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ESOPHAGITIS: II. A PATHOLOGIC AND CLINICAL STUDY

ESOPHAGITIS: II. A PATHOLOGIC AND CLINICAL STUDY Abstract Wilks and Moxon1 in 1889 gave a good pathologic description of inflammatory lesions of the esophagus. More recent textbooks, by Adami and Nicholls,2 Kaufmann and Reimann3 (1929) and Bassler4 (1922) have given detailed descriptions of the various types of esophagitis. According to these writers, simple acute catarrhal esophagitis is rarely seen at necropsy. The pathologic process consists in exfoliation of the superficial epithelium and congestion of the mucosa. Chronic catarrhal esophagitis is described as occurring most commonly in alcoholic addicts and persons with pulmonary disease. According to these workers, esophagitis is the result of repeated congestion brought on by other diseases. Wood5 (1932) even stated that it may be a factor in the production of muscular hypertrophy, with narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus. Follicular esophagitis is a name often used to describe a process in which the mucous glands participate markedly in References 1. Wilks, Samuel, and Moxon, W., quoted by Cushing.51 2. Adami, J. G., and Nicholls, A. G.: The Principles of Pathology : Systemic Pathology , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1909, vol. 2, p. 399. 3. Kaufmann, Edward, and Reimann, S. P.: Pathology for Students and Practitioners , Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1929, vol. 1, p. 629. 4. Bassler, Anthony : Diseases of the Stomach and Upper Alimentary Tract , Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Company, 1922, p. 492. 5. Wood, D. A.: Primary Idiopathic Muscular Hypertrophy of the Esophagus with Narrowing of the Lumen , Arch. Path. 14:766 ( (Dec.) ) 1932. 6. Clerf, L. H.: Laryngeal and Esophageal Sequelae of Diphtheria , Laryngoscope 36:912 ( (Dec.) ) 1926. 7. Jacob, F. H.: An Unusual Case of Esophageal Cast , Lancet 1:998 ( (May 13) ) 1916.Crossref 8. Raw, Nathan: Membranous Oesophagitis: Expulsion of a Complete Cast of the Oesophagus , Lancet 1:26 ( (Jan. 5) ) 1901.Crossref 9. Flexner, Simon: Tuberculosis of the Oesophagus (Larvae of Diptera in the Ulcers) , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 4:4 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1893. 10. Vinson, P. P., and Dobson, H. E.: Tuberculous Stricture of the Oesophagus: Report of a Case , Am. Rev. Tuberc. 16:53 ( (July) ) 1927. 11. Torek, F.: Tuberculosis of the Oesophagus: Report of Case Without Active Tuberculosis Elsewhere , Ann. Surg. 94:794 ( (Oct.) ) 1931.Crossref 12. Abel, A. L.: Syphilis of the Oesophagus, with a Report of Two Cases , Lancet 2:441 ( (Sept. 1) ) 1928.Crossref 13. Wile, U. J.: Syphilis of the Esophagus , Am. J. M. Sc. 148:180 ( (Aug.) ) 1914.Crossref 14. Myerson, M. C.: Syphilis of the Esophagus , M. Clin. North America 10:919 ( (Jan.) ) 1927. 15. Wade, H. W., and Bel, G. S.: A Critical Consideration of Systemic Blastomycosis, with Notes on Certain Special Features and Report of Five Cases , Arch. Int. Med. 18:103 ( (July) ) 1916.Crossref 16. Shepherd, F. J., and Rhea, L. I.: A Fatal Case of Blastomycosis , J. Cutan. Dis. 29:588 ( (Nov.) ) 1911. 17. Vinson, P. P.; Broders, A. C., and Montgomery, Hamilton: Blastomycosis of the Oesophagus: Report of a Case , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 46:255 ( (Feb.) ) 1928. 18. Fineman, Bertha C.: A Study of the Thrush Parasite , J. Infect. Dis. 28:185, 1921. 19. Bucher, Robert: Beiträge zur Lehre von Carcinom zur Casuistik und Beurtheilung der multiplen Carcinom , Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path. 14:71, 1893. 