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STUDIES ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS: V. Distribution of Various Phosphate-Containing Compounds and Its Significance with Respect to Energetics

STUDIES ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS: V. Distribution of Various Phosphate-Containing Compounds and... Abstract LITTLE is known concerning the energetics of the lens. Although this organ does not have the specialized energy requirements of muscle or liver, it does require energy for active transfer of metabolites across the capsule and cell membranes, for the continual turnover of its structural elements, and for various other metabolic processes. Most of the energy for metabolic processes in other tissues is now thought to be made available as "high-energy phosphate." High-energy phosphate is energy contained in a particular type of unstable chemical bond involving phosphorus. The energy is transported from one metabolite to another chiefly by adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine. Thus, quantities of these substances present in a tissue would seem to give an indication of the energy available for cellular function. (A highly schematic diagram showing the relation of the production, utilization, and storage of high-energy phosphate is shown in Figure 1.) High-energy phosphate is probably formed References 1. Christiansen, G. S.: Personal communication to the authors. 2. Merriam, F. C., and Kinsey, V. E.: Studies on the Crystalline Lens: I. Technic for in Vitro Culture of Crystalline Lenses and Observations on Metabolism of the Lens , Arch. Ophth. 43:979, 1950.Crossref 3. Merriam and Kinsey ( Arch. Ophth. 44:651, 1950)Crossref 4. Kinsey, V. E., and Frohman, C. E.: Studies on the Crystalline Lens: IV. Distribution of Cytochrome, Total Riboflavin, Lactate, and Pyruvate and Its Metabolic Significance , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 46:536, 1951.Crossref 5. Kronfeld, P., and Bothman, L.: Zur Frage der Linsenatmung , Ztschr. Augenh. 65:41, 1928. 6. Ely, L. O.: Oxidation of Lactic Acid, Pyruvic Acid, and Various Members of the Citric-Acid Cycle by Bovine Lens Homogenates , Am. J. Ophth. 34:127, 1951. 7. von Sallmann, L., and Locke, B. D.: Experimental Studies on Early Lens Changes After Roentgen Irradiation: II. Exchange and Penetration of Radioactive Indicators (Na24, K42, I131, P32) in Normal and Irradiated Lenses of Rabbits , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 45:431, 1951.Crossref 8. Palm, E.: On the Phosphate Exchange Between the Blood and the Eye: Experiment on the Entrance of Radioactive Phosphate into the Aqueous Humour, the Anterior Uvea and the Lens , Acta ophth. (Supp.) 32:1, 1948. 9. LePage, G. A., and Umbreit, W. W.: Phosphorylated Carbohydrate Esters in Autotropic Bacteria , J. Biol. Chem. 147:263, 1943. 10. Fiske, C. A., and SubbaRow, Y.: Colorimetric Determination of Phosphorus , J. Biol. Chem. 66:375, 1925. 11. LePage, G. A.: The Biochemistry of Autotropic Bacteria: The Metabolism of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans in the Absence of Oxidizable Sulfur , Arch. Biochem. 1:255, 1942. 12. Fiske, C. H., and SubbaRow, Y.: Phosphocreatine , J. Biol. Chem. 81:629, 1929. 13. Roe, J. H.: A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Fructose in Blood and Urine , J. Biol. Chem. 107:15, 1934. 14. Mejbaum, W.: Über die Bestimmung kleiner Pentosemengen, insbesondere in Derivaten der Adenylsäure , Ztschr. physiol. Chem. 258:117, 1939.Crossref 15. Folin, O., and Wu, H.: A System of Blood Analysis , J. Biol. Chem. 38:81, 1919. 16. Lohmann, K., and Meyerhof, O.: Über die enzymatische Umwandlung von Phosphoglycerinsäure in Brenztraubensäure und Phosphorsäure , Biochem. Ztschr. 273:60, 1934. 17. Rapoport, S.: Über die Bestimmung der Glycerinsäure in freier und veresterter Form , Biochem. Ztschr. 289:406, 1937. 18. Bandier, E., and Hald, J.: A Colorimetric Reaction for the Quantitative Estimation of Nicotinic Acid , Biochem. J. 33:264, 1939. 19. Folin, O., and Malmros, H.: An Improved Form of Folin's Micro Method for Blood Sugar Determinations , J. Biol. Chem. 83:115, 1929. 20. Potter, V. R.; Recknagel, R. O., and Hulbert, R. B.: Intracellular Enzyme Distribution; Interpretation and Significance , Federation Proc. 10:646, 1951. 21. Herrmann, H., and Hickman, F. H.: Exploratory Studies on Corneal Metabolism , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 82:225, 1948. 22. Friedenwald, J. S.; Herrmann, H., and Moses, R.: Distribution of Certain Oxidative Enzymes in the Ciliary Body , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 73:421, 1943. 23. Kinsey, V. E., and Merriam, F. C.; Studies on the Crystalline Lens: II. Synthesis of Glutathione in the Normal and Cataractous Rabbit Lens , Arch. Ophth. 44:370, 1950.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

STUDIES ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS: V. Distribution of Various Phosphate-Containing Compounds and Its Significance with Respect to Energetics

