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The Radioactive Phosphorus (P32) Uptake Test in Ophthalmology: A Review of the Literature and Analysis of Results in Two Hundred Sixty-Two Cases of Ocular and Adnexal Pathology

The Radioactive Phosphorus (P32) Uptake Test in Ophthalmology: A Review of the Literature and... Abstract During the past two decades there has evolved a new phase of exploration in medical science dealing with the application of artificial radioactive isotopes in medical research. Recent studies by Thomas and associates,* Town,† Dunphy and associates,‡ Eisenberg and associates,§ and Kennedy and associates9 indicate the usefulness of radioactive phosphorus in the diagnosis of intraocular neoplasms. The present study was undertaken in order to gain more experience in the use of P32 in a variety of ocular pathologic conditions and to enlarge upon the original series of cases in this laboratory, to develop a method which would differentiate between inflammation and neoplasm, and to apply this technique, if possible, to the ocular adnexa. Artificial radioactivity was discovered by Curie and Joliot10 in 1934, but it was not until 1936, when Lawrence ∥ and his associates developed the cyclotron, that the supply of artificially produced radioisotopes became sufficiently References 1. References 1 and 2. 2. References 3 and 4. 3. References 5 and 6. 4. References 7 and 8. 5. References 11 to 13. 6. References 18 and 19. 7. References 20 to 24. 8. References 25 to 31. 9. References 32 and 33. 10. References 34 and 35. 11. References 34 to 37. 12. References 40 to 42. 13. Basic dyes (positively charged) are readily able to penetrate into the central nervous system, while acidic dyes (negatively charged) are not. However, under certain pathologic conditions (brain tumor, brain abscess, etc.) the blood-brain barrier is destroyed and an acidic dye rapidly penetrates into the area of the lesion, but not into the surrounding normal brain tissue. 14. References 44 and 45. 15. References 46 to 52. 16. References 53 and 54. 17. References 55 to 57. 18. Leopold, I. H.; Eisenberg, I. J., and Hallett, J. W.: Unpublished data. 19. References 53 and 54. 20. References 32 and 33. 21. The P32 (radioactive phosphorus) solution was obtained from the Abbott Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tenn. According to D. L. Tabern, the solution is prepared by the bombardment of ordinary sulfur, with the resultant formation of P32, which is isolated as phosphoric acid. A few tenths of a milligram per cubic centimeter of carrier phosphate is added to minimize adsorption on the walls of glassware used in preparation. The pH is next adjusted to between 6 and 6.5 by adding a small amount of sodium acetate. The solution is then carefully treated to remove pyrogens and sediment. Following this, it is sterilized and assayed. 22. Available from Anton Laboratories, Brooklyn. 23. Thomas, C. I.; Krohmer, J. S., and Storaasli, J. P.: Detection of Intraocular Tumors with Radioactive Phosphorus , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 47:276, 1952.Crossref 24. Thomas, C. I.; Krohmer, J. S.; Storaasli, J. P., and Friedell, H. L.: Detection of Intraocular Tumors by the Use of Radioactive Phosphorus , Am. J. Ophth. 38:93, 1954. 25. Town, A. E.: Differential Diagnosis Between Solid and Serous Detachment of the Retina , Pennsylvania M. J. 56:1046, 1953. 26. Town, A. E.: Radioactive Phosphorus Studies in the Diagnosis of Ocular Tumors: A Preliminary Report , West Virginia M. J. 48:356, 1952. 27. Dunphy, E. B., and Selverstone, B.: Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Normal and Neoplastic Ocular Tissues , Am. J. Ophth. 