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XEROPHTHALMIA

XEROPHTHALMIA Abstract THREE cases of xerophthalmia, an almost forgotten ocular disease in the United States, have been observed at the University of California Hospital eye clinic in the last five years. Two of the three resulted from antiallergenic diets; the third followed a congenital bile duct obstruction. In each case recognition of the characteristic eye lesions led to early diagnosis and to the successful treatment of the avitaminosis. In addition, two adult cases of vitamin A deficiency resulting from low vitamin intake in chronic alcoholism and one case in a 15-year-old boy with malnutrition were recognized from the presence of Bitot's spots. Some of the terms used in connection with this disease have been variously interpreted; to avoid confusion, they will be defined according to their use in the ensuing discussion, as follows: Xerophthalmia is the general term applied to a pure vitamin A deficiency disease of the eye characterized in its References 1. References 6 and 7. 2. Somerset, E. J.: Personal communication to the author, from Calcutta. 3. Somerset, E. J.: Personal communication, from Calcutta. 4. Drisdol is a vitamin supplement which is distributed in two forms under one name: (1) Drisdol in propylene glycol, which is crystalline vitamin D2 (calciferol) and contains 10,000 U. S. P. vitamin D units per gram, and (2) Drisdol with vitamin A in oil (water-dispersible), which contains 1,250 U. S. P. vitamin A units and 250 U. S. P. vitamin D units per drop. It might be helpful if these two preparations carried differentiating numbers after the name Drisdol or if they carried different names. 5. Normal level, 50 to 150 I. U. per 100 cc. of plasma. 6. A sterile solution of protein substances obtained from nonpathogenic bacteria. 7. Mull-Soy is a liquid hypoallergenic soybean food manufactured by the Borden Company for use as a milk replacement in feeding infants, children, and adults. It closely approximates whole cow's milk in fat, protein, carbohydrate, and mineral content when diluted with an equal quantity of water. Since vitamins may be specifically allergenic, Mull-Soy contains none. In infant feeding the required amounts of iron and vitamins must be provided from other sources, as recommended by the physician. 8. Blegvad, O.: Am. J. Ophth. 7:89-117, 1924. 9. Falta, W., and Noeggerath, C. T.: Beitr. chem. Physiol. u. Path. 7:313-322, 1906. 10. Knapp, P.: Ztschr. exper. Path. u. Therap. 5:147-169, 1908.Crossref 11. Funk, C.: J. State Med. 20:341-368, 1912. 12. McCollum, E. V., and Davis, M.: J. Biol. Chem. 21:179-182, 1915. 13. McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, N., and Pitz, W.: Am. J. Physiol. 41:333-361, 1916. 14. McCollum, E. V.: J. A. M. A. 68:1379-1386, 1917.Crossref 15. Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.: J. A. M. A. 76:905-908, 1921.Crossref 16. Leber, S.: Centralbl. med. Wissensch. 5:424, 1867. 17. Mori, M.: Jahrb. Kinderh. 59:175-195, 1904. 18. Ishihara, S.: Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 15:596-603, 1913. 19. Livingstone, D.: Travels and Researches in South Africa , London, Harmsworth, 1905, p. 470. 20. McKenzie, A.: Lancet 2:341-342, 1939.Crossref 21. Pillat, A.: Nat. M. J. China 15:585-591, 1929. 22. Wright, R. E.: Lancet 1:800-803, 1931.Crossref 23. Somerset, E. J., and Ghose, N.: Proc. All-India Ophth. Soc. 12:1-47, 1951. 24. Holmes, W. J.: Am. J. Ophth. 35:1635-1647, 1952. 25. Field, G. W.: Malayan M. J. 6:46-51, 1931. 26. Weech, A. A.: Am. J. Dis. Child. 39:1153-1166. 1930. 27. Spence, J. C.: Arch. Dis. Child. 6:17-26, 1931.Crossref 28. References 32 and 38. 29. Pillat, A.: Arch. Ophth. 2:256-287; 399-415, 1929.Crossref 30. Pillat, A.: Nat. M. J. China 15:585-591, 1929. 31. Mori, S.: Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33:357-359, 1922. 32. Wason, I.: J. A. M. A. 76:908-912, 1921.Crossref 33. Bessey, O. A., and Wolbach, S. B.: J. A. M. A. 110:2072-2080, 1938.Crossref 34. Chu, F. T., and Lin, C. K.: China M. J. 53:413-426, 1938. 35. Cornfield, D., and Cooke, R. E.: Pediatrics 10:33-39, 1952. 36. Wolbach, S. B., and Hegsted, D. M.: A. M. A. Arch. Path. 54:13-29, 1952. 37. Frazier, C. N., and Hu, C. K.: Arch. Int. Med. 43:507-514, 1931.Crossref 38. Pillat, A.: Arch. Ophth. 9:25-47, 1933.Crossref 39. Hickey, C. S.: Ear, Nose & Throat Month. 30:488-490, 1951. 40. Straumfjord, J. V.: Northwest Med. 42:219, 1943. 41. Vilter, R. W., and Thompson, C.: Pub. Health Rep. 66:630, 1951. 42. Wilder, R. M.: J. A. M. A. 151:11, 1953. 43. Steigmann, F.; Popper, H.; Dynewicz, H., and Maxwell, I.: Gastroenterology 20:587, 1952. 44. Caffey, J.: Am. J. Roentgenol. 1:12-26, 1951. 45. Mead Johnson & Company, Form Letter, April, 1952. 46. Lanman, J.: Modern Trends in Infant Nutrition and Feeding , New York, Scientific Report Series #14, Sugar Research Foundation, Inc., May, 1952, pp. 58-61. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

