymphatic Valve , Arch. Otolaryng. 24:68-75 ( (July) ) 1936.Crossref 6. Yates, A. Lowndes: The Anatomy of the Middle Ear , J. Laryng. & Otol. 51:476-483, 1936. 7. Hodjakoff, N. D.: Ueber die Ausbreitung von Trypanblau bei der Einführung in das Mittelohr , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:216, 1937. 8. Miodonski, J.: Beitrag zur Mikroskopie des Trommelfelles , abstracted. Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:4, 1937. 9. von Wittmaack, K.: Ueber die morphologischen Grundlagen der sogenannten Ausfalls—und Reizerscheinungen des Vorhofbogengangsapparates bei entzündlichen Labyrintherkrankungen , Acta oto-laryng. 25:109-128, 1937. 10. Rüedi, Luzius: Die Mittelohrraumentwicklung vom 5. Embryonalmonat bis zum 10. Lebensjahr , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:2, 1937. 11. Yamashita, K.: Die quantitative statische Untersuchung über die pneumatischen Zellen des äusseren Teiles des Schläfenbeins , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 28:250, 1937. 12. Yamashita, K.: Ueber den Strukturzustand des pneumatischen Systems des Schläfenbeins und den Pneumatisationstypus , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 28:250, 1937. 13. Schwarz, M.: Der Erbfaktor bei der Pneumatisation des Warzenfortsatzes. Röntgenologische Stammbaumuntersuchungen , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 28:542-543, 1937. 14. Okasaki, M.: Röntgenologische Studien über die Bedeutung der Erbfaktoren bei der Pneumatisation der Warzenfortsätze , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:217, 1937. 15. Adrian, E. D.: Basis of Sensation , New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1928. 16. Eyster, J. A. E.; Bast. T. H., and Krasno, M. R.: The Origin of Cochlear Potentials , Laryngoscope 47:461-479, 1937. 17. Ashcroft, D. W.; Hallpike, C. S., and Rawdon-Smith, A. F.: On the Changes in Histological Structure and Electrical Response of the Cochlea of the Cat Following Section of the VIIIIth Nerve , Proc. Roy. Soc., London , s.B 122:186-197, 1937. 18. Lurie, M. H.: The Neural Mechanism of Hearing: Pathology of the Organ of Corti , Laryngoscope 47:418-420, 1937. 19. Davis, H.; Dworkin, S.; Lurie, M. H., and Katzman, J.: Behavioral, Electrical and Anatomical Studies of Abnormal Ears , Laryngoscope 47:435-447, 1937. 20. Hughson, W.; Thompson, E., and Witting, E. G.: The Neural Mechanism of Hearing: Animal Investigations; an Experimental Study of the Neural Mechanism of Hearing , Laryngoscope 47:480-491, 1937. 21. Hallpike, C. S.; Hartridge, H., and Rawdon-Smith, A. F.: On the Electrical Responses of the Cochlea and the Auditory Tract of the Cat to a Phase Reversal Produced in a Continuous Musical Tone , Proc. Roy. Soc., London , s.B 122:175-185, 1937. 22. Ashcroft, Hallpike and Rawdon-Smith.17 23. Fowler, E. P., Jr., and Forbes, T. W.: End-Organ Deafness in Dogs Due to the Application of Certain Chemicals to the Round Window Membrane , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 45:859-864, 1936. 24. Wever, E. G., and Bray, C. W.: Effects of Chemical Substances upon Electrical Response of the Cochlea , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 46:291, 1937. 25. Andreev, A. M.; Volokhov, A. A., and Gersuni, G. V.: Electric Excitability of the Organ of Hearing: Effect of Alternating Currents on Patients with Lesions of the Internal or Middle Ear , Fiziol. zhur. 18:250-264, 1935. 26. Brogden, W. J., and Culler, E.: Increased Acoustic Sensitivity in Dogs Following Roentgen-Radiation of the Hypophysis , Am. J. Physiol. 119:13-23, 1937. 27. Brogden, W. J.; Girden, E.; Mettler, F. A., and Culler, E.: Acoustic Value of the Several Components of the Auditory System in Cats , Am. J. Physiol. 116:252-261, 1936. 28. Culler, E. A.: Topography of the Acoustic System in Cochlea and Medial Geniculate Bodies , Laryngoscope 47:448-452, 1937. 