20. Lindemann, August: Zur Pathologie der menschlichen Oesophagusschleimhaut , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 193:258 ( (Aug.) ) 1908. 21. Adami, J. G., and McCrae, John: A Textbook of Pathology for Students of Medicine , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1914, p. 624. 22. Sharp, G. S.: Leukoplakia of the Esophagus , Am. J. Cancer (supp.) 15:2029 ( (July) ) 1931. 23. Cleland, J. B.: Pathological Lesions Met with in the Oesophagus During Post Mortem Examinations , M. J. Australia 1:588 ( (May 5) ) 1934. 24. Aschoff, Ludwig: Pathologische Anatomie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Aerzte , ed. 6, Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1923. 25. Barclay, A. E.: The Stomach and Oesophagus: A Radiographic Study , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1913, pp. 11 and 14. 26. Vinson, P. P.: Stricture of the Esophagus Occurring During Pregnancy , Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 6:346 ( (Sept.) ) 1923. 27. Vinson, P. P.: Cicatricial (Benign) Stricture of the Oesophagus: Tabulated Report of One Hundred and Eighty-Six Cases , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 52:955, 1931. 28. Vinson, P. P.: Oesophageal Stricture Following the Vomiting of Pregnancy , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 33:412 ( (Oct.) ) 1921 29. Mussey, R. D., and Randall, L. M.: Toxemias of Pregnancy , in Curtis, A. H.: Obstetrics and Gynecology , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1933, vol. 1, p. 1006. 30. Mosher, H. P.: Involvement of the Esophagus in Acute and in Chronic Infection , Arch. Otolaryng. 18:563 ( (Nov.) ) 1933. 31. Tileston, Wilder: Peptic Ulcer of the Oesophagus , Am. J. M. Sc. 132:240 ( (Aug.) ) 1906. 32. Sheehan, J. E.: Ulcer of the Esophagus from the Standpoint of an Esophagoscopist : Its Cause, Symptomology, Diagnosis and Treatment , M. Rec. 97:319 ( (Feb. 21) ) 1920. 33. Smith, C. H., and Lewald, L. T.: The Influence of Posture on Digestion in Infancy , Am. J. Dis. Child. 9:261 ( (April) ) 1915. 34. Carlson, A. J.; Boyd, T. E., and Pearcy, J. F.: Studies on the Visceral Sensory Nervous System : XIV. The Reflex Control of the Cardia and Lower Esophagus in Mammals , Arch. Int. Med. 30:409 ( (Oct.) ) 1922. 35. Burnham, M. P.: Importance of Indirect Roentgen Findings in Chronic Infection of the Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder , Am. J. Roentgenol. 10:105 ( (Feb.) ) 1923. 36. Cannon, W. B.: The Movements of the Stomach Studied by Means of the Roentgen Rays , Am. J. Physiol. 1:359, 1898. 37. Alvarez, W. C.: The Mechanics of the Digestive Tract : An Introduction to Gastroenterology , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., ed. 2, 1928, pp. 87, 288, 295 and 333. 38. Vanzant, Frances R.; Osterberg, A. E. ; Alvarez, W. C., and Rivers, A. B. : Studies of Gastric Pepsin: Secretion of Pepsin in Cases of Duodenal Ulcer and Pseudo-Ulcer , J. Clin. Investigation 12:557 ( (May) ) 1933. 39. Jackson, Chevalier: Peptic Ulcer of the Esophagus , J. A. M. A. 92:369 ( (Feb. 2) ) 1929. 40. Mosher, H. P.: Hemorrhage into the Esophagus at Birth and in the Adult , Laryngoscope 41:591 ( (Sept.) ) 1931. 41. Moersch, H. J., and Camp, J. D.: Diffuse Spasm of the Lower Part of the Esophagus , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 43:1165 ( (Dec.) ) 1934. 42. Rosenow, E. C.: The Specificity of the Streptococcus of Gastroduodenal Ulcer and Certain Factors Determining Its Localization , J. Infect. Dis. 33:248, 1923. 43. Huwald, K., quoted by Tileston.31 44. Fischer, quoted by Tileston.31 45. Novak, Edward: Gastro-Intestinal Ulceration Following Cutaneous Burns, with Report of Case , Am. J. M. Sc. 169:119 ( (Jan.) ) 1925. 46. Pack, G. T.: The Pathology of Burns , Arch. Path. & Lab. Med. 1:767 ( (May) ) 1926. 