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Clinical and Scientific Basis for the Management of Open Angle Glaucoma

Clinical and Scientific Basis for the Management of Open Angle Glaucoma Abstract Open angle glaucoma is characterized by optic atrophy, field loss corresponding to a nerve fiber bundle distribution, increased outflow resistance, and elevated intraocular pressure. Clinical signs or manifestations of different pathogenetic processes appear quite similar because tissues have only a limited number of visible reactions to different insults. The final pathway for damage is common, but the initiating or primary mechanisms for damage may vary. It would not be difficult to imagine that glaucoma represents a syndrome, a final collection of similar signs produced by different pathogenetic mechanisms. The disease would then comprise subgroups, each with signs and sequences of signs that vary in both space and time. For example, there are individuals whose glaucomatous field loss progresses at both an early and a late phase of disease in spite of what is ordinarily considered adequate pressure control. In his time, Gifford1 was one among several ophthalmologists who, along with References 1. Gifford SR, in discussion, Burke JW: Field changes after satisfactory filtration operations for glaucoma . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1939;37:153-154. 2. Von Graefe A: Über die Vitrectomie bei Glaucom und über den glaucomatosen Prozess . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1857;3:456-650.Crossref 3. Goldmann H: Some basic problems of simple glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1959;48:213-220. 4. Sears ML: Visual field loss in glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1979;88:492-498. 5. Leydhecker W: Zur Verbreitung des Glaucoma simplex in der scheinbar gesunden, augenärztlich nicht behandelten Bevölkerung . Doc Ophthalmol 1959;13:359-388.Crossref 6. Armaly MF, Kruger DE, Maunder L, et al: Biostatistical analysis of the collaborative glaucoma study: I. Summary report of the risk factors for glaucomatous visual field defects . Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:2163-2171.Crossref 7. Grant WM: Clinical measurements of aqueous outflow . Arch Ophthalmol 1951;46:113-131.Crossref 8. Gloster J: Tonometry and Tonography . London, J & A Churchill Ltd, 1966, p 170. 9. François J: Cortisone et tension oculaire . Ann Ocul 1954; 187:805-816. 10. Goldmann H: Cortisone glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1962; 68:621-626.Crossref 11. Becker B, Hahn KA: Topical corticosteroids and heredity in primary open angle glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1964;57:543-551. 12. François J, Heintz-DeBree C, Tripathi RC: The cortisone test and the heredity of primary open angle glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1966;62:844-852. 13. Emmart E: in Newell FW (ed): Glaucoma: Transactions of the First Conference, Dec 5-7, 1955 , New York, Josiah Macy Jr Foundation, 1956, pp 188-189. 14. Henley WL, Okas S, Leopold IH: Cellular immunity in chronic ophthalmic disorders: IV. Leukocyte migration inhibition in disease associated with glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1973;76:60-63. 15. Shields MB, McCoy RC, Shelburne JD: Immunofluorescent studies on the trabecular meshwork in open-angle glaucoma . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1976;15:1014-1017. 16. Grabner G, Mayr WR: Histokompatibilitätsantigene (HLA-antigene) und Offenwinkel-Glaukom . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1977;202:75-79.Crossref 17. Kaiser-Kupfer M, Mittao K: HLA and ABO antigen in pigment dispersion syndrome . Am J Ophthalmol 1978;85:368-372. 18. Armaly MF: Topical dexamethasone and intraocular pressure , in Leydhecker W (ed): International Symposium on Glaucoma, Tutzing, 1966 . Basel, Switzerland, Karger AG, 1967, pp 73-96. 19. Armaly MF: The genetic problem of chronic simple glaucoma , in Solanes MP (ed): International Congress of Ophthalmology: Proceedings of the 21st Congress, Mexico, 1970 . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1971, p 278. 20. Jay B, Paterson G: The genetics of simple glaucoma . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1970;90:161-171. 21. Teikari JM, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, et al: Heredity of chronic open angle glaucoma: A twin study . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):109. 22. Newell FW (ed): Glaucoma: Transactions of the Fifth Conference, March 6-9, 1960 . New York, Josiah Macy Jr Foundation, 1961, p 239. 23. Newell FW (ed): Glaucoma: Transactions of the Fifth Conference, March 6-9, 1960 . New York, Josiah Macy Jr Foundation, 1961, p 240. 24. Davanger M: The pressure reducing effect of miotics in glaucoma simplex and in normal eyes, elucidated by hydrodynamic calculations based on Poiseulle's law . Acta Ophthalmol 1964; 42:773-781.Crossref 25. Kass MA, Shin DH, Cooper DG, et al: The ocular hypotensive effect of epinephrine in high and low corticosteroid responders . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977;16:530-531. 26. Pederson JE, Anderson DR: The mode of progressive disc cupping in ocular hypertension and glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:490-495.Crossref 27. Sommer A, Pollack I, Maumenee AE: Optic disc parameters and onset of glaucomatous field loss: I. Methods and progressive changes in disc morphology . Arch Ophthalmol 1979;97:1444-1448.Crossref 28. Drance SM: Correlation of optic nerve and visual field defects in simple glaucoma . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1975;95:288-296. 29. Armaly MF: Genetic determination of cup/disc ratio of the optic nerve . Arch Ophthalmol 1967;78:35-43.Crossref 30. Nagin PA, Schwartz B, Takamoto T: Three-dimensional computer graphic display and correlation of optic disc pallor with cupping . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):223. 31. Mikelberg FS, Douglas GR, Schulzer M, et al: Reliability of optic disk topographic measurements recorded with a video-ophthalmograph . Am J Ophthalmol 1984;98:98-102.Crossref 32. Cornsweet TN, Hersh S, Humphries JC, et al: Quantification of the shape and colour of the optic nerve head , in Breinin GM, Siegel IM (eds): Advances in Diagnostic Visual Optics . Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1983, pp 141-149. 33. Hoyt WF, Frisen L, Newman F: Funduscopy of nerve fiber layer defects in glaucoma . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983;12: 814-829. 34. Sommer A, Miller NR, Pollack I, et al: The nerve fiber layer in the diagnosis of glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1977;95:2149-2156.Crossref 35. Sommer A, Miller N, Quigley H, et al: Assessment of the nerve fiber layer as a predictor of glaucoma . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):122. 36. Quigley HA, Addicks EM: Quantitative studies of retinal nerve fiber layer defects . Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:807-814.Crossref 37. Airaksinen PJ, Drance SM, Douglas GR, et al: Diffuse and localized nerve fiber loss in glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1984; 98:566-571. 38. Airaksinen PJ, Drance SM: Neuroretinal rim area and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103:203-204.Crossref 39. Airaksinen PJ, Drance SM, Douglas GR, et al: Visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer comparisons in glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:205-207.Crossref 40. Quigley HA, Green WR: The histology of human glaucoma cupping and nerve damage: Clinicopathologic correlation in 21 eyes . Ophthalmology 1979;86:1803-1827.Crossref 41. Krakau CET: Intraocular pressure elevation: Cause or effect in chronic glaucoma? Ophthalmologica 1981;182:141-147.Crossref 42. Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR: Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma: III. Quantitative correlation of nerve fiber loss and visual field defect in glaucoma, ischemic neuropathy, papilledema, and toxic neuropathy . Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:135-146.Crossref 43. Flammer J, Drance SM, Augustiny L, et al: Quantification of glaucomatous visual field defects with automated perimetry . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26:176-181. 44. Caprioli J, Spaeth GL: Comparison of visual field defects in the low-tension glaucomas with those in the high-tension glaucomas . Am J Ophthalmol 1984;97:730-737. 