29. Kemp, E. H.; Coppe, G. E., and Robinson, E. H.: Electric Responses of the Brain Stem to Unilateral Auditory Stimulation , Am. J. Physiol. 120:304-315, 1937. 30. Kemp, E. H., and Robinson, E. H.: Electric Responses of the Brain Stem to Bilateral Auditory Stimulation , Am. J. Physiol. 120:316-322, 1937. 31. Kobrak, Heinrich G.: Animal Experiments on the Mechanism of the Acoustic Irritation in the Cochlea , Laryngoscope 47:453-460, 1937. 32. Wiggers, H. C.: The Effect of Contraction of the Intra-Aural Muscles on Transmission of Sound in the Middle Ear , Am. J. Physiol 119:420, 1937. 33. Bekesy, G. V.: Zur Physik des Mittelohres und über das Hören bei fehlerhaftem Trommelfell , Akust. Ztschr. 1:13-23, 1936. 34. Steinberg, J. C.: Positions of Stimulation in the Cochlea by Pure Tones , J. Acoustic Soc. America 8:176-180, 1937. 35. Steinberg, J. C., and Gardner, M. B.: The Dependence of Hearing Impairment on Sound Intensity , J. Acoustic Soc. America 9:11-23, 1937. 36. Fowler, E. P., Sr.: The Diagnosis of Diseases of the Neural Mechanism of Hearing by the Aid of Sounds Well Above Threshold , Laryngoscope 47:198-300, 1937. 37. Davis, H., and Stevens, S. S.: The Measurement of Combination Tones in the Electrical Activity of the Cochlea , Am. J. Physiol. 119:296, 1937. 38. Guild, Stacy: Comments on the Physiology of Hearing and the Anatomy of the Inner Ear , Laryngoscope 47:365-372, 1937. 39. Lewy, F. H., and Kobrak, H.: The Neural Projection of the Cochlear Spirals on the Primary Acoustic Centers , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 35:839-852 ( (April) ) 1936. 40. Mink, P. J.: Das innere Ohr als Tastorgan , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:225, 1937. 41. Guttich, A.: Nachruf auf Obermedizinalrat , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 28:4, 1937. 42. Wittmaack, K.: Ueber Bau und Funktion der Membrana tectoria , Acta oto-laryng. 24:397-423, 1936. 43. Hasegaw, T.: Labyrinthreflexe nach Abschleuderung der Otolithenmembranen , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 236:589-593, 1935. 44. Werner, C. F.: Ueber die statische Funktion der Macula utriculi und ihres Otolithen , Acta oto-laryng. 24:253-270, 1936.Crossref 45. Ferraro, A.; Barrera, S. E., and Blakeslee, G. A.: Vestibular Phenomena of Central Origin: An Experimental Study in Macacus Rhesus , Brain 59:466-482, 1936.Crossref 46. van Gehuchten, P.: Anatomie des voies centrales du système vestibulaire , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:162, 1937. 47. Cantele, P. G., and Pais, Carlo: Effetti sperimentali sul labirinto della stasi passiva cefalica (nota preventiva) , Arch. ital. di otol. 3:107-114, 1937. 48. T'ang, Y., and Wu, C. F.: The Effects of Unilateral Labyrinthectomy in the Albino Rat , Chinese J. Physiol. 10:571-598, 1936. 49. LeHeux, J., and de Kleyn, A.: Untersuchungen an den isolierten Augenmuskeln des Kaninchens während des Lagenystagmus bei akuter Alkoholvergiftung , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:228, 1937. 50. ter Braak, J. W. G.: Ueber die Empfindlichkeit des Bogengangsapparates für Winkelbeschleungigungen , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 238:319-326, 1936.Crossref 51. ter Braak, J. W. G.: Kann der Bogengangsapparat durch geradlinige Beschleunigung gereizt werden? Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 238:327-332, 1936.Crossref 52. Germán, T.: The Present Position of Research on the Vestibular Function, Orvosképzés, 1937, supp. 53. Blohmke, A.: On the Subcortical Source of Vestibular Nystagmus and of Twilight Nystagmus , Acta oto-laryng. 25:489, 1937.Crossref 54. Fleischmann, L.: Comparative Investigations into Caloric Sensitivity , Acta oto-laryng. 25:490, 1937. 55. Frazer, Philip: The Vasomotor Control of the Ear , J. Laryng. & Otol. 51:579-585, 1936. 