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Urinary Glucose Testing Inaccuracies Among Diabetic Patients: Effect of Acquired Color Vision Deficiency Caused by Diabetic Retinopathy

Urinary Glucose Testing Inaccuracies Among Diabetic Patients: Effect of Acquired Color Vision... Abstract • The performance of two urinary glucose tests (Clinitest and Diastix) and several color vision and lightness discrimination tests was assessed in 43 diabetic patients and 43 age-matched controls. Most of the diabetics had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, with normal or mildly reduced visual acuity. The diabetics made significantly more errors on color interpretation of the urinary test results than did controls. The extent of errors for both diabetics and controls correlated with the severity of color vision deficiency but not with lightness discrimination deficiency. The diabetics' performance of the Clinitest test and, to a lesser extent, of the Diastix test was significantly better in bright light than in dimmer light. The type of color vision deficiency among most of the diabetics was characteristic of the acquired blue-yellow defect associated with diabetes mellitus. All of the color vision tests enabled identification of patients likely to make a large number of urine-testing errors with high sensitivity and fairly high specificity. References 1. Thompson DG, Howarth F, Levy IS: Colour blindness, a hazard to diabetics . Lancet 1978; 1:44.Crossref 2. Thompson DG, Howarth F, Taylor H, et al: Defective colour vision in diabetes: A hazard to management . Br Med J 1979;1:859-860.Crossref 3. Aspinall PA, Hill AR, Cameron D: An evaluation of the Ames Clinitest , in Verriest G (ed): Colour Vision Deficiencies V . Bristol, England, Adam Hilger Ltd, 1980, pp 327-330. 4. Bresnick GH, Crawford J, Groo A: Urinary testing inaccuracies among diabetic patients with colour vision deficiency , in Verriest G (ed) Colour Vision Deficiencies VII . The Hague, Dr W Junk Publishers, 1984, pp 393-405. 5. Taylor WOG: Achromatism, an unlooked for hazard with urine self-testing in diabetes . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1972;92:95-99. 6. Kinnear PR, Aspinall PA, Lakowski R: The diabetic eye and colour vision . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1972;92:69-78. 7. Lakowski R, Aspinall PA, Kinnear PR: Association between colour vision losses and diabetes mellitus . Ophthalmol Res 1973;4:145-149.Crossref 8. Zisman F, Adams AJ: Spectral sensitivity of cone mechanisms in juvenile diabetics . Doc Ophthalmol 1982;33:127-131. 9. Birch J, Hamilton AM, Gould ES: Colour vision in relation to the clinical features and extent of field loss in diabetic retinopathy , in Verriest G (ed): Colour Vision Deficiencies V . Bristol, England, Adam Hilger Ltd, 1980 pp 83-88. 10. Begg IS, Lakowski R: A comparison of colour vision with other methods of clinical assessment in diabetics with macular edema , in Verriest G (ed): Colour Vision Deficiencies V . Bristol, England, Adam Hilger Ltd, 1980, pp 295-298. 11. Condit R, Bresnick GH, Korth K, et al: Hue discrimination loss and retinopathy severity in diabetes mellitus , abstracted. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982;22( (suppl) ):52. 12. Smith VC, Burns SA, Pokorny J: Colorimetric evaluation of urine-sugar tests used by diabetic patients . Doc Ophthalmol 1982;33:345-354. 13. Farnsworth D: The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test . Baltimore, Munsell Color Company, 1957. 14. Adams AJ, Rodic R: Use of desaturated and saturated versions of the D-15 test in glaucoma and glaucoma-suspects . Doc Ophthalmol 1982; 33:419-424. 15. Frisen L, Kalm H: Sahlgren's saturation test for detecting and grading acquired dyschromatopsia . Am J Ophthalmol 1981;92:252-258. 16. Bowman KJ: A method for quantitative scoring of the Farnsworth Panel D-15 . Acta Ophthalmol 1982;60:907-916.Crossref 17. Verriest G, Uvijls A, Aspinall P, et al: The lightness discrimination test . Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol 1979;183:162-180. 18. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group: Diabetic Retinopathy Study: A modification of the Airlie House classification of diabetic retinopathy . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981;21:210-226. 19. Klein BEK, Davis MD, Segal P, et al: Diabetic retinopathy: Assessment of severity and progression . Ophthalmology 1984;91:10-17.Crossref 20. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy: Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings: DRS report No. 8 . Ophthalmology 1981;88:583-600.Crossref 21. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study: Manual of Operations. Baltimore, University of Maryland School of Medicine. 22. Verriest G, Van Laethem J, Uvijls A: A new assessment of the normal ranges of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test scores . Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:635-642. 23. Gibbons JD: Non-parametric Statistical Inference . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1971. 24. Hurwitz RC, Morrison JI, Mayfield RK: Frequency of errors in glucose determinations with the Clinitest reagent system . Diabetes 1981; 30( (suppl 1) ):A32.Crossref 25. Verriest G, Buyssens A, Vanderdonck R: Etude quantitative de l'effet qu'exerce sur les resultats de quelques tests de la discrimination chromatique . C Rev Optom 1963;42:105. 26. Graham K, Kesson CM, Kennedy HB, et al: Relevance of colour vision and diabetic retinopathy to self-monitoring of blood glucose . Br Med J 1980;281:971-973.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

