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Associations Between Siblings for Esotropia and Exotropia

Associations Between Siblings for Esotropia and Exotropia Abstract Objective: To quantify familial aggregation of esotropia and exotropia in children examined in a large multicenter study. Methods: Pregnant women and their children were examined in the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Md. Strabismus was evaluated in the children during follow-up examinations up to the age of 7 years. The second-order generalized estimating equations approach to logistic regression was used to estimate familial aggregation of esotropia and exotropia. Results: For any pair of siblings, the odds for one sibling having esotropia more than doubled when the other sibling had esotropia. For exotropia, there were differences in sibling associations based on birth relationships. In particular, there was no statistically significant association between siblings from separate single births. On the other hand, for the pairs of siblings from multiple births (ie, twins, triplets, and quadruplets), the odds for exotropia in one sibling were increased by at least a factor of 17 when the other sibling from that birth also had exotropia. For both esotropia and exotropia, adjustment for previously identified risk factors only somewhat reduced the magnitudes of the observed associations. Limited data on zygosity showed a stronger association between monozygotic twins than between dizygotic twins. Conclusions: There is a significant familial component in the cause of strabismus. Furthermore, there are important contributions to this familial aggregation beyond those associated with known risk factors for strabismus. References 1. Paul TO, Hardage LK. The heritability of strabismus . Ophthalmic Genet . 1994;15:1-18.Crossref 2. Miller MT, Folk ER. Strabismus . In: Renie WA, ed. Goldberg's Genetic and Metabolic Eye Disease . 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1986:257-273. 3. Chew E, Remaley NA, Tamboli A, Zhao J, Podgor MJ, Klebanoff M. Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia . Arch Ophthalmol . 1994;112:1349-1355.Crossref 4. Niswander KR, Gordon M, eds. The Women and Their Pregnancies . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1972. 5. Broman S. The Collaborative Perinatal Project: an overview . In: Mednick SA, Harway M, Finellow KM, eds. Handbook of Longitudinal Research . Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers; 1984;1:185-215. 6. von Noorden G. Quantitative diagnosis of strabismus . In: von Noorden GK, Maumenee AE, eds. von Noorden-Maumenee's Atlas of Strabismus . St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book; 1977:44. 7. Liang K-Y, Zeger SL, Qaqish B. Multivariate regression analyses for categorical data . J R Stat Soc . 1992;54(series B):3-40. 8. Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ, Williams RR. Testing for familial aggregation of a dichotomous trait . Genet Epidemiol . 1986;3:299-312.Crossref 9. Menta C, Patel N. StatXact User Manual , Version 2. Cambridge, Mass: CYTEL Software; 1991. 10. Liang K-Y, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models . Biometrika . 1986;73:13-22.Crossref 11. Prentice RL. Correlated binary regression with covariates specific to each binary observation . Biometrics . 1988;44:1033-1048.Crossref 12. Zhao LP, Prentice RL. Correlated binary regression using a quadratic exponential model . Biometrika . 1990;77:642-648.Crossref 13. Liang K-Y, Beaty TH. Measuring familial aggregation by using odds-ratio regression models . Genet Epidemiol . 1991;8:361-370.Crossref 14. Qaqish BF, Liang K-Y. Marginal models for correlated binary responses with multiple classes and multiple levels of nesting . Biometrics . 1992;48:939-950.Crossref 15. Khoury MJ, Beaty TH, Cohen BH. Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology . New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1993. 16. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods . Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Inc; 1982. 17. Crone RA, Velzeboer CM. Statistics in strabismus in the Amsterdam youth . Arch Ophthalmol . 1956;55:455-470.Crossref 18. Devries B, Houtman WA. Squint in monozygotic twins . Doc Ophthalmol . 1979;46:305-308.Crossref 19. Mash AJ, Grutzner P, Hegmann JP, Spivey BE. Strabismus . In: Goldberg MF, ed. Genetic and Metabolic Eye Disease . Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1974:261-277. 20. Weiss KM, Chakraborty R, Majumder PP, Smouse PE. Problems in the assessment of relative risk of chronic disease among biological relatives of affected individuals . J Chronic Dis . 1982;35:539-551.Crossref 21. Flynn JT. Strabismus: A Neurodevelopmental Approach: Nature's Experiment . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1991. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