45. Hitchings RA, Anderton SA: A comparative study of visual field defects seen in patients with low-tension glaucoma and chronic simple glaucoma . Br J Ophthalmol 1983;67:818-821.Crossref 46. Motolko A, Drance SM, Douglas GR: Visual field defects in low-tension glaucoma: A comparison of defects in low-tension glaucoma and chronic open angle glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:1074-1077.Crossref 47. Chandler PA: Long-term results in glaucoma therapy . Am J Ophthalmol 1960;49:221-246. 48. Kolker AE: Visual prognosis in advanced glaucoma: A comparison of medical and surgical therapy for retention of vision in 101 eyes with advanced glaucoma . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1977;75:539-555. 49. Quigley HA, Maumenee AE: Long-term follow-up of treated open-angle glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1979;87:519-525. 50. Burke JW: Field changes after satisfactory filtration operations for glaucoma . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1939;37:147-157. 51. Kronfeld PC, McGarry HI: Five-year follow-up of glaucoma . JAMA 1948;136:957-965.Crossref 52. Granström PA: Progression of visual field defects in glaucoma: Relation to compliance with pilocarpine therapy . Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:529-531.Crossref 53. Patkin R, Krupin T, Kurata F, et al: Argon laser trabeculoplasty in black and white patients with primary open angle glaucoma . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):158. 54. Pohjanpelto P: Late results of laser trabeculoplasty for increased intraocular pressure . Acta Ophthalmol 1983;61:998-1008.Crossref 55. Starita R, Traverso C, Spaeth G, et al: Short- and long-term effects of argon laser trabeculoplasty on the relationship between intraocular pressure and visual field . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):41. 56. Werner EB, Krupin T, Bishop KI: Visual field behavior following argon laser trabeculoplasty . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26:41. 57. Shin DH, Kolker AE, Kass MA, et al: Long-term epinephrine therapy of ocular hypertension . Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:2059-2060.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

Clinical and Scientific Basis for the Management of Open Angle Glaucoma

Archives of Ophthalmology , Volume 104 (2) – Feb 1, 1986

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References (65)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9950
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archopht.1986.01050140045017
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract Open angle glaucoma is characterized by optic atrophy, field loss corresponding to a nerve fiber bundle distribution, increased outflow resistance, and elevated intraocular pressure. Clinical signs or manifestations of different pathogenetic processes appear quite similar because tissues have only a limited number of visible reactions to different insults. The final pathway for damage is common, but the initiating or primary mechanisms for damage may vary. It would not be difficult to imagine that glaucoma represents a syndrome, a final collection of similar signs produced by different pathogenetic mechanisms. The disease would then comprise subgroups, each with signs and sequences of signs that vary in both space and time. For example, there are individuals whose glaucomatous field loss progresses at both an early and a late phase of disease in spite of what is ordinarily considered adequate pressure control. In his time, Gifford1 was one among several ophthalmologists who, along with References 1. Gifford SR, in discussion, Burke JW: Field changes after satisfactory filtration operations for glaucoma . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1939;37:153-154. 2. Von Graefe A: Über die Vitrectomie bei Glaucom und über den glaucomatosen Prozess . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1857;3:456-650.Crossref 3. Goldmann H: Some basic problems of simple glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1959;48:213-220. 4. Sears ML: Visual field loss in glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1979;88:492-498. 5. Leydhecker W: Zur Verbreitung des Glaucoma simplex in der scheinbar gesunden, augenärztlich nicht behandelten Bevölkerung . Doc Ophthalmol 1959;13:359-388.Crossref 6. Armaly MF, Kruger DE, Maunder L, et al: Biostatistical analysis of the collaborative glaucoma study: I. Summary report of the risk factors for glaucomatous visual field defects . Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:2163-2171.Crossref 7. Grant WM: Clinical measurements of aqueous outflow . Arch Ophthalmol 1951;46:113-131.Crossref 8. Gloster J: Tonometry and Tonography . London, J & A Churchill Ltd, 1966, p 170. 9. François J: Cortisone et tension oculaire . Ann Ocul 1954; 187:805-816. 10. Goldmann H: Cortisone glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1962; 68:621-626.Crossref 11. Becker B, Hahn KA: Topical corticosteroids and heredity in primary open angle glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1964;57:543-551. 12. François J, Heintz-DeBree C, Tripathi RC: The cortisone test and the heredity of primary open angle glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1966;62:844-852. 13. Emmart E: in Newell FW (ed): Glaucoma: Transactions of the First Conference, Dec 5-7, 1955 , New York, Josiah Macy Jr Foundation, 1956, pp 188-189. 14. Henley WL, Okas S, Leopold IH: Cellular immunity in chronic ophthalmic disorders: IV. Leukocyte migration inhibition in disease associated with glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1973;76:60-63. 15. Shields MB, McCoy RC, Shelburne JD: Immunofluorescent studies on the trabecular meshwork in open-angle glaucoma . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1976;15:1014-1017. 16. Grabner G, Mayr WR: Histokompatibilitätsantigene (HLA-antigene) und Offenwinkel-Glaukom . Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1977;202:75-79.Crossref 17. Kaiser-Kupfer M, Mittao K: HLA and ABO antigen in pigment dispersion syndrome . Am J Ophthalmol 1978;85:368-372. 18. Armaly MF: Topical dexamethasone and intraocular pressure , in Leydhecker W (ed): International Symposium on Glaucoma, Tutzing, 1966 . Basel, Switzerland, Karger AG, 1967, pp 73-96. 19. Armaly MF: The genetic problem of chronic simple glaucoma , in Solanes MP (ed): International Congress of Ophthalmology: Proceedings of the 21st Congress, Mexico, 1970 . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1971, p 278. 20. Jay B, Paterson G: The genetics of simple glaucoma . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1970;90:161-171. 21. Teikari JM, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, et al: Heredity of chronic open angle glaucoma: A twin study . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):109. 22. Newell FW (ed): Glaucoma: Transactions of the Fifth Conference, March 6-9, 1960 . New York, Josiah Macy Jr Foundation, 1961, p 239. 23. Newell FW (ed): Glaucoma: Transactions of the Fifth Conference, March 6-9, 1960 . New York, Josiah Macy Jr Foundation, 1961, p 240. 24. Davanger M: The pressure reducing effect of miotics in glaucoma simplex and in normal eyes, elucidated by hydrodynamic calculations based on Poiseulle's law . Acta Ophthalmol 1964; 42:773-781.Crossref 25. Kass MA, Shin DH, Cooper DG, et al: The ocular hypotensive effect of epinephrine in high and low corticosteroid responders . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977;16:530-531. 26. Pederson JE, Anderson DR: The mode of progressive disc cupping in ocular hypertension and glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:490-495.Crossref 27. Sommer A, Pollack I, Maumenee AE: Optic disc parameters and onset of glaucomatous field loss: I. Methods and progressive changes in disc morphology . Arch Ophthalmol 1979;97:1444-1448.Crossref 28. Drance SM: Correlation of optic nerve and visual field defects in simple glaucoma . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1975;95:288-296. 29. Armaly MF: Genetic determination of cup/disc ratio of the optic nerve . Arch Ophthalmol 1967;78:35-43.Crossref 30. Nagin PA, Schwartz B, Takamoto T: Three-dimensional computer graphic display and correlation of optic disc pallor with cupping . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):223. 31. Mikelberg FS, Douglas GR, Schulzer M, et al: Reliability of optic disk topographic measurements recorded with a video-ophthalmograph . Am J Ophthalmol 1984;98:98-102.Crossref 32. Cornsweet TN, Hersh S, Humphries JC, et al: Quantification of the shape and colour of the optic nerve head , in Breinin GM, Siegel IM (eds): Advances in Diagnostic Visual Optics . Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1983, pp 141-149. 33. Hoyt WF, Frisen L, Newman F: Funduscopy of nerve fiber layer defects in glaucoma . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983;12: 814-829. 34. Sommer A, Miller NR, Pollack I, et al: The nerve fiber layer in the diagnosis of glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1977;95:2149-2156.Crossref 35. Sommer A, Miller N, Quigley H, et al: Assessment of the nerve fiber layer as a predictor of glaucoma . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):122. 36. Quigley HA, Addicks EM: Quantitative studies of retinal nerve fiber layer defects . Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:807-814.Crossref 37. Airaksinen PJ, Drance SM, Douglas GR, et al: Diffuse and localized nerve fiber loss in glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1984; 98:566-571. 38. Airaksinen PJ, Drance SM: Neuroretinal rim area and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103:203-204.Crossref 39. Airaksinen PJ, Drance SM, Douglas GR, et al: Visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer comparisons in glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:205-207.Crossref 40. Quigley HA, Green WR: The histology of human glaucoma cupping and nerve damage: Clinicopathologic correlation in 21 eyes . Ophthalmology 1979;86:1803-1827.Crossref 41. Krakau CET: Intraocular pressure elevation: Cause or effect in chronic glaucoma? Ophthalmologica 1981;182:141-147.Crossref 42. Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR: Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma: III. Quantitative correlation of nerve fiber loss and visual field defect in glaucoma, ischemic neuropathy, papilledema, and toxic neuropathy . Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:135-146.Crossref 43. Flammer J, Drance SM, Augustiny L, et al: Quantification of glaucomatous visual field defects with automated perimetry . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26:176-181. 44. Caprioli J, Spaeth GL: Comparison of visual field defects in the low-tension glaucomas with those in the high-tension glaucomas . Am J Ophthalmol 1984;97:730-737. 45. Hitchings RA, Anderton SA: A comparative study of visual field defects seen in patients with low-tension glaucoma and chronic simple glaucoma . Br J Ophthalmol 1983;67:818-821.Crossref 46. Motolko A, Drance SM, Douglas GR: Visual field defects in low-tension glaucoma: A comparison of defects in low-tension glaucoma and chronic open angle glaucoma . Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:1074-1077.Crossref 47. Chandler PA: Long-term results in glaucoma therapy . Am J Ophthalmol 1960;49:221-246. 48. Kolker AE: Visual prognosis in advanced glaucoma: A comparison of medical and surgical therapy for retention of vision in 101 eyes with advanced glaucoma . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1977;75:539-555. 49. Quigley HA, Maumenee AE: Long-term follow-up of treated open-angle glaucoma . Am J Ophthalmol 1979;87:519-525. 50. Burke JW: Field changes after satisfactory filtration operations for glaucoma . Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1939;37:147-157. 51. Kronfeld PC, McGarry HI: Five-year follow-up of glaucoma . JAMA 1948;136:957-965.Crossref 52. Granström PA: Progression of visual field defects in glaucoma: Relation to compliance with pilocarpine therapy . Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:529-531.Crossref 53. Patkin R, Krupin T, Kurata F, et al: Argon laser trabeculoplasty in black and white patients with primary open angle glaucoma . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):158. 54. Pohjanpelto P: Late results of laser trabeculoplasty for increased intraocular pressure . Acta Ophthalmol 1983;61:998-1008.Crossref 55. Starita R, Traverso C, Spaeth G, et al: Short- and long-term effects of argon laser trabeculoplasty on the relationship between intraocular pressure and visual field . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26( (suppl) ):41. 56. Werner EB, Krupin T, Bishop KI: Visual field behavior following argon laser trabeculoplasty . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26:41. 57. Shin DH, Kolker AE, Kass MA, et al: Long-term epinephrine therapy of ocular hypertension . Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:2059-2060.Crossref

Journal

Archives of OphthalmologyAmerican Medical Association

Published: Feb 1, 1986

There are no references for this article.