Urinary Glucose Testing Inaccuracies Among Diabetic Patients: Effect of Acquired Color Vision Deficiency Caused by Diabetic Retinopathy

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References (24)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1984 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9950
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031209020
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract • The performance of two urinary glucose tests (Clinitest and Diastix) and several color vision and lightness discrimination tests was assessed in 43 diabetic patients and 43 age-matched controls. Most of the diabetics had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, with normal or mildly reduced visual acuity. The diabetics made significantly more errors on color interpretation of the urinary test results than did controls. The extent of errors for both diabetics and controls correlated with the severity of color vision deficiency but not with lightness discrimination deficiency. The diabetics' performance of the Clinitest test and, to a lesser extent, of the Diastix test was significantly better in bright light than in dimmer light. The type of color vision deficiency among most of the diabetics was characteristic of the acquired blue-yellow defect associated with diabetes mellitus. All of the color vision tests enabled identification of patients likely to make a large number of urine-testing errors with high sensitivity and fairly high specificity. References 1. Thompson DG, Howarth F, Levy IS: Colour blindness, a hazard to diabetics . Lancet 1978; 1:44.Crossref 2. Thompson DG, Howarth F, Taylor H, et al: Defective colour vision in diabetes: A hazard to management . Br Med J 1979;1:859-860.Crossref 3. Aspinall PA, Hill AR, Cameron D: An evaluation of the Ames Clinitest , in Verriest G (ed): Colour Vision Deficiencies V . Bristol, England, Adam Hilger Ltd, 1980, pp 327-330. 4. Bresnick GH, Crawford J, Groo A: Urinary testing inaccuracies among diabetic patients with colour vision deficiency , in Verriest G (ed) Colour Vision Deficiencies VII . The Hague, Dr W Junk Publishers, 1984, pp 393-405. 5. Taylor WOG: Achromatism, an unlooked for hazard with urine self-testing in diabetes . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1972;92:95-99. 6. Kinnear PR, Aspinall PA, Lakowski R: The diabetic eye and colour vision . Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1972;92:69-78. 7. Lakowski R, Aspinall PA, Kinnear PR: Association between colour vision losses and diabetes mellitus . Ophthalmol Res 1973;4:145-149.Crossref 8. Zisman F, Adams AJ: Spectral sensitivity of cone mechanisms in juvenile diabetics . Doc Ophthalmol 1982;33:127-131. 9. Birch J, Hamilton AM, Gould ES: Colour vision in relation to the clinical features and extent of field loss in diabetic retinopathy , in Verriest G (ed): Colour Vision Deficiencies V . Bristol, England, Adam Hilger Ltd, 1980 pp 83-88. 10. Begg IS, Lakowski R: A comparison of colour vision with other methods of clinical assessment in diabetics with macular edema , in Verriest G (ed): Colour Vision Deficiencies V . Bristol, England, Adam Hilger Ltd, 1980, pp 295-298. 11. Condit R, Bresnick GH, Korth K, et al: Hue discrimination loss and retinopathy severity in diabetes mellitus , abstracted. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982;22( (suppl) ):52. 12. Smith VC, Burns SA, Pokorny J: Colorimetric evaluation of urine-sugar tests used by diabetic patients . Doc Ophthalmol 1982;33:345-354. 13. Farnsworth D: The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test . Baltimore, Munsell Color Company, 1957. 14. Adams AJ, Rodic R: Use of desaturated and saturated versions of the D-15 test in glaucoma and glaucoma-suspects . Doc Ophthalmol 1982; 33:419-424. 15. Frisen L, Kalm H: Sahlgren's saturation test for detecting and grading acquired dyschromatopsia . Am J Ophthalmol 1981;92:252-258. 16. Bowman KJ: A method for quantitative scoring of the Farnsworth Panel D-15 . Acta Ophthalmol 1982;60:907-916.Crossref 17. Verriest G, Uvijls A, Aspinall P, et al: The lightness discrimination test . Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol 1979;183:162-180. 18. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group: Diabetic Retinopathy Study: A modification of the Airlie House classification of diabetic retinopathy . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981;21:210-226. 19. Klein BEK, Davis MD, Segal P, et al: Diabetic retinopathy: Assessment of severity and progression . Ophthalmology 1984;91:10-17.Crossref 20. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy: Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings: DRS report No. 8 . Ophthalmology 1981;88:583-600.Crossref 21. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study: Manual of Operations. Baltimore, University of Maryland School of Medicine. 22. Verriest G, Van Laethem J, Uvijls A: A new assessment of the normal ranges of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test scores . Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:635-642. 23. Gibbons JD: Non-parametric Statistical Inference . New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1971. 24. Hurwitz RC, Morrison JI, Mayfield RK: Frequency of errors in glucose determinations with the Clinitest reagent system . Diabetes 1981; 30( (suppl 1) ):A32.Crossref 25. Verriest G, Buyssens A, Vanderdonck R: Etude quantitative de l'effet qu'exerce sur les resultats de quelques tests de la discrimination chromatique . C Rev Optom 1963;42:105. 26. Graham K, Kesson CM, Kennedy HB, et al: Relevance of colour vision and diabetic retinopathy to self-monitoring of blood glucose . Br Med J 1980;281:971-973.Crossref

Journal

Archives of OphthalmologyAmerican Medical Association

Published: Oct 1, 1984

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