47. Boyd, Stanley: Rupture of the Oesophagus in a Case of Addison's Disease , Tr. Path. Soc. London 33:125, 1882. 48. Greenwald, H. M., and Eliasberg, H.: The Pathogenesis of Death from Burns , Am. J. M. Sc. 171:682 ( (May) ) 1926. 49. McLaughlin, C. W.: The Curling Ulcer: Study of Intestinal Ulceration Associated with Suprarenal Damage , Arch. Surg. 27:490 ( (Sept.) ) 1933. 50. McLaughlin, C. W.: Intestinal Ulceration Following Adrenal Damage: Experimental Observations , Ann. Surg. 101:554 ( (Jan.) ) 1935. 51. Cushing, Harvey: Peptic Ulcers and the Interbrain , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 55:1 ( (July) ) 1932. 52. Mosher, H. P.: Notes on Esophagus Cases , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 43:1154 ( (Dec.) ) 1934. 53. Miller, James: A Case of Perforated Peptic Ulcer of the Oesophagus Complicated by Pyopneumothorax , Brit. M. J. 1:116 ( (Jan. 20) ) 1912. 54. Vinson, P. P., and Wilder, R. M.: Diffuse Ulceration of the Esophagus and Trachea Associated with Diabetes Mellitus: Absence of Arteriosclerosis , Arch. Int. Med. 52:541 ( (Oct.) ) 1933. 55. Moutier, F.: Acute Postoperative Esophagitis , Arch. d. mal. de l'app. digestif 11:126, 1921 56. abstr., J. A. M. A. 76:1536 ( (May 28) ) 1921. 57. Eusterman, G. B.; Moersch, H. J., and Camp, J. D.: Peptic Ulcer at the Juncture of the Esophagus and Cardia: Ulceration at the Esophagus , M. Clin. North America 14:565 ( (Nov.) ) 1930. 58. Rivers, A. B.: Pain in Benign Ulcers of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine , J. A. M. A. 104:169 ( (Jan. 19) ) 1935. 59. Kahn, R. H., quoted by Alvarez.37 60. Hurst, A. F.: The Sensibility of the Alimentary Canal , London, Oxford University Press, 1911, pp. 4, 9, 15 and 35. 61. Hurst, A. F., and Stewart, M. J.: Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer , London, Oxford University Press, 1929, pp. 43 and 498. 62. Boring, E. G., quoted by Alvarez.37 63. Polland, W. S., and Bloomfield, A. L.: Experimental Referred Pain from the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: I. The Esophagus , J. Clin. Investigation 10:435 ( (Aug.) ) 1931. 64. Payne, W. W., and Poulton, E. P.: Experiments on Visceral Sensation: II. The Sensation of "Nausea" and "Sinking," Oesophageal Reflexes and Counter-Irritation , J. Physiol. 65:157 ( (May) ) 1928. 65. Henoch, E.: Verhandlungen ärztlicher Gesellschaften , Berl. klin. Wchnschr. 20:334 ( (May 28) ) 1883. 66. Bastin, F. K.: Ueber die Verstopfung des Oesophagus durch ein Blutgerinnsel bei Malaena neonatorum , Munich, Kastner & Callwey, 1908, p. 44. 67. Bristowe: Varicose Ulcer of the Oesophagus, Producing Death by Haemorrhage , Tr. Path. Soc. London 8:175, 1856-1857. 68. Cabot, R. C.: Massive Hematemesis and Anemia in a Woman of Fifty-Five , New England J. Med. 204:1000 ( (May 7) ) 1931. 69. Pringle, J. H., and Teacher, J. H.: Digestion of the Oesophagus as a Cause of Postoperative Haematemesis , Brit. J. Surg. 6:523, 1919. 70. Barclay, A. E.: The Digestive Tract: A Radiological Study of Its Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology , London, Cambridge University Press, 1933, p. 177. 71. Winkelstein, Ashur: Peptic Esophagitis: A New Clinical Entity , J. A. M. A. 104:906 ( (March 16) ) 1935. 72. Levine, S. A.: A Case of Ulcer of the Esophagus with Extraordinary Medical Experiences , M. Clin. North America 13:189 ( (July) ) 1929. 73. Otell, L. S., and Coe, F. O.: Dysphagia—Roentgenologically Considered , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 2:117 ( (April) ) 1935. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Otolaryngology American Medical Association

ESOPHAGITIS: II. A PATHOLOGIC AND CLINICAL STUDY