36:774, 1953. 28. Dunphy, E. B.; Dreisler, K. K.; Cadigan, J. B., and Sweet, W.: The Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Intraocular Neoplasms , Am. J. Ophth. 37:45, 1954. 29. Eisenberg, I. J.; Leopold, I. H., and Sklaroff, D.: Use of Radioactive Phosphorus in Detection of Intraocular Neoplasms , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 51:633, 1954.Crossref 30. Eisenberg, I. J.; Terner, I. S., and Leopold, I. H.: Use of P32 as an Aid in Diagnosis of Intraocular Neoplasms , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 52:741, 1954.Crossref 31. Kennedy, R. J.; Glasser, O., and Kazdan, P.: The Use of Radioactive Phosphorus in the Detection of Intraocular Tumors , Cleveland Clin. Quart. 21:133, 1954.Crossref 32. Curie, I., and Joliot, F.: Artificial Production of a New Kind of Radioelement , Nature 133:201, 1934.Crossref 33. Lawrence, E. O., and Cooksey, D.: On the Apparatus for the Multiple Acceleration of Light Ions to High Speeds , Physical Rev. 50:1131, 1936.Crossref 34. Lawrence, E. O., and others: Initial Performance of the 60-Inch Cyclotron of the William H. Crocker Radiation Laboratory of the University of California , Physical Rev. 56:124, 1939.Crossref 35. Lawrence, E. O.: The Medical Cyclotron of the William H. Crocker Radiation Laboratory , Science 90:407, 1939. 36. Aebersold, P. C.: Survey of Isotope Utilization in the Study and Treatment of Cancer , Acta Unio internat. contra cancrum 9:19, 1953 37. Hamilton, J. G.: The Use of Radioactive Tracers in Biology and Medicine , Radiology 39: 541, 1942.Crossref 38. Hevesy, G.: The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants: A Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants , Biochem. J. 17:439, 1923. 39. Chiewitz, O., and Hevesy, G.: Radioactive Indicators in the Study of Phosphorus Metabolism in Rats , Nature 136:754, 1935.Crossref 40. Lawrence, J. H., and Scott, K. G.: Comparative Metabolism of Phosphorus in Normal and Lymphomatous Animals , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 40:694, 1939. 41. Lawrence, J. H.; Scott, K. G., and Tuttle, L. W.: Studies on Leukemia with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus , Internat. Clin. 3:33, 1939. 42. Lawrence, J. H.; Tuttle, L. W.; Scott, K. G., and Connor, C. L.: Studies on Neoplasms with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus: I. The Total Phosphorus Metabolism of Normal and Leukemic Mice , J. Clin. Invest. 19:267, 1940. 43. Tuttle, L. W.; Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Studies on Neoplasms with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus: II. The Phosphorus Metabolism of the Nucleoprotein, Phospholipid, and Acid Soluble Fractions of Normal and Leukemic Mice , J. Clin. Invest. 20:57, 1941.Crossref 44. Tuttle, L. W.; Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Studies on Neoplasms with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus: III. The Phosphorus Metabolism of the Phospholipid, Acid Soluble, and Nucleoprotein Fractions of Various Tissues of Normal and Leukemic Mice Following the Administration of "Tracer" and "Therapeutic" Doses of Radiophosphorus , J. Clin. Invest. 20:577, 1941.Crossref 45. Tuttle, L. W.; Scott, K. G., and Lawrence, J. H.: Phosphorus Metabolism in Leukemic Blood , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 41:20, 1939. 46. Erf, L. A.; Tuttle, L. W., and Scott, K. G.: Retention of Orally Administered Radiophosphorus by Mice , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 45:652, 1940. 47. Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Clinical Studies with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus: I. The Absorption and Distribution of Radio-Phosphorus in the Blood and Its Excretion by Normal Individuals and Patients with Leukemia , J. Clin. Invest. 20:567, 1941. 48. Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Clinical Studies with the Aid of Radiophosphorus: VI. The Absorption and Distribution of Radio-Phosphorus in the Blood of, Its Excretion by, and Its Therapeutic Effect on, Patients with Polycythemia , Ann. Int. Med. 15:277, 1941. 49. Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Phosphorus Metabolism in Neoplastic Tissue , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 46:694, 1941. 50. Erf, L. A.: Retention of Radiophosphorus in Whole and Aliquot Portions of Tissues of Patients Dead of Leukemia , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 47:287, 1941. 51. Lawrence, J. H.: Preliminary Report on a New Method for the Treatment of Leukemia and Polycythemia , Radiology 35:51, 1940. 52. Lawrence, J. H.: Observations on the Nature and Treatment of Leukemia and Allied Diseases , Proc. Inst. Med. Chicago 14:30, 1942. 53. Lawrence, J. H.: Nuclear Physics and Therapy: Preliminary Report on a New Method for the Treatment of Leukemia and Polycythemia , Radiology 35:51, 1940. 54. Marshak, A.: Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Nuclei of Liver and Tumors , Science 92:460, 1940. 55. Marshak, A.: P32 Uptake by Nuclei , J. Gen. Physiol. 25:275, 1941. 56. Jones, H. B.; Chaikoff, I. L., and Lawrence, J. H.: Radioactive Phosphorus as an Indicator of Phospholipid Metabolism: VI. The Phospholipid Metabolism of Neoplastic Tissues (Mammary Carcinoma, Lymphoma, Lymphosarcoma, Sarcoma 180) , J. Biol. Chem. 128:631, 1939. 57. Jones, H. B.; Chiakoff, I. L., and Lawrence, J. H.: Radioactive Phosphorus as an Indicator of Phospholipid Metabolism: The Phospholipid Turnover of Fraternal Tumors , J. Biol. Chem. 133:319, 1940. 58. Jones, H. B.; Chiakoff, I. L., and Lawrence, J. H.: Phosphorus Metabolism of the Soft Tissues of the Normal Mouse as Indicated by Radioactive Phosphorus , Am. J. Cancer 40:235, 1940. 59. Jones, H. B.; Chiakoff, I. L., and Lawrence, J. H.: Phosphorus Metabolism of Neoplastic Tissues (Mammary Carcinoma, Lymphoma, Lymphosarcoma) as Indicated by Radioactive Phosphorus , Am. J. Cancer 40:243, 1940. 60. Schulman, J.; Falkenheim, M., and Gray, S. J.: The Phosphorus Turnover of Carcinoma of the Human Stomach as Measured with Radioactive Phosphorus , J. Clin. Invest. 28:66, 1949. 61. Marinelli, L. D., and Goldschmidt, B.: The Concentration of P32 in Some Superficial Tissues of Living Patients , Radiology 39:454, 1942. 62. Low-Beer, B. V. A.: Surface Measurements of Radioactive Phosphorus in Breast Tumors as a Possible Diagnostic Method , Science 104:399, 1946. 63. Low-Beer, B. V. A.; Bell, H. G.; McCorckle, H. J.; Stone, R. S.; Steinbach, H. L., and Hill, W. B.: The Measurement of Radioactive Phosphorus in Breast Tumors in Situ: A Possible Diagnostic Procedure , Radiology 47:492, 1946.Crossref 64. McCorckle, H. J.; Low-Beer, B. V. A.; Bell, H. G., and Stone, R. S.: Clinical and Laboratory Studies on the Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Lesions of the Breast , Surgery 24:409, 1948. 65. Herly, L.: Studies in Selective Differentiations of Tissues by Means of Filtered Ultraviolet Light , Cancer Res. 4:227, 1944. 