Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Glare and Age

Glare and Age Abstract Glare is regarded as a sensation produced by light which enters the eye in such a fashion as to inhibit distinct vision. When this light is superimposed upon a retinal image, glare reduces contrast and is called veiling glare. When luminance levels are very high, glare may have dazzling effects (dazzling glare), and when intense directed light reduces the sensitivity of the retina in part or as a whole, blinding or scotomatic glare is experienced.1 The visibility of objects is reduced in the presence of glare, particularly in the vicinity of a blinding glare source. To overcome the loss in visibility the contrast between figure and ground must be enhanced, or the size of the object seen must be increased.2-4 Under conditions of glare the pupil of the eye responds to the high luminance with a constriction and thus reduces the radiant flux reaching the retina.5,6 The References 1. Bell, L.; Troland, L. T., and Verhoeff, F. H.: Report of the Subcommittee on Glare of the Research Committee , Tr. Illum. Engin. Soc. 17:743, 1922. 2. Holladay, L. L.: The Fundamentals of Glare and Visibility , J. Optic. Soc. America 12:271, 1926.Crossref 3. Cobb, P. W., and Moss, F. K.: Glare and the Four Fundamental Factors in Vision , Tr. Ilium. Engin. Soc. 23:1104, 1923. 4. Luckiesh, M., and Guth, S. K.: Discomfort Glare and Angular Distance of Glare Source , Ilium. Engin. 41:485, 1946 5. Brightness in Visual Field at Borderline Between Comfort and Discomfort , Illum. Engin. 44:650, 1949. 6. Reeves, P.: Response of the Average Pupil to Various Intensities of Light , J. Optic. Soc. America 10:35, 1920.Crossref 7. Luckiesh, M., and Moss, F. K.: Area and Brightness of Stimulus Related to Pupillary Light Reflex , J. Optic. Soc. America 24:130, 1934.Crossref 8. Ferree, C. E.; Rand, G., and Harris, E. T.: Intensity of Light and Area of Illuminated Field as Interacting Factors , J. Exper. Psychol. 16: 408, 1933.Crossref 9. Moon, P., and Spencer, D. E.: The Specification of Foveal Adaptation , J. Optic. Soc. America 33:444, 1943Crossref 10. The Visual Effects of Non-Uniform Surrounds , J. Optic. Soc. America 35:233, 1945.Crossref 11. Fry, G. A., and Bartley, S. H.: The Effects of One Border in the Visual Field Upon the Threshold of Another , Am. J. Physiol. 112:414, 1955. 12. Shouten, J. F.: Visuells meting van adaptie en van de wederzydsche beinvloeding van netvlieselementen, Thesis, Utrecht, 1937. 13. Stiles, W. S.: The Scattering Theory of the Effect of Glare on the Brightness Difference Threshold , Proc. Roy. Soc., London, ser. B 105: 131, 1929.Crossref 14. Recent Measurements of the Effect of Glare on the Brightness Difference Threshold, Proc. Internat. Commission on Illumination, 7th Session, 1928. 15. Fry, G. A.: A Re-Evaluation of the Scattering Theory of Glare , Ilium. Engin. Soc. 49:98, 1954 16. Evaluating Disabling Effects of Approaching Automobile Headlights , Highway Research Board Bull. 89:39, 1954. 17. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 2, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1938. 18. Ludvigh, E., and McCarthy, E. F.: Absorption of Visible Light by the Refractive Media of the Human Eye , Arch. Ophth. 20:37, 1938.Crossref 19. Wolf, E., and Zigler, M. J.: Studies on Visual Glare, Aero Medical Lab., Contract No. AF 33(616)3305, 1959. 20. Wolf, E.; McFarland, R. A., and Zigler, M. J.: The Influence of Tinted Windshield Glass Upon Five Visual Functions, Highway Research Board Bull, to be published. 21. Allgaier, E.: Age and the Ability to See at Night, Traffic Engineering and Safety Dept., Am. Autom. Assoc., Washington, D.C., Research Report No. 43, March, 1953. 22. Holway, A. H.: On the Precision of Photometric Observations , J. Optic. Soc. America 27: 120, 1937.Crossref 23. Simonson, E.; Enzer, N., and Blankstein, S. S.: The Influence of Age on the Fusion Frequency of Flicker , J. Exper. Psychol. 29:252, 1941.Crossref 24. Brozek, J., and Keys, A.: Changes in Flicker Fusion Frequency with Age , J. Consult. Psychol. 9:87, 1945.Crossref 25. Misiak, H.: Age and Sex Differences in Critical Flicker Frequency , J. Exper. Psychol. 37: 318, 1947.Crossref 26. Copinger, N. W.: Relationship Between Critical Flicker Frequency and Chronological Age for Varying Levels of Stimulus Brightness, Thesis, Tulane University, 1951. 27. Weekers, R., and Roussel, F.: La mesure de la frequence de fusion en clinique , Docum. ophth. 2:130, 1948.Crossref 28. McFarland, R. A.; Warren, A. B., and Karis, C.: Alterations in Critical Flicker Frequency as a Function of Age and Light:Dark Ratio , J. Exper. Psychol. 56:529, 1958.Crossref 29. McFarland, R. A., and Fisher, M. B.: Alteration in Dark Adaptation as a Function of Age , J. Gerontol. 10:424, 1955.Crossref 30. Le Grand, Y.: Optique physiologique , Editions de la Revue d'Optique, Paris, 1946. 31. Tschermak-Seysenegg, A. von: Introduction to Physiological Optics , translated by Paul Boeder, Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1952. 32. Vogt, A.: Lehrbuch und Atlas der Spaltlampenmikroskopie des lebenden Auges: II. Linse und Zonula , Berlin, J. Springer, 1931. 33. Goldmann, H.: Über Entstehung von Discontinuitätsflächen in der Linse, Arch. f. Ophth. 122: 198, 1929. 34. Hess, C. von: Messende Untersuchungen über die Gelbfärbung der menschlichen Linse und über ihren Einfluss auf das Sehen , Arch. Augenh. 63:164, 1909 35. Weitere Mittheilungen über die Gelbfärbung der menschlichen Linse and ihren Einfluss auf das Sehen , Arch. Augenh. 64:293, 1909. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