XEROPHTHALMIA

VAUGHAN, DANIEL G.
A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology , Volume 51 (6) – Jun 1, 1954
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References (2)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1954 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0096-6339
DOI
10.1001/archopht.1954.00920040799006
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract THREE cases of xerophthalmia, an almost forgotten ocular disease in the United States, have been observed at the University of California Hospital eye clinic in the last five years. Two of the three resulted from antiallergenic diets; the third followed a congenital bile duct obstruction. In each case recognition of the characteristic eye lesions led to early diagnosis and to the successful treatment of the avitaminosis. In addition, two adult cases of vitamin A deficiency resulting from low vitamin intake in chronic alcoholism and one case in a 15-year-old boy with malnutrition were recognized from the presence of Bitot's spots. Some of the terms used in connection with this disease have been variously interpreted; to avoid confusion, they will be defined according to their use in the ensuing discussion, as follows: Xerophthalmia is the general term applied to a pure vitamin A deficiency disease of the eye characterized in its References 1. References 6 and 7. 2. Somerset, E. J.: Personal communication to the author, from Calcutta. 3. Somerset, E. J.: Personal communication, from Calcutta. 4. Drisdol is a vitamin supplement which is distributed in two forms under one name: (1) Drisdol in propylene glycol, which is crystalline vitamin D2 (calciferol) and contains 10,000 U. S. P. vitamin D units per gram, and (2) Drisdol with vitamin A in oil (water-dispersible), which contains 1,250 U. S. P. vitamin A units and 250 U. S. P. vitamin D units per drop. It might be helpful if these two preparations carried differentiating numbers after the name Drisdol or if they carried different names. 5. Normal level, 50 to 150 I. U. per 100 cc. of plasma. 6. A sterile solution of protein substances obtained from nonpathogenic bacteria. 7. Mull-Soy is a liquid hypoallergenic soybean food manufactured by the Borden Company for use as a milk replacement in feeding infants, children, and adults. It closely approximates whole cow's milk in fat, protein, carbohydrate, and mineral content when diluted with an equal quantity of water. Since vitamins may be specifically allergenic, Mull-Soy contains none. In infant feeding the required amounts of iron and vitamins must be provided from other sources, as recommended by the physician. 8. Blegvad, O.: Am. J. Ophth. 7:89-117, 1924. 