66. Moore, G. E.: Fluorescein as an Agent in the Differentiation of Normal and Malignant Tissues , Science 106:130, 1947.Crossref 67. Moore, G. E.; Hunter, S. W., and Hubbard, T. B.: Clinical and Experimental Studies of Fluorescein Dyes with Special Reference to Their Use for the Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Tumors , Ann. Surg. 130:637, 1949.Crossref 68. Moore, G. E.: The Use of Radioactive Diiodofluorescein in the Diagnosis and Localization of Brain Tumors , Science 107:569, 1948.Crossref 69. Moore, G. E.; Peyton, W. T.; French, L. A., and Walker, W. W.: The Clinical Use of Fluorescein in Neurosurgery: The Localization of Brain Tumors , J. Neurosurg. 5:392, 1948.Crossref 70. Moore, G. E.; Peyton, W. T.; Hunter, S. W., and French, L.: The Clinical Use of Sodium Fluorescein and Radioactive Diiodofluorescein in the Localization of Tumors of the Central Nervous System , Minnesota Med. 31:1073, 1948. 71. Marvin, J. F., and Moore, G. E.: Localization of Brain Tumors with Radioiodyes: 2. Experimental Evaluation of the Physical Limitations , Nucleonics 3:52, 1948. 72. Moore, G. E.; Kohl, D. A.; Marvin, J. F.; Wong, J. C., and Caudill, C. M.: Biophysical Studies of Methods Utilizing Fluorescein and Its Derivatives to Diagnose Brain Tumors , Radiology 55:344, 1950.Crossref 73. Moore, G. E.; Caudill, C. M.; Marvin, J. F.; Aust, J. B.; Chou, S. N., and Smith, G. A.: Clinical and Experimental Studies of Intracranial Tumors with Fluorescein Dyes with an Additional Note Concerning the Possible Use of K42 and Iodine131 Tagged Human Albumin , Am. J. Roentgenol. 66:1, 1951. 74. Chou, S. N.; Moore, G. E., and Marvin, J. F.: Localization of Brain Tumors with Radioiodine , Science 115:119, 1952.Crossref 75. Ashkenazy, M.; LeRoy, G. V.; Fields, T., and Davis, L.: The Detection of Intracranial Tumors by the Use of Di-Iodofluorescein , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 34:1580, 1949. 76. Davis, L.; Martin, J.; Ashkenazy, M.; LeRoy, G. V., and Field, T.: Radioactive Diiodofluorescein in Diagnosis and Localization of Central Nervous System Tumors , J. A. M. A. 144:1424, 1950. 77. Selverstone, B., and Solomon, A. K.: Radioactive Isotopes in the Study of Intracranial Tumors , Tr. Am. Neurol. A. 73:115, 1948. 78. Selverstone, B.; Solomon, A. K., and Sweet, W. H.: Location of Brain Tumors by Means of Radioactive Phosphorus , J. A. M. A. 140:277, 1949. 79. Selverstone, B.; Sweet, W. H., and Robinson, C. V.: The Clinical Use of Radioactive Phosphorus in the Surgery of Brain Tumors , Ann. Surg. 130:643, 1949. 80. Roswit, B.; Sorrentino, J., and Yalow, R.: The Use of Radioactive Phosphorus (P32) in the Diagnosis of Testicular Tumors: A Preliminary Report , J. Urol. 37:724, 1950. 81. Trevor-Roper, P. D.; Newton, K. A., and Nicholson, J. P.: Radioactive Diiodofluorescein in the Diagnosis of Intra-Ocular Tumors , Brit. J. Ophth. 36:543, 1952. 82. Bettman, J. W., and Fellows, V.: Radioactive Phosphorus as a Diagnostic Aid in Ophthalmology , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 51:171, 1954. 83. Snodgrass, M. B.; Lenihan, J., and Primrose, D. A.: Radioactive Phosphorus as an Aid to the Diagnosis of Malignant Melanoma of the Eye , Brit. J. Ophth. 38:553, 1954.Crossref 84. Kenny, J. M.; Marinelli, L. D., and Craver, L. F.: The Treatment of Lymphosarcoma with Radioactive Phosphorus: A Preliminary Report , Am. J. Roentgenol. 47:217, 1942. 85. Reinhard, E. H.; Moore, C. V.; Bierbaum, O. S., and Moore, S.: Radioactive Phosphorus as a Therapeutic Agent: A Review of the Literature and Analysis of the Results of Treatment of 155 Patients with Various Blood Dyscrasias, Lymphomas, and Other Malignant Neoplastic Diseases , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 31:107, 1946. 86. Forssberg, A.: A Study of the Distribution of Radioactive Phosphorus in 3 Cases of Cancer , Acta radiol. 27:88, 1945. 87. Forssberg, A., and Jacobsson, F.: Studies on the Brown-Pearce Rabbit-Carcinoma with the Aid of Radioactive Isotopes , Acta radiol. 