The Topography of Normal Corneas

Steven A. Dingeldein; Stephen D. Klyce

doi:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010526024

Dingeldein, Steven A.;Klyce, Stephen D.

1989-04-01 00:00:00

Abstract • Previously we have analyzed photokeratographs to determine the topography of congenital, acquired, and surgically induced deformations of corneal shape. In this article, we survey the variety of corneal shapes found in both eyes of 22 individuals with normal corneas. The degree of correlation of the distribution of corneal power around the visual axis was striking for both eyes of 18 of the 22 individuals, as was the variability of the corneal topography of different individuals. The average centrally weighted corneal power determined from the photokeratographs correlated well with the average keratometric corneal power (r =.96). By defining the topographic features characteristic of normal corneas, we will be better able to diagnose corneal shape anomalies and understand the role such anomalies play in the degradation of vision. References 1. Duke-Elder S (ed): Systems of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1970, vol 5: Ophthalmic Optics and Refraction . 2. Gullstrand A: Appendix II to von Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics , Vol 1; Southall JPC (ed). Rochester, NY, The Optical Society of America, 1924. 3. Mandell RB: Contact Lens Practice , ed 3. Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1981. 4. Clark BAJ: Topography of some individual corneas . Aust J Optom 1974;57:65-69. 5. Klyce SD: Computer-assisted corneal topography: High resolution graphic presentation and analysis of keratoscopy . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:1426-1435. 6. Maguire LJ, Singer DE, Klyce SD: Graphic presentation of computer analyzed keratoscope photographs . Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:223-230.Crossref 7. Maguire LJ, Klyce SD, McDonald MB, et al: Corneal topography of pellucid marginal degeneration . Ophthalmology 1987;94:519-524.Crossref 8. Maguire LJ, Klyce SD, Singer DE, et al: Corneal topography in myopic patients undergoing epikeratophakia . Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:404-416. 9. Maguire LJ, Klyce SD, Sawelson H, et al: Visual distortion after myopic keratomileusis: Computer analysis of keratoscope photographs . Ophthalmic Surg 1987;18:352-356. 10. Levene JR: The true inventors of the keratoscope and photokeratoscope . Br J His Sci 1965;2:324-341.Crossref 11. Mandell RB: Methods to measure the peripheral corneal curvature: Part I: Photokeratoscopy . J Am Optom Assoc 1961;33:137-139. 12. Wittenberg S, Ludlam WM: Derivation of a system for analyzing the corneal surface from photokeratoscopic data . J Opt Soc Am 1966;56:1612-1615.Crossref 13. Knoll HA, Stimson R, Weeks CL: New photokeratoscope utilizing a hemispherical object surface . J Opt Soc Am 1957;47:221-222.Crossref 14. Clark BAJ: Autocollimating photokeratoscope . J Opt Soc Am 1972;62:169-176.Crossref 15. Doss JD, Hutson RL, Rowsey JJ, et al: Method for calculation of corneal profile and power distribution . Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:1261-1265.Crossref 16. Cohen KH, Tripoli NK, Pellom AC, et al: A new photogrammetric method for quantifying corneal topography . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:323-330. 17. Rowsey JJ, Schanzlin DJ: Corneal topography , in Dabezies OH (ed): Contact Lenses: The CLAO Guide to Basic Science and Clinical Practice . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1984, chap 4. 18. Soper J, Sampson W, Girard L: Corneal topography, keratometry and contact lenses . Arch Ophthalmol 1962;67:91-98.Crossref 19. Mandell RB, St Helen R: Position and curvature of the corneal apex . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1969;46:25-29.Crossref 20. Edmund C: Location of the corneal apex and its influence on the stability of the central corneal curvature: A photokeratoscopy study . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987;64:846-852.Crossref 21. Bonnet R, Cochet P: New method of topographical ophthalmometry—its theoretical and clinical applications . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1962;39:227-251.Crossref 22. Tomlinson A, Schwartz C: The position of the corneal apex in the normal eye . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1979;56:236-240.Crossref 23. Clark BAJ: Mean topography of normal corneas . Aust J Optom 1974;57:107-114. 24. Knoll HA: Corneal contours in the general population as revealed by the photokeratoscope . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1961;38:389-395.Crossref 25. Brungardt TF: Reliability of keratometric readings . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1969;50:686-691.Crossref 26. Nakada S, Tanaka M, Nakajima A: Comparison of automated and conventional keratometers . Am J Ophthalmol 1984;97:776-778. 27. Jarvis VN, Levine R, Asbell PA: Manual vs automated keratometry: A comparison . CLAO J 1987;13:235-237. 28. Clark BAJ: Conventional keratoscopy—a critical review . Aust J Optom 1973;56:140-155.