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Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1936 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9977
DOI
10.1001/archotol.1936.00640040560004
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Abstract

Abstract Wilks and Moxon1 in 1889 gave a good pathologic description of inflammatory lesions of the esophagus. More recent textbooks, by Adami and Nicholls,2 Kaufmann and Reimann3 (1929) and Bassler4 (1922) have given detailed descriptions of the various types of esophagitis. According to these writers, simple acute catarrhal esophagitis is rarely seen at necropsy. The pathologic process consists in exfoliation of the superficial epithelium and congestion of the mucosa. Chronic catarrhal esophagitis is described as occurring most commonly in alcoholic addicts and persons with pulmonary disease. According to these workers, esophagitis is the result of repeated congestion brought on by other diseases. Wood5 (1932) even stated that it may be a factor in the production of muscular hypertrophy, with narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus. Follicular esophagitis is a name often used to describe a process in which the mucous glands participate markedly in References 1. Wilks, Samuel, and Moxon, W., quoted by Cushing.51 2. Adami, J. G., and Nicholls, A. G.: The Principles of Pathology : Systemic Pathology , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1909, vol. 2, p. 399. 3. Kaufmann, Edward, and Reimann, S. P.: Pathology for Students and Practitioners , Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1929, vol. 1, p. 629. 4. Bassler, Anthony : Diseases of the Stomach and Upper Alimentary Tract , Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Company, 1922, p. 492. 5. Wood, D. A.: Primary Idiopathic Muscular Hypertrophy of the Esophagus with Narrowing of the Lumen , Arch. Path. 14:766 ( (Dec.) ) 1932. 6. Clerf, L. H.: Laryngeal and Esophageal Sequelae of Diphtheria , Laryngoscope 36:912 ( (Dec.) ) 1926. 7. Jacob, F. H.: An Unusual Case of Esophageal Cast , Lancet 1:998 ( (May 13) ) 1916.Crossref 8. Raw, Nathan: Membranous Oesophagitis: Expulsion of a Complete Cast of the Oesophagus , Lancet 1:26 ( (Jan. 5) ) 1901.Crossref 9. Flexner, Simon: Tuberculosis of the Oesophagus (Larvae of Diptera in the Ulcers) , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 4:4 ( (Jan.) -Feb.) 1893. 10. Vinson, P. P., and Dobson, H. E.: Tuberculous Stricture of the Oesophagus: Report of a Case , Am. Rev. Tuberc. 16:53 ( (July) ) 1927. 11. Torek, F.: Tuberculosis of the Oesophagus: Report of Case Without Active Tuberculosis Elsewhere , Ann. Surg. 94:794 ( (Oct.) ) 1931.Crossref 12. Abel, A. L.: Syphilis of the Oesophagus, with a Report of Two Cases , Lancet 2:441 ( (Sept. 1) ) 1928.Crossref 13. Wile, U. J.: Syphilis of the Esophagus , Am. J. M. Sc. 148:180 ( (Aug.) ) 1914.Crossref 14. Myerson, M. C.: Syphilis of the Esophagus , M. Clin. North America 10:919 ( (Jan.) ) 1927. 15. Wade, H. W., and Bel, G. S.: A Critical Consideration of Systemic Blastomycosis, with Notes on Certain Special Features and Report of Five Cases , Arch. Int. Med. 18:103 ( (July) ) 1916.Crossref 16. Shepherd, F. J., and Rhea, L. I.: A Fatal Case of Blastomycosis , J. Cutan. Dis. 29:588 ( (Nov.) ) 1911. 17. Vinson, P. P.; Broders, A. C., and Montgomery, Hamilton: Blastomycosis of the Oesophagus: Report of a Case , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 46:255 ( (Feb.) ) 1928. 18. Fineman, Bertha C.: A Study of the Thrush Parasite , J. Infect. Dis. 28:185, 1921. 19. Bucher, Robert: Beiträge zur Lehre von Carcinom zur Casuistik und Beurtheilung der multiplen Carcinom , Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. z. allg. Path. 14:71, 1893. 