Glare and Age

WOLF, ERNST
Archives of Ophthalmology , Volume 64 (4) – Oct 1, 1960
Download PDF
13 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/american-medical-association/glare-and-age-SWLL21GhNN

References (29)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1960 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9950
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archopht.1960.01840010504005
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract Glare is regarded as a sensation produced by light which enters the eye in such a fashion as to inhibit distinct vision. When this light is superimposed upon a retinal image, glare reduces contrast and is called veiling glare. When luminance levels are very high, glare may have dazzling effects (dazzling glare), and when intense directed light reduces the sensitivity of the retina in part or as a whole, blinding or scotomatic glare is experienced.1 The visibility of objects is reduced in the presence of glare, particularly in the vicinity of a blinding glare source. To overcome the loss in visibility the contrast between figure and ground must be enhanced, or the size of the object seen must be increased.2-4 Under conditions of glare the pupil of the eye responds to the high luminance with a constriction and thus reduces the radiant flux reaching the retina.5,6 The References 1. Bell, L.; Troland, L. T., and Verhoeff, F. H.: Report of the Subcommittee on Glare of the Research Committee , Tr. Illum. Engin. Soc. 17:743, 1922. 2. Holladay, L. L.: The Fundamentals of Glare and Visibility , J. Optic. Soc. America 12:271, 1926.Crossref 3. Cobb, P. W., and Moss, F. K.: Glare and the Four Fundamental Factors in Vision , Tr. Ilium. Engin. Soc. 23:1104, 1923. 4. Luckiesh, M., and Guth, S. K.: Discomfort Glare and Angular Distance of Glare Source , Ilium. Engin. 41:485, 1946 5. Brightness in Visual Field at Borderline Between Comfort and Discomfort , Illum. Engin. 44:650, 1949. 6. Reeves, P.: Response of the Average Pupil to Various Intensities of Light , J. Optic. Soc. America 10:35, 1920.Crossref 7. Luckiesh, M., and Moss, F. K.: Area and Brightness of Stimulus Related to Pupillary Light Reflex , J. Optic. Soc. America 24:130, 1934.Crossref 8. Ferree, C. E.; Rand, G., and Harris, E. T.: Intensity of Light and Area of Illuminated Field as Interacting Factors , J. Exper. Psychol. 16: 408, 1933.Crossref 9. Moon, P., and Spencer, D. E.: The Specification of Foveal Adaptation , J. Optic. Soc. America 33:444, 1943Crossref 10. The Visual Effects of Non-Uniform Surrounds , J. Optic. Soc. America 35:233, 1945.Crossref 11. Fry, G. A., and Bartley, S. H.: The Effects of One Border in the Visual Field Upon the Threshold of Another , Am. J. Physiol. 112:414, 1955. 12. Shouten, J. F.: Visuells meting van adaptie en van de wederzydsche beinvloeding van netvlieselementen, Thesis, Utrecht, 1937. 13. Stiles, W. S.: The Scattering Theory of the Effect of Glare on the Brightness Difference Threshold , Proc. Roy. Soc., London, ser. B 105: 131, 1929.Crossref 14. Recent Measurements of the Effect of Glare on the Brightness Difference Threshold, Proc. Internat. Commission on Illumination, 7th Session, 1928. 