56. Kotyza, F.: L'appareil vestibulaire et le système nerveux végétalif , Acta oto-laryng. 25:51-60, 1937. 57. Tumarkin, J. A.: Some Observations on the Function of the Labyrinth , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (Sect. Otol.) 30:599-610, 1937. 58. McNally, W. J.: Labyrinthine Reactions and Their Relation to Clinical Tests , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (Sect. Otol.) 30:905-916, 1937. 59. Mowrer, O. H.: The Influence of Vision During Bodily Rotation upon the Duration of Post-Rotational Vestibular Nystagmus , Acta oto-laryng. 25:351-363, 1937. 60. Cinelli, A. A.: Labyrinth Reactions and Their Clinical Importance , Laryngoscope 46:815-839, 1936. 61. Lorente de Nó, R.: Theoretical Basis and Technic of the Caloric Test , Tr. Am. Laryng., Rhin. & Otol. Soc. 42:377-393, 1936. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Otolaryngology American Medical Association

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References (57)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1938 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9977
DOI
10.1001/archotol.1938.00650030217011
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract This review of the literature dealing1 with progress made in studies of the anatomic and physiologic relations of the ear does not cover all the available bibliographic material. We have utilized abstracts whenever possible, and translations were made when the articles were of such importance as to warrant the effort. The number of articles reviewed, therefore, is not great, but, in our opinion, is adequate to summarize the present day view. ANATOMIC AND HISTOLOGIC RELATIONS OF THE LABYRINTH Bast2 introduced the name utriculo-endolymphatic valve to designate a highly cellular connective tissue flap lined by columnar epithelium which guards the utricular opening into the endolymphatic canal. The valve is described as a fold of the posterior wall of the utricle and the endolymphatic canal at the point of junction of the two structures. Serial sections of twenty-five human fetal ears formed the basis for the study.Bast suggested that the position References 1. Dr. Edgar M. Holmes, Dr. John R. Richardson and Dr. John R. Frazee, associates in the graduate course in otology at the Harvard University Medical School, gave assistance in this study. 2. Bast, T. H.: The Utriculo-Endolymphatic Valve , Anat. Rec. 40:61-66, 1928.Crossref 3. Anson, B. J., and Nesselrod, J. P.: Endolymphatic and Associated Ducts in Man , Arch. Otolaryng. 24:127-140 ( (Aug.) ) 1936.Crossref 4. Anson, B. J., and Wilson, J. G.: Form and Structure of Endolymphatic and Associated Ducts in the Child , Anat. Rec. 65:485-498, 1936.Crossref 5. Perlman, H. B., and Lindsay, J. R.: Utriculo-Endolymphatic Valve , Arch. Otolaryng. 24:68-75 ( (July) ) 1936.Crossref 6. Yates, A. Lowndes: The Anatomy of the Middle Ear , J. Laryng. & Otol. 51:476-483, 1936. 7. Hodjakoff, N. D.: Ueber die Ausbreitung von Trypanblau bei der Einführung in das Mittelohr , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:216, 1937. 8. Miodonski, J.: Beitrag zur Mikroskopie des Trommelfelles , abstracted. Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:4, 1937. 9. von Wittmaack, K.: Ueber die morphologischen Grundlagen der sogenannten Ausfalls—und Reizerscheinungen des Vorhofbogengangsapparates bei entzündlichen Labyrintherkrankungen , Acta oto-laryng. 25:109-128, 1937. 10. Rüedi, Luzius: Die Mittelohrraumentwicklung vom 5. Embryonalmonat bis zum 10. Lebensjahr , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:2, 1937. 11. Yamashita, K.: Die quantitative statische Untersuchung über die pneumatischen Zellen des äusseren Teiles des Schläfenbeins , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 28:250, 1937. 