20. Lindemann, August: Zur Pathologie der menschlichen Oesophagusschleimhaut , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 193:258 ( (Aug.) ) 1908. 21. Adami, J. G., and McCrae, John: A Textbook of Pathology for Students of Medicine , Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1914, p. 624. 22. Sharp, G. S.: Leukoplakia of the Esophagus , Am. J. Cancer (supp.) 15:2029 ( (July) ) 1931. 23. Cleland, J. B.: Pathological Lesions Met with in the Oesophagus During Post Mortem Examinations , M. J. Australia 1:588 ( (May 5) ) 1934. 24. Aschoff, Ludwig: Pathologische Anatomie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Aerzte , ed. 6, Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1923. 25. Barclay, A. E.: The Stomach and Oesophagus: A Radiographic Study , New York, The Macmillan Company, 1913, pp. 11 and 14. 26. Vinson, P. P.: Stricture of the Esophagus Occurring During Pregnancy , Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 6:346 ( (Sept.) ) 1923. 27. Vinson, P. P.: Cicatricial (Benign) Stricture of the Oesophagus: Tabulated Report of One Hundred and Eighty-Six Cases , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 52:955, 1931. 28. Vinson, P. P.: Oesophageal Stricture Following the Vomiting of Pregnancy , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 33:412 ( (Oct.) ) 1921 29. Mussey, R. D., and Randall, L. M.: Toxemias of Pregnancy , in Curtis, A. H.: Obstetrics and Gynecology , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1933, vol. 1, p. 1006. 30. Mosher, H. P.: Involvement of the Esophagus in Acute and in Chronic Infection , Arch. Otolaryng. 18:563 ( (Nov.) ) 1933. 31. Tileston, Wilder: Peptic Ulcer of the Oesophagus , Am. J. M. Sc. 132:240 ( (Aug.) ) 1906. 32. Sheehan, J. E.: Ulcer of the Esophagus from the Standpoint of an Esophagoscopist : Its Cause, Symptomology, Diagnosis and Treatment , M. Rec. 97:319 ( (Feb. 21) ) 1920. 33. Smith, C. H., and Lewald, L. T.: The Influence of Posture on Digestion in Infancy , Am. J. Dis. Child. 9:261 ( (April) ) 1915. 34. Carlson, A. J.; Boyd, T. E., and Pearcy, J. F.: Studies on the Visceral Sensory Nervous System : XIV. The Reflex Control of the Cardia and Lower Esophagus in Mammals , Arch. Int. Med. 30:409 ( (Oct.) ) 1922. 35. Burnham, M. P.: Importance of Indirect Roentgen Findings in Chronic Infection of the Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder , Am. J. Roentgenol. 10:105 ( (Feb.) ) 1923. 36. Cannon, W. B.: The Movements of the Stomach Studied by Means of the Roentgen Rays , Am. J. Physiol. 1:359, 1898. 37. Alvarez, W. C.: The Mechanics of the Digestive Tract : An Introduction to Gastroenterology , New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., ed. 2, 1928, pp. 87, 288, 295 and 333. 38. Vanzant, Frances R.; Osterberg, A. E. ; Alvarez, W. C., and Rivers, A. B. : Studies of Gastric Pepsin: Secretion of Pepsin in Cases of Duodenal Ulcer and Pseudo-Ulcer , J. Clin. Investigation 12:557 ( (May) ) 1933. 39. Jackson, Chevalier: Peptic Ulcer of the Esophagus , J. A. M. A. 92:369 ( (Feb. 2) ) 1929. 40. Mosher, H. P.: Hemorrhage into the Esophagus at Birth and in the Adult , Laryngoscope 41:591 ( (Sept.) ) 1931. 41. Moersch, H. J., and Camp, J. D.: Diffuse Spasm of the Lower Part of the Esophagus , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 43:1165 ( (Dec.) ) 1934. 42. Rosenow, E. C.: The Specificity of the Streptococcus of Gastroduodenal Ulcer and Certain Factors Determining Its Localization , J. Infect. Dis. 33:248, 1923. 43. Huwald, K., quoted by Tileston.31 44. Fischer, quoted by Tileston.31 45. Novak, Edward: Gastro-Intestinal Ulceration Following Cutaneous Burns, with Report of Case , Am. J. M. Sc. 169:119 ( (Jan.) ) 1925. 