9. Falta, W., and Noeggerath, C. T.: Beitr. chem. Physiol. u. Path. 7:313-322, 1906. 10. Knapp, P.: Ztschr. exper. Path. u. Therap. 5:147-169, 1908.Crossref 11. Funk, C.: J. State Med. 20:341-368, 1912. 12. McCollum, E. V., and Davis, M.: J. Biol. Chem. 21:179-182, 1915. 13. McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, N., and Pitz, W.: Am. J. Physiol. 41:333-361, 1916. 14. McCollum, E. V.: J. A. M. A. 68:1379-1386, 1917.Crossref 15. Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.: J. A. M. A. 76:905-908, 1921.Crossref 16. Leber, S.: Centralbl. med. Wissensch. 5:424, 1867. 17. Mori, M.: Jahrb. Kinderh. 59:175-195, 1904. 18. Ishihara, S.: Klin. Monatsbl. Augenh. 15:596-603, 1913. 19. Livingstone, D.: Travels and Researches in South Africa , London, Harmsworth, 1905, p. 470. 20. McKenzie, A.: Lancet 2:341-342, 1939.Crossref 21. Pillat, A.: Nat. M. J. China 15:585-591, 1929. 22. Wright, R. E.: Lancet 1:800-803, 1931.Crossref 23. Somerset, E. J., and Ghose, N.: Proc. All-India Ophth. Soc. 12:1-47, 1951. 24. Holmes, W. J.: Am. J. Ophth. 35:1635-1647, 1952. 25. Field, G. W.: Malayan M. J. 6:46-51, 1931. 26. Weech, A. A.: Am. J. Dis. Child. 39:1153-1166. 1930. 27. Spence, J. C.: Arch. Dis. Child. 6:17-26, 1931.Crossref 28. References 32 and 38. 29. Pillat, A.: Arch. Ophth. 2:256-287; 399-415, 1929.Crossref 30. Pillat, A.: Nat. M. J. China 15:585-591, 1929. 31. Mori, S.: Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 33:357-359, 1922. 32. Wason, I.: J. A. M. A. 76:908-912, 1921.Crossref 33. Bessey, O. A., and Wolbach, S. B.: J. A. M. A. 110:2072-2080, 1938.Crossref 34. Chu, F. T., and Lin, C. K.: China M. J. 53:413-426, 1938. 35. Cornfield, D., and Cooke, R. E.: Pediatrics 10:33-39, 1952. 36. Wolbach, S. B., and Hegsted, D. M.: A. M. A. Arch. Path. 54:13-29, 1952. 37. Frazier, C. N., and Hu, C. K.: Arch. Int. Med. 43:507-514, 1931.Crossref 38. Pillat, A.: Arch. Ophth. 9:25-47, 1933.Crossref 39. Hickey, C. S.: Ear, Nose & Throat Month. 30:488-490, 1951. 40. Straumfjord, J. V.: Northwest Med. 42:219, 1943. 41. Vilter, R. W., and Thompson, C.: Pub. Health Rep. 66:630, 1951. 42. Wilder, R. M.: J. A. M. A. 151:11, 1953. 43. Steigmann, F.; Popper, H.; Dynewicz, H., and Maxwell, I.: Gastroenterology 20:587, 1952. 44. Caffey, J.: Am. J. Roentgenol. 1:12-26, 1951. 45. Mead Johnson & Company, Form Letter, April, 1952. 46. Lanman, J.: Modern Trends in Infant Nutrition and Feeding , New York, Scientific Report Series #14, Sugar Research Foundation, Inc., May, 1952, pp. 58-61.

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A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology – American Medical Association

Published: Jun 1, 1954

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