12. Yamashita, K.: Ueber den Strukturzustand des pneumatischen Systems des Schläfenbeins und den Pneumatisationstypus , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 28:250, 1937. 13. Schwarz, M.: Der Erbfaktor bei der Pneumatisation des Warzenfortsatzes. Röntgenologische Stammbaumuntersuchungen , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 28:542-543, 1937. 14. Okasaki, M.: Röntgenologische Studien über die Bedeutung der Erbfaktoren bei der Pneumatisation der Warzenfortsätze , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:217, 1937. 15. Adrian, E. D.: Basis of Sensation , New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1928. 16. Eyster, J. A. E.; Bast. T. H., and Krasno, M. R.: The Origin of Cochlear Potentials , Laryngoscope 47:461-479, 1937. 17. Ashcroft, D. W.; Hallpike, C. S., and Rawdon-Smith, A. F.: On the Changes in Histological Structure and Electrical Response of the Cochlea of the Cat Following Section of the VIIIIth Nerve , Proc. Roy. Soc., London , s.B 122:186-197, 1937. 18. Lurie, M. H.: The Neural Mechanism of Hearing: Pathology of the Organ of Corti , Laryngoscope 47:418-420, 1937. 19. Davis, H.; Dworkin, S.; Lurie, M. H., and Katzman, J.: Behavioral, Electrical and Anatomical Studies of Abnormal Ears , Laryngoscope 47:435-447, 1937. 20. Hughson, W.; Thompson, E., and Witting, E. G.: The Neural Mechanism of Hearing: Animal Investigations; an Experimental Study of the Neural Mechanism of Hearing , Laryngoscope 47:480-491, 1937. 21. Hallpike, C. S.; Hartridge, H., and Rawdon-Smith, A. F.: On the Electrical Responses of the Cochlea and the Auditory Tract of the Cat to a Phase Reversal Produced in a Continuous Musical Tone , Proc. Roy. Soc., London , s.B 122:175-185, 1937. 22. Ashcroft, Hallpike and Rawdon-Smith.17 23. Fowler, E. P., Jr., and Forbes, T. W.: End-Organ Deafness in Dogs Due to the Application of Certain Chemicals to the Round Window Membrane , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 45:859-864, 1936. 24. Wever, E. G., and Bray, C. W.: Effects of Chemical Substances upon Electrical Response of the Cochlea , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 46:291, 1937. 25. Andreev, A. M.; Volokhov, A. A., and Gersuni, G. V.: Electric Excitability of the Organ of Hearing: Effect of Alternating Currents on Patients with Lesions of the Internal or Middle Ear , Fiziol. zhur. 18:250-264, 1935. 26. Brogden, W. J., and Culler, E.: Increased Acoustic Sensitivity in Dogs Following Roentgen-Radiation of the Hypophysis , Am. J. Physiol. 119:13-23, 1937. 27. Brogden, W. J.; Girden, E.; Mettler, F. A., and Culler, E.: Acoustic Value of the Several Components of the Auditory System in Cats , Am. J. Physiol. 116:252-261, 1936. 28. Culler, E. A.: Topography of the Acoustic System in Cochlea and Medial Geniculate Bodies , Laryngoscope 47:448-452, 1937. 29. Kemp, E. H.; Coppe, G. E., and Robinson, E. H.: Electric Responses of the Brain Stem to Unilateral Auditory Stimulation , Am. J. Physiol. 120:304-315, 1937. 30. Kemp, E. H., and Robinson, E. H.: Electric Responses of the Brain Stem to Bilateral Auditory Stimulation , Am. J. Physiol. 120:316-322, 1937. 31. Kobrak, Heinrich G.: Animal Experiments on the Mechanism of the Acoustic Irritation in the Cochlea , Laryngoscope 47:453-460, 1937. 32. Wiggers, H. C.: The Effect of Contraction of the Intra-Aural Muscles on Transmission of Sound in the Middle Ear , Am. J. Physiol 119:420, 1937. 33. Bekesy, G. V.: Zur Physik des Mittelohres und über das Hören bei fehlerhaftem Trommelfell , Akust. Ztschr. 1:13-23, 1936. 34. Steinberg, J. C.: Positions of Stimulation in the Cochlea by Pure Tones , J. Acoustic Soc. America 8:176-180, 1937. 35. Steinberg, J. C., and Gardner, M. B.: The Dependence of Hearing Impairment on Sound Intensity , J. Acoustic Soc. America 9:11-23, 1937. 