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Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

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The Topography of Normal Corneas

$Abstract • Previously we have analyzed photokeratographs to determine the topography of congenital, acquired, and surgically induced deformations of corneal shape. In this article, we survey the variety of corneal shapes found in both eyes of 22 individuals with normal corneas. The degree of correlation of the distribution of corneal power around the visual axis was striking for both eyes of 18 of the 22 individuals, as was the variability of the corneal topography of different individuals. The average centrally weighted corneal power determined from the photokeratographs correlated well with the average keratometric corneal power (r =.96). By defining the topographic features characteristic of normal corneas, we will be better able to diagnose corneal shape anomalies and understand the role such anomalies play in the degradation of vision. References 1. Duke-Elder S (ed): Systems of Ophthalmology . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1970, vol 5: Ophthalmic Optics and Refraction . 2. Gullstrand A: Appendix II to von Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics , Vol 1; Southall JPC (ed). Rochester, NY, The Optical Society of America, 1924. 3. Mandell RB: Contact Lens Practice , ed 3. Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1981. 4. Clark BAJ: Topography of some individual corneas . Aust J Optom 1974;57:65-69. 5. Klyce SD: Computer-assisted corneal topography: High resolution graphic presentation and analysis of keratoscopy . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:1426-1435. 6. Maguire LJ, Singer DE, Klyce SD: Graphic presentation of computer analyzed keratoscope photographs . Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:223-230.Crossref 7. Maguire LJ, Klyce SD, McDonald MB, et al: Corneal topography of pellucid marginal degeneration . Ophthalmology 1987;94:519-524.Crossref 8. Maguire LJ, Klyce SD, Singer DE, et al: Corneal topography in myopic patients undergoing epikeratophakia . Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:404-416. 9. Maguire LJ, Klyce SD, Sawelson H, et al: Visual distortion after myopic keratomileusis: Computer analysis of keratoscope photographs . Ophthalmic Surg 1987;18:352-356. 10. Levene JR: The true inventors of the keratoscope and photokeratoscope . Br J His Sci 1965;2:324-341.Crossref 11. Mandell RB: Methods to measure the peripheral corneal curvature: Part I: Photokeratoscopy . J Am Optom Assoc 1961;33:137-139. 12. Wittenberg S, Ludlam WM: Derivation of a system for analyzing the corneal surface from photokeratoscopic data . J Opt Soc Am 1966;56:1612-1615.Crossref 13. Knoll HA, Stimson R, Weeks CL: New photokeratoscope utilizing a hemispherical object surface . J Opt Soc Am 1957;47:221-222.Crossref 14. Clark BAJ: Autocollimating photokeratoscope . J Opt Soc Am 1972;62:169-176.Crossref 15. Doss JD, Hutson RL, Rowsey JJ, et al: Method for calculation of corneal profile and power distribution . Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:1261-1265.Crossref 16. Cohen KH, Tripoli NK, Pellom AC, et al: A new photogrammetric method for quantifying corneal topography . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:323-330. 17. Rowsey JJ, Schanzlin DJ: Corneal topography , in Dabezies OH (ed): Contact Lenses: The CLAO Guide to Basic Science and Clinical Practice . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1984, chap 4. 18. Soper J, Sampson W, Girard L: Corneal topography, keratometry and contact lenses . Arch Ophthalmol 1962;67:91-98.Crossref 19. Mandell RB, St Helen R: Position and curvature of the corneal apex . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1969;46:25-29.Crossref 20. Edmund C: Location of the corneal apex and its influence on the stability of the central corneal curvature: A photokeratoscopy study . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987;64:846-852.Crossref 21. Bonnet R, Cochet P: New method of topographical ophthalmometry—its theoretical and clinical applications . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1962;39:227-251.Crossref 22. Tomlinson A, Schwartz C: The position of the corneal apex in the normal eye . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1979;56:236-240.Crossref 23. Clark BAJ: Mean topography of normal corneas . Aust J Optom 1974;57:107-114. 24. Knoll HA: Corneal contours in the general population as revealed by the photokeratoscope . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1961;38:389-395.Crossref 25. Brungardt TF: Reliability of keratometric readings . Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1969;50:686-691.Crossref 26. Nakada S, Tanaka M, Nakajima A: Comparison of automated and conventional keratometers . Am J Ophthalmol 1984;97:776-778. 27. Jarvis VN, Levine R, Asbell PA: Manual vs automated keratometry: A comparison . CLAO J 1987;13:235-237. 28. Clark BAJ: Conventional keratoscopy—a critical review . Aust J Optom 1973;56:140-155.$

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