26:523, 1945. 88. Friedell, H. L., and Storaasli, J. P.: The Use of Radioactive Phosphorus in the Treatment of Carcinoma of the Breast with Widespread Metastasis to Bone , Am. J. Roentgenol. 64:559, 1950. 89. Hertz, S.: Modifying Effect of Steroid Hormone Therapy of Human Neoplastic Disease as Judged by Radioactive Phosphorus (P+32) Studies , J. Clin. Invest. 29:821, 1950. 90. Erickson, T. C.; Larson, F., and Gordon, E. S.: Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Glioblastoma Multiforme and Therapeutic Application , Tr. Am. Neurol. A. 73:712, 1948. 91. Sweet, W. H.: The Uses of Nuclear Disintegration in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Tumors , New England J. Med. 245:875, 1951. 92. Brucer, M.: Encouraging and Discouraging Research with Therapeutic Radioisotopes , J. Kentucky M. A. 51:243, 1953. 93. Marinelli, L. D., and Kenney, J. M.: The Absorption of Radiophosphorus in Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Mice , Radiology 37:691, 1941. 94. Allen, H.; Hempelmann, L. H., Jr., and Wornach, N. A.: The Effect of Insoluble Radiophosphorus (Chromium Phosphate) When Applied Interstitially in the Treatment of Adenocarcinoma of the Mamma in Mice , Cancer Res. 5:239, 1945. 95. Low-Beer, B. V. A.: Radioactive Phosphorus as an External Therapeutic Agent in Basal Cell Carcinoma, Warts, and Hemangioma , Am. J. Roentgenol. 58:4, 1947. 96. Kruger, P. G.: Some Biological Effects of Nuclear Disintegration Products on Neoplastic Tissue , Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. 26:181, 1940. 97. Zahl, P. A.; Cooper, F. S., and Dunning, J. R.: Some in Vivo Effects of Localized Nuclear Disintegration Products on a Transplanted Mouse Sarcoma , Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc. 26:586, 1940. 98. Sweet, W. H., and Javid, M.: The Possible Use of Slow Neutrons Plus Boron10 in Therapy of Intracranial Tumors , Tr. Am. Neurol. A. 76:60, 1951. 99. Farr, L. E., and others: Neutron Capture Therapy with Boron in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme , Am. J. Roentgenol. 71:279, 1954. 100. Wolff, E.: The Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit , Ed. 3, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1951, p. 212. 101. Thomas, C. I.; Krohmer, J. S., and Storaasli, J. P.: Geiger Counter Probe for Diagnosis and Localization of Posterior Intraocular Tumors , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 52:413, 1954. 102. Duke-Elder, S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , Vol. III, St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1945, p. 2514. 103. Erdbrink, W. L., and Harbert, F.: Leiomyoma of the Iris , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 53:643. 1955. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

The Radioactive Phosphorus (P32) Uptake Test in Ophthalmology: A Review of the Literature and Analysis of Results in Two Hundred Sixty-Two Cases of Ocular and Adnexal Pathology

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References (90)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1956 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0096-6339
DOI
10.1001/archopht.1956.00930030054011
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Abstract