46. Pack, G. T.: The Pathology of Burns , Arch. Path. & Lab. Med. 1:767 ( (May) ) 1926. 47. Boyd, Stanley: Rupture of the Oesophagus in a Case of Addison's Disease , Tr. Path. Soc. London 33:125, 1882. 48. Greenwald, H. M., and Eliasberg, H.: The Pathogenesis of Death from Burns , Am. J. M. Sc. 171:682 ( (May) ) 1926. 49. McLaughlin, C. W.: The Curling Ulcer: Study of Intestinal Ulceration Associated with Suprarenal Damage , Arch. Surg. 27:490 ( (Sept.) ) 1933. 50. McLaughlin, C. W.: Intestinal Ulceration Following Adrenal Damage: Experimental Observations , Ann. Surg. 101:554 ( (Jan.) ) 1935. 51. Cushing, Harvey: Peptic Ulcers and the Interbrain , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 55:1 ( (July) ) 1932. 52. Mosher, H. P.: Notes on Esophagus Cases , Ann. Otol., Rhin. & Laryng. 43:1154 ( (Dec.) ) 1934. 53. Miller, James: A Case of Perforated Peptic Ulcer of the Oesophagus Complicated by Pyopneumothorax , Brit. M. J. 1:116 ( (Jan. 20) ) 1912. 54. Vinson, P. P., and Wilder, R. M.: Diffuse Ulceration of the Esophagus and Trachea Associated with Diabetes Mellitus: Absence of Arteriosclerosis , Arch. Int. Med. 52:541 ( (Oct.) ) 1933. 55. Moutier, F.: Acute Postoperative Esophagitis , Arch. d. mal. de l'app. digestif 11:126, 1921 56. abstr., J. A. M. A. 76:1536 ( (May 28) ) 1921. 57. Eusterman, G. B.; Moersch, H. J., and Camp, J. D.: Peptic Ulcer at the Juncture of the Esophagus and Cardia: Ulceration at the Esophagus , M. Clin. North America 14:565 ( (Nov.) ) 1930. 58. Rivers, A. B.: Pain in Benign Ulcers of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine , J. A. M. A. 104:169 ( (Jan. 19) ) 1935. 59. Kahn, R. H., quoted by Alvarez.37 60. Hurst, A. F.: The Sensibility of the Alimentary Canal , London, Oxford University Press, 1911, pp. 4, 9, 15 and 35. 61. Hurst, A. F., and Stewart, M. J.: Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer , London, Oxford University Press, 1929, pp. 43 and 498. 62. Boring, E. G., quoted by Alvarez.37 63. Polland, W. S., and Bloomfield, A. L.: Experimental Referred Pain from the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: I. The Esophagus , J. Clin. Investigation 10:435 ( (Aug.) ) 1931. 64. Payne, W. W., and Poulton, E. P.: Experiments on Visceral Sensation: II. The Sensation of "Nausea" and "Sinking," Oesophageal Reflexes and Counter-Irritation , J. Physiol. 65:157 ( (May) ) 1928. 65. Henoch, E.: Verhandlungen ärztlicher Gesellschaften , Berl. klin. Wchnschr. 20:334 ( (May 28) ) 1883. 66. Bastin, F. K.: Ueber die Verstopfung des Oesophagus durch ein Blutgerinnsel bei Malaena neonatorum , Munich, Kastner & Callwey, 1908, p. 44. 67. Bristowe: Varicose Ulcer of the Oesophagus, Producing Death by Haemorrhage , Tr. Path. Soc. London 8:175, 1856-1857. 68. Cabot, R. C.: Massive Hematemesis and Anemia in a Woman of Fifty-Five , New England J. Med. 204:1000 ( (May 7) ) 1931. 69. Pringle, J. H., and Teacher, J. H.: Digestion of the Oesophagus as a Cause of Postoperative Haematemesis , Brit. J. Surg. 6:523, 1919. 70. Barclay, A. E.: The Digestive Tract: A Radiological Study of Its Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology , London, Cambridge University Press, 1933, p. 177. 71. Winkelstein, Ashur: Peptic Esophagitis: A New Clinical Entity , J. A. M. A. 104:906 ( (March 16) ) 1935. 72. Levine, S. A.: A Case of Ulcer of the Esophagus with Extraordinary Medical Experiences , M. Clin. North America 13:189 ( (July) ) 1929. 73. Otell, L. S., and Coe, F. O.: Dysphagia—Roentgenologically Considered , Am. J. Digest. Dis. & Nutrition 2:117 ( (April) ) 1935.

Journal

Archives of Otolaryngology – American Medical Association

Published: May 1, 1936

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