15. Fry, G. A.: A Re-Evaluation of the Scattering Theory of Glare , Ilium. Engin. Soc. 49:98, 1954 16. Evaluating Disabling Effects of Approaching Automobile Headlights , Highway Research Board Bull. 89:39, 1954. 17. Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. 2, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Company, 1938. 18. Ludvigh, E., and McCarthy, E. F.: Absorption of Visible Light by the Refractive Media of the Human Eye , Arch. Ophth. 20:37, 1938.Crossref 19. Wolf, E., and Zigler, M. J.: Studies on Visual Glare, Aero Medical Lab., Contract No. AF 33(616)3305, 1959. 20. Wolf, E.; McFarland, R. A., and Zigler, M. J.: The Influence of Tinted Windshield Glass Upon Five Visual Functions, Highway Research Board Bull, to be published. 21. Allgaier, E.: Age and the Ability to See at Night, Traffic Engineering and Safety Dept., Am. Autom. Assoc., Washington, D.C., Research Report No. 43, March, 1953. 22. Holway, A. H.: On the Precision of Photometric Observations , J. Optic. Soc. America 27: 120, 1937.Crossref 23. Simonson, E.; Enzer, N., and Blankstein, S. S.: The Influence of Age on the Fusion Frequency of Flicker , J. Exper. Psychol. 29:252, 1941.Crossref 24. Brozek, J., and Keys, A.: Changes in Flicker Fusion Frequency with Age , J. Consult. Psychol. 9:87, 1945.Crossref 25. Misiak, H.: Age and Sex Differences in Critical Flicker Frequency , J. Exper. Psychol. 37: 318, 1947.Crossref 26. Copinger, N. W.: Relationship Between Critical Flicker Frequency and Chronological Age for Varying Levels of Stimulus Brightness, Thesis, Tulane University, 1951. 27. Weekers, R., and Roussel, F.: La mesure de la frequence de fusion en clinique , Docum. ophth. 2:130, 1948.Crossref 28. McFarland, R. A.; Warren, A. B., and Karis, C.: Alterations in Critical Flicker Frequency as a Function of Age and Light:Dark Ratio , J. Exper. Psychol. 56:529, 1958.Crossref 29. McFarland, R. A., and Fisher, M. B.: Alteration in Dark Adaptation as a Function of Age , J. Gerontol. 10:424, 1955.Crossref 30. Le Grand, Y.: Optique physiologique , Editions de la Revue d'Optique, Paris, 1946. 31. Tschermak-Seysenegg, A. von: Introduction to Physiological Optics , translated by Paul Boeder, Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1952. 32. Vogt, A.: Lehrbuch und Atlas der Spaltlampenmikroskopie des lebenden Auges: II. Linse und Zonula , Berlin, J. Springer, 1931. 33. Goldmann, H.: Über Entstehung von Discontinuitätsflächen in der Linse, Arch. f. Ophth. 122: 198, 1929. 34. Hess, C. von: Messende Untersuchungen über die Gelbfärbung der menschlichen Linse und über ihren Einfluss auf das Sehen , Arch. Augenh. 63:164, 1909 35. Weitere Mittheilungen über die Gelbfärbung der menschlichen Linse and ihren Einfluss auf das Sehen , Arch. Augenh. 64:293, 1909.

Journal

Archives of Ophthalmology – American Medical Association

Published: Oct 1, 1960

There are no references for this article.