Abstract During the past two decades there has evolved a new phase of exploration in medical science dealing with the application of artificial radioactive isotopes in medical research. Recent studies by Thomas and associates,* Town,† Dunphy and associates,‡ Eisenberg and associates,§ and Kennedy and associates9 indicate the usefulness of radioactive phosphorus in the diagnosis of intraocular neoplasms. The present study was undertaken in order to gain more experience in the use of P32 in a variety of ocular pathologic conditions and to enlarge upon the original series of cases in this laboratory, to develop a method which would differentiate between inflammation and neoplasm, and to apply this technique, if possible, to the ocular adnexa. Artificial radioactivity was discovered by Curie and Joliot10 in 1934, but it was not until 1936, when Lawrence ∥ and his associates developed the cyclotron, that the supply of artificially produced radioisotopes became sufficiently References 1. References 1 and 2. 2. References 3 and 4. 3. References 5 and 6. 4. References 7 and 8. 5. References 11 to 13. 6. References 18 and 19. 7. References 20 to 24. 8. References 25 to 31. 9. References 32 and 33. 10. References 34 and 35. 11. References 34 to 37. 12. References 40 to 42. 13. Basic dyes (positively charged) are readily able to penetrate into the central nervous system, while acidic dyes (negatively charged) are not. However, under certain pathologic conditions (brain tumor, brain abscess, etc.) the blood-brain barrier is destroyed and an acidic dye rapidly penetrates into the area of the lesion, but not into the surrounding normal brain tissue. 14. References 44 and 45. 15. References 46 to 52. 16. References 53 and 54. 17. References 55 to 57. 18. Leopold, I. H.; Eisenberg, I. J., and Hallett, J. W.: Unpublished data. 19. References 53 and 54. 20. References 32 and 33. 21. The P32 (radioactive phosphorus) solution was obtained from the Abbott Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tenn. According to D. L. Tabern, the solution is prepared by the bombardment of ordinary sulfur, with the resultant formation of P32, which is isolated as phosphoric acid. A few tenths of a milligram per cubic centimeter of carrier phosphate is added to minimize adsorption on the walls of glassware used in preparation. The pH is next adjusted to between 6 and 6.5 by adding a small amount of sodium acetate. The solution is then carefully treated to remove pyrogens and sediment. Following this, it is sterilized and assayed. 22. Available from Anton Laboratories, Brooklyn. 23. Thomas, C. I.; Krohmer, J. S., and Storaasli, J. P.: Detection of Intraocular Tumors with Radioactive Phosphorus , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 47:276, 1952.Crossref 24. Thomas, C. I.; Krohmer, J. S.; Storaasli, J. P., and Friedell, H. L.: Detection of Intraocular Tumors by the Use of Radioactive Phosphorus , Am. J. Ophth. 38:93, 1954. 25. Town, A. E.: Differential Diagnosis Between Solid and Serous Detachment of the Retina , Pennsylvania M. J. 56:1046, 1953. 26. Town, A. E.: Radioactive Phosphorus Studies in the Diagnosis of Ocular Tumors: A Preliminary Report , West Virginia M. J. 48:356, 1952. 27. Dunphy, E. B., and Selverstone, B.: Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Normal and Neoplastic Ocular Tissues , Am. J. Ophth. 36:774, 1953. 28. Dunphy, E. B.; Dreisler, K. K.; Cadigan, J. B., and Sweet, W.: The Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Intraocular Neoplasms , Am. J. Ophth. 37:45, 1954. 29. Eisenberg, I. J.; Leopold, I. H., and Sklaroff, D.: Use of Radioactive Phosphorus in Detection of Intraocular Neoplasms , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 51:633, 1954.Crossref 30. Eisenberg, I. J.; Terner, I. S., and Leopold, I. H.: Use of P32 as an Aid in Diagnosis of Intraocular Neoplasms , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 52:741, 1954.Crossref 31. Kennedy, R. J.; Glasser, O., and Kazdan, P.: The Use of Radioactive Phosphorus in the Detection of Intraocular Tumors , Cleveland Clin. Quart. 