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References (15)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1952 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0096-6339
DOI
10.1001/archopht.1952.00920010015002
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract LITTLE is known concerning the energetics of the lens. Although this organ does not have the specialized energy requirements of muscle or liver, it does require energy for active transfer of metabolites across the capsule and cell membranes, for the continual turnover of its structural elements, and for various other metabolic processes. Most of the energy for metabolic processes in other tissues is now thought to be made available as "high-energy phosphate." High-energy phosphate is energy contained in a particular type of unstable chemical bond involving phosphorus. The energy is transported from one metabolite to another chiefly by adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine. Thus, quantities of these substances present in a tissue would seem to give an indication of the energy available for cellular function. (A highly schematic diagram showing the relation of the production, utilization, and storage of high-energy phosphate is shown in Figure 1.) High-energy phosphate is probably formed References 1. Christiansen, G. S.: Personal communication to the authors. 2. Merriam, F. C., and Kinsey, V. E.: Studies on the Crystalline Lens: I. Technic for in Vitro Culture of Crystalline Lenses and Observations on Metabolism of the Lens , Arch. Ophth. 43:979, 1950.Crossref 3. Merriam and Kinsey ( Arch. Ophth. 44:651, 1950)Crossref 4. Kinsey, V. E., and Frohman, C. E.: Studies on the Crystalline Lens: IV. Distribution of Cytochrome, Total Riboflavin, Lactate, and Pyruvate and Its Metabolic Significance , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 46:536, 1951.Crossref 5. Kronfeld, P., and Bothman, L.: Zur Frage der Linsenatmung , Ztschr. Augenh. 65:41, 1928. 6. Ely, L. O.: Oxidation of Lactic Acid, Pyruvic Acid, and Various Members of the Citric-Acid Cycle by Bovine Lens Homogenates , Am. J. Ophth. 34:127, 1951. 7. von Sallmann, L., and Locke, B. D.: Experimental Studies on Early Lens Changes After Roentgen Irradiation: II. Exchange and Penetration of Radioactive Indicators (Na24, K42, I131, P32) in Normal and Irradiated Lenses of Rabbits , A. M. A. Arch. Ophth. 45:431, 1951.Crossref 8. Palm, E.: On the Phosphate Exchange Between the Blood and the Eye: Experiment on the Entrance of Radioactive Phosphate into the Aqueous Humour, the Anterior Uvea and the Lens , Acta ophth. (Supp.) 32:1, 1948. 9. LePage, G. A., and Umbreit, W. W.: Phosphorylated Carbohydrate Esters in Autotropic Bacteria , J. Biol. Chem. 147:263, 1943. 10. Fiske, C. A., and SubbaRow, Y.: Colorimetric Determination of Phosphorus , J. Biol. Chem. 66:375, 1925. 11. LePage, G. A.: The Biochemistry of Autotropic Bacteria: The Metabolism of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans in the Absence of Oxidizable Sulfur , Arch. Biochem. 1:255, 1942. 12. Fiske, C. H., and SubbaRow, Y.: Phosphocreatine , J. Biol. Chem. 81:629, 1929. 13. Roe, J. H.: A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Fructose in Blood and Urine , J. Biol. Chem. 107:15, 1934. 14. Mejbaum, W.: Über die Bestimmung kleiner Pentosemengen, insbesondere in Derivaten der Adenylsäure , Ztschr. physiol. Chem. 258:117, 1939.Crossref 15. Folin, O., and Wu, H.: A System of Blood Analysis , J. Biol. Chem. 38:81, 1919. 16. Lohmann, K., and Meyerhof, O.: Über die enzymatische Umwandlung von Phosphoglycerinsäure in Brenztraubensäure und Phosphorsäure , Biochem. Ztschr. 273:60, 1934. 17. Rapoport, S.: Über die Bestimmung der Glycerinsäure in freier und veresterter Form , Biochem. Ztschr. 289:406, 1937. 18. Bandier, E., and Hald, J.: A Colorimetric Reaction for the Quantitative Estimation of Nicotinic Acid , Biochem. J. 33:264, 1939. 19. Folin, O., and Malmros, H.: An Improved Form of Folin's Micro Method for Blood Sugar Determinations , J. Biol. Chem. 83:115, 1929. 20. Potter, V. R.; Recknagel, R. O., and Hulbert, R. B.: Intracellular Enzyme Distribution; Interpretation and Significance , Federation Proc. 10:646, 1951. 21. Herrmann, H., and Hickman, F. H.: Exploratory Studies on Corneal Metabolism , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 82:225, 1948. 22. Friedenwald, J. S.; Herrmann, H., and Moses, R.: Distribution of Certain Oxidative Enzymes in the Ciliary Body , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 73:421, 1943. 23. Kinsey, V. E., and Merriam, F. C.; Studies on the Crystalline Lens: II. Synthesis of Glutathione in the Normal and Cataractous Rabbit Lens , Arch. Ophth. 44:370, 1950.Crossref

Journal

A.M.A. Archives of Ophthalmology – American Medical Association

Published: Jul 1, 1952

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