36. Fowler, E. P., Sr.: The Diagnosis of Diseases of the Neural Mechanism of Hearing by the Aid of Sounds Well Above Threshold , Laryngoscope 47:198-300, 1937. 37. Davis, H., and Stevens, S. S.: The Measurement of Combination Tones in the Electrical Activity of the Cochlea , Am. J. Physiol. 119:296, 1937. 38. Guild, Stacy: Comments on the Physiology of Hearing and the Anatomy of the Inner Ear , Laryngoscope 47:365-372, 1937. 39. Lewy, F. H., and Kobrak, H.: The Neural Projection of the Cochlear Spirals on the Primary Acoustic Centers , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 35:839-852 ( (April) ) 1936. 40. Mink, P. J.: Das innere Ohr als Tastorgan , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:225, 1937. 41. Guttich, A.: Nachruf auf Obermedizinalrat , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 28:4, 1937. 42. Wittmaack, K.: Ueber Bau und Funktion der Membrana tectoria , Acta oto-laryng. 24:397-423, 1936. 43. Hasegaw, T.: Labyrinthreflexe nach Abschleuderung der Otolithenmembranen , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 236:589-593, 1935. 44. Werner, C. F.: Ueber die statische Funktion der Macula utriculi und ihres Otolithen , Acta oto-laryng. 24:253-270, 1936.Crossref 45. Ferraro, A.; Barrera, S. E., and Blakeslee, G. A.: Vestibular Phenomena of Central Origin: An Experimental Study in Macacus Rhesus , Brain 59:466-482, 1936.Crossref 46. van Gehuchten, P.: Anatomie des voies centrales du système vestibulaire , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:162, 1937. 47. Cantele, P. G., and Pais, Carlo: Effetti sperimentali sul labirinto della stasi passiva cefalica (nota preventiva) , Arch. ital. di otol. 3:107-114, 1937. 48. T'ang, Y., and Wu, C. F.: The Effects of Unilateral Labyrinthectomy in the Albino Rat , Chinese J. Physiol. 10:571-598, 1936. 49. LeHeux, J., and de Kleyn, A.: Untersuchungen an den isolierten Augenmuskeln des Kaninchens während des Lagenystagmus bei akuter Alkoholvergiftung , abstracted, Zentralbl. f. Hals-, Nasen- u. Ohrenh. 29:228, 1937. 50. ter Braak, J. W. G.: Ueber die Empfindlichkeit des Bogengangsapparates für Winkelbeschleungigungen , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 238:319-326, 1936.Crossref 51. ter Braak, J. W. G.: Kann der Bogengangsapparat durch geradlinige Beschleunigung gereizt werden? Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 238:327-332, 1936.Crossref 52. Germán, T.: The Present Position of Research on the Vestibular Function, Orvosképzés, 1937, supp. 53. Blohmke, A.: On the Subcortical Source of Vestibular Nystagmus and of Twilight Nystagmus , Acta oto-laryng. 25:489, 1937.Crossref 54. Fleischmann, L.: Comparative Investigations into Caloric Sensitivity , Acta oto-laryng. 25:490, 1937. 55. Frazer, Philip: The Vasomotor Control of the Ear , J. Laryng. & Otol. 51:579-585, 1936. 56. Kotyza, F.: L'appareil vestibulaire et le système nerveux végétalif , Acta oto-laryng. 25:51-60, 1937. 57. Tumarkin, J. A.: Some Observations on the Function of the Labyrinth , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (Sect. Otol.) 30:599-610, 1937. 58. McNally, W. J.: Labyrinthine Reactions and Their Relation to Clinical Tests , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (Sect. Otol.) 30:905-916, 1937. 59. Mowrer, O. H.: The Influence of Vision During Bodily Rotation upon the Duration of Post-Rotational Vestibular Nystagmus , Acta oto-laryng. 25:351-363, 1937. 60. Cinelli, A. A.: Labyrinth Reactions and Their Clinical Importance , Laryngoscope 46:815-839, 1936. 61. Lorente de Nó, R.: Theoretical Basis and Technic of the Caloric Test , Tr. Am. Laryng., Rhin. & Otol. Soc. 42:377-393, 1936.

Journal

Archives of OtolaryngologyAmerican Medical Association

Published: Feb 1, 1938

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