21:133, 1954.Crossref 32. Curie, I., and Joliot, F.: Artificial Production of a New Kind of Radioelement , Nature 133:201, 1934.Crossref 33. Lawrence, E. O., and Cooksey, D.: On the Apparatus for the Multiple Acceleration of Light Ions to High Speeds , Physical Rev. 50:1131, 1936.Crossref 34. Lawrence, E. O., and others: Initial Performance of the 60-Inch Cyclotron of the William H. Crocker Radiation Laboratory of the University of California , Physical Rev. 56:124, 1939.Crossref 35. Lawrence, E. O.: The Medical Cyclotron of the William H. Crocker Radiation Laboratory , Science 90:407, 1939. 36. Aebersold, P. C.: Survey of Isotope Utilization in the Study and Treatment of Cancer , Acta Unio internat. contra cancrum 9:19, 1953 37. Hamilton, J. G.: The Use of Radioactive Tracers in Biology and Medicine , Radiology 39: 541, 1942.Crossref 38. Hevesy, G.: The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants: A Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indicators in the Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants , Biochem. J. 17:439, 1923. 39. Chiewitz, O., and Hevesy, G.: Radioactive Indicators in the Study of Phosphorus Metabolism in Rats , Nature 136:754, 1935.Crossref 40. Lawrence, J. H., and Scott, K. G.: Comparative Metabolism of Phosphorus in Normal and Lymphomatous Animals , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 40:694, 1939. 41. Lawrence, J. H.; Scott, K. G., and Tuttle, L. W.: Studies on Leukemia with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus , Internat. Clin. 3:33, 1939. 42. Lawrence, J. H.; Tuttle, L. W.; Scott, K. G., and Connor, C. L.: Studies on Neoplasms with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus: I. The Total Phosphorus Metabolism of Normal and Leukemic Mice , J. Clin. Invest. 19:267, 1940. 43. Tuttle, L. W.; Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Studies on Neoplasms with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus: II. The Phosphorus Metabolism of the Nucleoprotein, Phospholipid, and Acid Soluble Fractions of Normal and Leukemic Mice , J. Clin. Invest. 20:57, 1941.Crossref 44. Tuttle, L. W.; Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Studies on Neoplasms with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus: III. The Phosphorus Metabolism of the Phospholipid, Acid Soluble, and Nucleoprotein Fractions of Various Tissues of Normal and Leukemic Mice Following the Administration of "Tracer" and "Therapeutic" Doses of Radiophosphorus , J. Clin. Invest. 20:577, 1941.Crossref 45. Tuttle, L. W.; Scott, K. G., and Lawrence, J. H.: Phosphorus Metabolism in Leukemic Blood , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 41:20, 1939. 46. Erf, L. A.; Tuttle, L. W., and Scott, K. G.: Retention of Orally Administered Radiophosphorus by Mice , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 45:652, 1940. 47. Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Clinical Studies with the Aid of Radioactive Phosphorus: I. The Absorption and Distribution of Radio-Phosphorus in the Blood and Its Excretion by Normal Individuals and Patients with Leukemia , J. Clin. Invest. 20:567, 1941. 48. Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Clinical Studies with the Aid of Radiophosphorus: VI. The Absorption and Distribution of Radio-Phosphorus in the Blood of, Its Excretion by, and Its Therapeutic Effect on, Patients with Polycythemia , Ann. Int. Med. 15:277, 1941. 49. Erf, L. A., and Lawrence, J. H.: Phosphorus Metabolism in Neoplastic Tissue , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 46:694, 1941. 