Associations Between Siblings for Esotropia and Exotropia

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References (23)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9950
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130731018
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract Objective: To quantify familial aggregation of esotropia and exotropia in children examined in a large multicenter study. Methods: Pregnant women and their children were examined in the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Md. Strabismus was evaluated in the children during follow-up examinations up to the age of 7 years. The second-order generalized estimating equations approach to logistic regression was used to estimate familial aggregation of esotropia and exotropia. Results: For any pair of siblings, the odds for one sibling having esotropia more than doubled when the other sibling had esotropia. For exotropia, there were differences in sibling associations based on birth relationships. In particular, there was no statistically significant association between siblings from separate single births. On the other hand, for the pairs of siblings from multiple births (ie, twins, triplets, and quadruplets), the odds for exotropia in one sibling were increased by at least a factor of 17 when the other sibling from that birth also had exotropia. For both esotropia and exotropia, adjustment for previously identified risk factors only somewhat reduced the magnitudes of the observed associations. Limited data on zygosity showed a stronger association between monozygotic twins than between dizygotic twins. Conclusions: There is a significant familial component in the cause of strabismus. Furthermore, there are important contributions to this familial aggregation beyond those associated with known risk factors for strabismus. References 1. Paul TO, Hardage LK. The heritability of strabismus . Ophthalmic Genet . 1994;15:1-18.Crossref 2. Miller MT, Folk ER. Strabismus . In: Renie WA, ed. Goldberg's Genetic and Metabolic Eye Disease . 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1986:257-273. 3. Chew E, Remaley NA, Tamboli A, Zhao J, Podgor MJ, Klebanoff M. Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia . Arch Ophthalmol . 1994;112:1349-1355.Crossref 4. Niswander KR, Gordon M, eds. The Women and Their Pregnancies . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1972. 5. Broman S. The Collaborative Perinatal Project: an overview . In: Mednick SA, Harway M, Finellow KM, eds. Handbook of Longitudinal Research . Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers; 1984;1:185-215. 6. von Noorden G. Quantitative diagnosis of strabismus . In: von Noorden GK, Maumenee AE, eds. von Noorden-Maumenee's Atlas of Strabismus . St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book; 1977:44. 7. Liang K-Y, Zeger SL, Qaqish B. Multivariate regression analyses for categorical data . J R Stat Soc . 1992;54(series B):3-40. 8. Hunt SC, Hasstedt SJ, Williams RR. Testing for familial aggregation of a dichotomous trait . Genet Epidemiol . 1986;3:299-312.Crossref 9. Menta C, Patel N. StatXact User Manual , Version 2. Cambridge, Mass: CYTEL Software; 1991. 10. Liang K-Y, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models . Biometrika . 1986;73:13-22.Crossref 11. Prentice RL. Correlated binary regression with covariates specific to each binary observation . Biometrics . 1988;44:1033-1048.Crossref 12. Zhao LP, Prentice RL. Correlated binary regression using a quadratic exponential model . Biometrika . 1990;77:642-648.Crossref 13. Liang K-Y, Beaty TH. Measuring familial aggregation by using odds-ratio regression models . Genet Epidemiol . 1991;8:361-370.Crossref 14. Qaqish BF, Liang K-Y. Marginal models for correlated binary responses with multiple classes and multiple levels of nesting . Biometrics . 1992;48:939-950.Crossref 15. Khoury MJ, Beaty TH, Cohen BH. Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology . New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1993. 16. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods . Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Inc; 1982. 17. Crone RA, Velzeboer CM. Statistics in strabismus in the Amsterdam youth . Arch Ophthalmol . 1956;55:455-470.Crossref 18. Devries B, Houtman WA. Squint in monozygotic twins . Doc Ophthalmol . 1979;46:305-308.Crossref 19. Mash AJ, Grutzner P, Hegmann JP, Spivey BE. Strabismus . In: Goldberg MF, ed. Genetic and Metabolic Eye Disease . Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1974:261-277. 20. Weiss KM, Chakraborty R, Majumder PP, Smouse PE. Problems in the assessment of relative risk of chronic disease among biological relatives of affected individuals . J Chronic Dis . 1982;35:539-551.Crossref 21. Flynn JT. Strabismus: A Neurodevelopmental Approach: Nature's Experiment . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1991.

Journal

Archives of OphthalmologyAmerican Medical Association

Published: Jun 1, 1996

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