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Intravenous Hypertonic Urea in the Management of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Intravenous Hypertonic Urea in the Management of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Abstract The clinical use of urea as an ocular hypotensive agent has only recently been reported in the ophthalmic literature although its effect upon the intraocular pressure was demonstrated experimentally over 45 years ago. In 1914, Hertel1 reported that the intraocular pressure of rabbits was lowered by a 20% solution of urea injected intravenously. Subsequently, Fremont-Smith and Forbes2 noted reduction of intracranial and intraocular pressure of cats after the intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic urea solutions, but little or no clinical application of these observations was made until Javid and Settlage3 emphasized the effectiveness of hypertonic urea solutions in lowering cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgical patients. Bunge et al.4 studied the effect of urea upon the intraocular pressure of monkeys; Javid5 noted that the intraocular pressure of human subjects could be reduced by urea injected intravenously. However, it remained for Galin, Aizawa, and McLean6,7,8 to demonstrate References 1. Provided as Urevert through the courtesy of Travenol Laboratories, Inc., Morton Grove, Ill. 2. This patient is not otherwise included in this series of patients because of lack of data. 3. Hertel, E.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Abhängigkeit des Augendrucks von der Blutbeschaffenheit , Graefe Arch. Ophthal. 88: 197-229, 1914.Crossref 4. Fremont-Smith, F., and Forbes, H. S.: Intraocular and Intracranial Pressure , Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 18:550-564, 1927.Crossref 5. Javid, M., and Settlage, P.: Effect of Urea on Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in Human Subjects, Preliminary Report , J.A.M.A. 160:943-949, 1956.Crossref 6. Bunge, R. P.; Danforth, R. P., and Settlage, P. H.: Effects of Intravenous Urea on Intraocular Pressure in the Monkey , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 57:659-667, 1957.Crossref 7. Javid, M.: Urea—New Use of an Old Agent , Surg. Clin. N. Amer. 38:907-928, 1958. 8. Galin, M. A.; Aizawa, F., and McLean, J. M.: Urea As an Osmotic Ocular Hypotensive Agent in Glaucoma , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 62:347-352, 1959.Crossref 9. Galin, M. A.; Aizawa, F., and McLean, J. M.: Oral Urea As an Ocular Hypotensive Agent , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 62:1099-1100, 1959.Crossref 10. Galin, M. A.; Aizawa, F., and McLean, J. M.: A Comparison of Intraocular Pressure Reduction Following Urea and Sucrose Administration , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 63:281-282, 1960.Crossref 11. Galin, M. A.; Aizawa, F., and McLean, J. M.: Intravenous Urea in the Treatment of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma , Amer. J. Ophthal. 50:379-384, 1960. 12. Walker, A. M.: Comparison of Chemical Composition of Aqueous Humor, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Lymph and Blood from Frogs, Higher Animals and Man: Reducing Substances, Inorganic Phosphate, Uric Acid, Urea , J. Biol. Chem. 101: 269-287, 1933. 13. Adler, F. H.: Is the Aqueous Humor a Dialysate? Arch. Ophthal. 10:11-19, 1933.Crossref 14. Poos, F.: Über die drucksenkenden Faktoren bei der sog. osmotischen Hypotonie , Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 89:145-170, 1932. 15. Wise, B. L.: Hyperosmolarity (Hypernatremia) and Azotemia Induced by the Administration of Urea , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. 2:160-162, 1960.Crossref 16. Grollman, E. F., and Grollman, A.: Toxicity of Urea and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Uremia , J. Clin. Invest. 38:749-754, 1959.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

Intravenous Hypertonic Urea in the Management of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma

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References (20)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1961 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9950
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archopht.1961.01840020499006
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract The clinical use of urea as an ocular hypotensive agent has only recently been reported in the ophthalmic literature although its effect upon the intraocular pressure was demonstrated experimentally over 45 years ago. In 1914, Hertel1 reported that the intraocular pressure of rabbits was lowered by a 20% solution of urea injected intravenously. Subsequently, Fremont-Smith and Forbes2 noted reduction of intracranial and intraocular pressure of cats after the intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic urea solutions, but little or no clinical application of these observations was made until Javid and Settlage3 emphasized the effectiveness of hypertonic urea solutions in lowering cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgical patients. Bunge et al.4 studied the effect of urea upon the intraocular pressure of monkeys; Javid5 noted that the intraocular pressure of human subjects could be reduced by urea injected intravenously. However, it remained for Galin, Aizawa, and McLean6,7,8 to demonstrate References 1. Provided as Urevert through the courtesy of Travenol Laboratories, Inc., Morton Grove, Ill. 2. This patient is not otherwise included in this series of patients because of lack of data. 3. Hertel, E.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Abhängigkeit des Augendrucks von der Blutbeschaffenheit , Graefe Arch. Ophthal. 88: 197-229, 1914.Crossref 4. Fremont-Smith, F., and Forbes, H. S.: Intraocular and Intracranial Pressure , Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 18:550-564, 1927.Crossref 5. Javid, M., and Settlage, P.: Effect of Urea on Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in Human Subjects, Preliminary Report , J.A.M.A. 160:943-949, 1956.Crossref 6. Bunge, R. P.; Danforth, R. P., and Settlage, P. H.: Effects of Intravenous Urea on Intraocular Pressure in the Monkey , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 57:659-667, 1957.Crossref 7. Javid, M.: Urea—New Use of an Old Agent , Surg. Clin. N. Amer. 38:907-928, 1958. 8. Galin, M. A.; Aizawa, F., and McLean, J. M.: Urea As an Osmotic Ocular Hypotensive Agent in Glaucoma , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 62:347-352, 1959.Crossref 9. Galin, M. A.; Aizawa, F., and McLean, J. M.: Oral Urea As an Ocular Hypotensive Agent , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 62:1099-1100, 1959.Crossref 10. Galin, M. A.; Aizawa, F., and McLean, J. M.: A Comparison of Intraocular Pressure Reduction Following Urea and Sucrose Administration , A.M.A. Arch. Ophthal. 63:281-282, 1960.Crossref 11. Galin, M. A.; Aizawa, F., and McLean, J. M.: Intravenous Urea in the Treatment of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma , Amer. J. Ophthal. 50:379-384, 1960. 12. Walker, A. M.: Comparison of Chemical Composition of Aqueous Humor, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Lymph and Blood from Frogs, Higher Animals and Man: Reducing Substances, Inorganic Phosphate, Uric Acid, Urea , J. Biol. Chem. 101: 269-287, 1933. 13. Adler, F. H.: Is the Aqueous Humor a Dialysate? Arch. Ophthal. 10:11-19, 1933.Crossref 14. Poos, F.: Über die drucksenkenden Faktoren bei der sog. osmotischen Hypotonie , Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 89:145-170, 1932. 15. Wise, B. L.: Hyperosmolarity (Hypernatremia) and Azotemia Induced by the Administration of Urea , A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. 2:160-162, 1960.Crossref 16. Grollman, E. F., and Grollman, A.: Toxicity of Urea and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Uremia , J. Clin. Invest. 38:749-754, 1959.Crossref

Journal

Archives of OphthalmologyAmerican Medical Association

Published: Apr 1, 1961

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