50. Erf, L. A.: Retention of Radiophosphorus in Whole and Aliquot Portions of Tissues of Patients Dead of Leukemia , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 47:287, 1941. 51. Lawrence, J. H.: Preliminary Report on a New Method for the Treatment of Leukemia and Polycythemia , Radiology 35:51, 1940. 52. Lawrence, J. H.: Observations on the Nature and Treatment of Leukemia and Allied Diseases , Proc. Inst. Med. Chicago 14:30, 1942. 53. Lawrence, J. H.: Nuclear Physics and Therapy: Preliminary Report on a New Method for the Treatment of Leukemia and Polycythemia , Radiology 35:51, 1940. 54. Marshak, A.: Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Nuclei of Liver and Tumors , Science 92:460, 1940. 55. Marshak, A.: P32 Uptake by Nuclei , J. Gen. Physiol. 25:275, 1941. 56. Jones, H. B.; Chaikoff, I. L., and Lawrence, J. H.: Radioactive Phosphorus as an Indicator of Phospholipid Metabolism: VI. The Phospholipid Metabolism of Neoplastic Tissues (Mammary Carcinoma, Lymphoma, Lymphosarcoma, Sarcoma 180) , J. Biol. Chem. 128:631, 1939. 57. Jones, H. B.; Chiakoff, I. L., and Lawrence, J. H.: Radioactive Phosphorus as an Indicator of Phospholipid Metabolism: The Phospholipid Turnover of Fraternal Tumors , J. Biol. Chem. 133:319, 1940. 58. Jones, H. B.; Chiakoff, I. L., and Lawrence, J. H.: Phosphorus Metabolism of the Soft Tissues of the Normal Mouse as Indicated by Radioactive Phosphorus , Am. J. Cancer 40:235, 1940. 59. Jones, H. B.; Chiakoff, I. L., and Lawrence, J. H.: Phosphorus Metabolism of Neoplastic Tissues (Mammary Carcinoma, Lymphoma, Lymphosarcoma) as Indicated by Radioactive Phosphorus , Am. J. Cancer 40:243, 1940. 60. Schulman, J.; Falkenheim, M., and Gray, S. J.: The Phosphorus Turnover of Carcinoma of the Human Stomach as Measured with Radioactive Phosphorus , J. Clin. Invest. 28:66, 1949. 61. Marinelli, L. D., and Goldschmidt, B.: The Concentration of P32 in Some Superficial Tissues of Living Patients , Radiology 39:454, 1942. 62. Low-Beer, B. V. A.: Surface Measurements of Radioactive Phosphorus in Breast Tumors as a Possible Diagnostic Method , Science 104:399, 1946. 63. Low-Beer, B. V. A.; Bell, H. G.; McCorckle, H. J.; Stone, R. S.; Steinbach, H. L., and Hill, W. B.: The Measurement of Radioactive Phosphorus in Breast Tumors in Situ: A Possible Diagnostic Procedure , Radiology 47:492, 1946.Crossref 64. McCorckle, H. J.; Low-Beer, B. V. A.; Bell, H. G., and Stone, R. S.: Clinical and Laboratory Studies on the Uptake of Radioactive Phosphorus by Lesions of the Breast , Surgery 24:409, 1948. 65. Herly, L.: Studies in Selective Differentiations of Tissues by Means of Filtered Ultraviolet Light , Cancer Res. 4:227, 1944. 66. Moore, G. E.: Fluorescein as an Agent in the Differentiation of Normal and Malignant Tissues , Science 106:130, 1947.Crossref 67. Moore, G. E.; Hunter, S. W., and Hubbard, T. B.: Clinical and Experimental Studies of Fluorescein Dyes with Special Reference to Their Use for the Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Tumors , Ann. Surg. 130:637, 1949.Crossref 68. Moore, G. E.: The Use of Radioactive Diiodofluorescein in the Diagnosis and Localization of Brain Tumors , Science 107:569, 1948.Crossref 69. Moore, G. E.; Peyton, W. T.; French, L. A., and Walker, W. W.: The Clinical Use of Fluorescein in Neurosurgery: The Localization of Brain Tumors , J. Neurosurg. 5:392, 1948.Crossref 70. Moore, G. E.; Peyton, W. T.; Hunter, S. 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Journal

A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology – American Medical Association

Published: Jan 1, 1956

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