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PRINCIPLES OF SUŚRUTIAN OCULAR THERAPY INTERPRETED IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN OPHTHALMIC SCIENCE: WITH A BRIEF STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF OCULAR THERAPEUTICS FROM THE PREHISTORIC AGE UP TO THE MODERN PERIOD

PRINCIPLES OF SUŚRUTIAN OCULAR THERAPY INTERPRETED IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN OPHTHALMIC SCIENCE:... Abstract In this paper an attempt has been made to enumerate briefly the essential principles of Suśrutian ocular therapy and to interpret and evaluate them in the light of modern ophthalmic science. An attempt has also been made to trace, as far as the scope of the paper allows, the evolution of ocular therapeutics from the prehistoric age to the present time. Ever since the prehistoric age when Suśruta1 systematically built ophthalmic surgery on a scientific basis, the medical world has witnessed manifold changes in the domain of ophthalmology. Thanks to the painstaking and learned researches of the world scientists of succeeding generations, numerous innovations in technic have been introduced and many therapeutic advances made. Paradoxic though it may appear, notwithstanding the investigations carried out from time to time by the medieval as well as the modern ophthalmologists, the essential principles of ocular therapy as taught and practiced by Suśruta References 1. Suśruta Saḿhitā, with Dallana Acharya's Commentary , edited by Yādava Sharma, ed. 2, Bombay, Nirnaya-Sagara Press, 1931, Uttara Tantra, chaps. 1-19 . 2. Hippocrates : The Genuine Works of Hippocrates , translated by F. Adams, London, Sydenham Society, 1849, vol. 2, p. 774. 3. Celsus, A. C.: Of Medicine in Eight Books , translated by J. Greive, London, D. Wilson & T. Durham, 1756. 4. Albucasis : De chirurgia , Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1778, vol. 2, p. 23 5. Aeginata, P.: The Seven Books of Paulus Aeginata , translated and edited by F. Adams, London, Sydenham Society, 1846, vol. 2, p. 28. 6. Rhazes: Tractatus nonus ad regem almansorem de curatione morborum particularium : opusculum huic szculo accommodatissimum , Paris, apud S. Colinœum, 1534. 7. Vagbhatta: Astangahridaysamhitā , edited by Anna Moreswar Kunte, Bombay, Nirnaya Sagara Press, 1912. 8. Chakrapani Datta: Netraroga Cikitsa , in Chakradatta , edited by Jibananda Vidyasogara, Calcutta, Kavyaprakasa Press, 1872. 9. Sārangadhara: Sārangadhara Samgraha, chap. 3, verse 8. 10. (a) Suśruta Sámhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chaps. 11 and 12. (b) Hoernle, A. F. R.: Translation Bibliotheca Indica. 11. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 17, verses 20-25. 12. Vagbhatta.7 Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 15; Uttarasthāna, chaps. 8-16. 13. Cited by Blegvad, O.: Xerophthalmia, Keratomalacia and Xerosis Conjunctivae , Am. J. Ophth. 7:89, 1924. 14. Bitot : Memoire sur une lésion conjunctivale non encore décrite , Gaz. hebd. méd. et de chir. 10:284, 1863. 15. Cited in Vitamins : A Survey of Present Knowledge , Medical Research Council, Special Report Series, no. 167, London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1932, p. 234. 16. Pillat, A.: The Frequency of Deficiency Diseases in the Eye Due to Lack of Vitamin A in a Military Camp in Peiping , Nat. M. J. China 15:595, 1929. 17. Aykroyd, W. R.: Night Blindness Due to Vitamin Deficiency , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 50:230, 1930. 18. Spence, J. C.: A Clinical Study of Nutritional Xerophthalmia and Night-Blindness , Arch. Dis. Childhood 6:17, 1931.Crossref 19. Jeans, P. C., and Zentmire, Z.: Clinical Method for Determining Moderate Degrees of Vitamin A Deficiency , J. A. M. A. 102:892 ( (March 24) ) 1934.Crossref 20. Jeans, P. C.; Blanchard, E., and Zentmire, Z.: Dark Adaptation and Vitamin A: New Photometric Technic , J. A. M. A. 108:451 ( (Feb. 6) ) 1937.Crossref 21. Park, I. O.: Preliminary Observations on Vitamin A Deficiency as Shown by Studies with Visual Photometer , J. Oklahoma M. A. 28:357, 1935 22. Further Studies on Vitamin A Deficiency as Shown by Studies with Visual Photometer and Clinically , Park J. Oklahoma M. A. 29:129, 1936. 23. Frandsen, H.: Hemeralopia as Early Criterion of A-Avitaminosis and Clinical Symptoms and Treatment of This Disease , Acta ophth. , 1935, (supp. 4) , p. 1. 24. Jeghers, H.: Night Blindness Due to Vitamin A Deficiency , New England J. Med. 216:51, 1937.Crossref 25. Fridericia, L. S., and Holm, E.: Experimental Contribution to the Study of the Relation Between Night Blindness and Malnutrition : Influence of Deficiency of Fat-Soluble A Vitamin in Diet on Visual Purple in the Eyes of Rats , Am. J. Physiol. 73:63, 1925. 26. Wolff, L. K.: On the Quantity of Vitamin A Present in the Human Liver , Lancet 2:669, 1932. 27. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 (a) Uttara Tantra, chap. 17; (b) Sūtrasthāna, chap. 35. 28. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chaps. 9-19. 29. Balachovski, S.: Sur la possibilité d'insuffisances locales en vitamines , Presse méd. 42:1404, 1934. 30. Kaptsiovskaya, R. S.: Clinical Characteristics of Carotene Used in Treatment of External Diseases of the Eye , Sovet. vestnik oftal. 5:242, 1934. 31. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chaps. 11 and 13. 32. Vagbhatta.7 Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 30. 33. Coulter, J. S.: Medical Diathermy , J. A. M. A. 106:209 ( (Jan. 18) ) 1936.Crossref 34. Monbrun, A., and Castéran, M.: La haute fréquence en ophtalmologie , Paris, Masson & Cie, 1929. 35. Fuchs, E.: Diseases of the Eye , ed. 10, translated by E. V. L. Brown, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1933, pp. 163 and 172. 36. Parsons, J. H.: Diseases of the Eye , ed. 7, London, J. & A. Churchill, Ltd., 1934, p. 213. 37. May, C. H., and Worth, C.: A Manual of the Diseases of the Eye , ed. 5. London, Baillière. Tindall & Cox, 1927, chap. 8 , p. 126. 38. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra. 39. Vagbhatta.7 Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttarasthāna, chap. 11. 40. Janin, cited by Gundersen.43 41. Boury, J. W., in Mauchart, J. D.: De maculis corneae earumque operatione chirurgica, apotripsi , Tubingen, typ. J. D. Bauhofi ac viduae Pflickii, 1743. 42. de Saint Yves, C.: Nouveau traité des maladies des yeux , Amsterdam, Arkstée & Merkus, 1767, pp. 171 and 178. 43. Scarpa, A.: Saggio di osservazioni e d'esperienze sulle principali malattie degli occhi , Pavia, Baldassare Comino, 1801, p. 106. 44. Bell, C.: Operative Surgery , ed. 2, Hartford, Hale & Hosmer, 1816, vol. 2, p. 90. 45. Gundersen, T.: Vascular Obliteration for Various Types of Keratitis , Arch. Ophth. 21:76 ( (Jan.) ) 1939.Crossref 46. Bowman, W.: Lectures on the Parts Concerned in the Operations upon the Eye, and on the Structure of the Retina , London, Longman [and others], 1849. 47. (a) Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 12. 48. (b) Mādhavkara: Pathology of Hindu Medicine , with Commentary of Vijayaraksita, ed. 5, p. 309. 49. (a) Suśruta Saḿhitā.25 50. (b) Bidyādhar, N. K.: Suśruta and His Ophthalmic Operations , Arch. Ophth. 22:550 ( (Oct.) ) 1939.Crossref 51. Daviel: Sur une nouvelle methode de guérir la cataracte par l'extraction du cristalin , Mém. Acad. roy. de chir. 2:337, 1753. 52. Wright, J. W.: Improved Operation for Extraction of Cataract , Columbus M. J. 3:145, 1884. 53. Smith, H.: The Treatment of Cataract and Some Other Ocular Affections , Calcutta, Butterworth & Co., Ltd., 1928. 54. Knapp, A.: Report of a Second Hundred Successive Extractions of Cataract in Capsule After Preliminary Subluxation with Capsule Forceps , Arch. Ophth. 50:426, 1921 55. Late Results of Intracapsular Cataract Extraction , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 45:117, 1925. 56. Barraquer, J. A.: Phacoerisis , Arch. Ophth. 50:307, 1921 57. 51:448, 1922. 58. Barraquer, J. A., and Anduyned: Un procédé d'extrême douceur pour l'extraction "in toto" de la cataracte , Clin. opht. 22:328, 1917. 59. Verhoeff, F. H.: Improved Capsule Forceps for Intracapsular Cataract Extractions , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 14:489, 1916. 60. Elschnig, A.: Die intrakapsuläre Starextraktion , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1932. 61. Sinclair, A. H. H.: A Preliminary Note on the Intracapsular Extraction of Cataract with Specially Designed Forceps , Brit. M. J. 2:661, 1924 62. Intracapsular Extraction of Cataract, with Some New Instruments and Their Use , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 45:127, 1925 63. Presidential Address , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 52:lvii, 1932. 64. Török, E.: Extraction of Cataracts in the Capsule by a Slight Modification of von Graefe Method , Ann. Ophth. 25:712, 1916. 65. Pahwa, M.: The Intracapsular Extraction in Senile Cataract by Tumbling of the Lens , Antiseptic 36:544, 1939. 66. Fuchs,33 chap. 16, pp. 412-413. 67. Gifford, S. R.: A Handbook of Ocular Therapeutics , ed. 2, London, Henry Kimpton, 1937, chap. 3 , p. 68. 68. Gifford,58 chap. 7, pp. 173-174. 69. Gundersen,43 p. 77. 70. Bidyādhar,46b p. 555. 71. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 18. 72. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chaps. 45 and 46. 73. Suśruta Saḿhitā,25a verse 61. Bidyādhar,46b p. 553. 74. Vaiśesikā Darśanam, chap. 5, Āhnika 15. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 27; cited by Mukherjee.72 75. Sen Gupta Kaviraj : Materia Medica of the Hindus , ed. 9, 1934, pp. 324-339. 76. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 42. 77. Suśruta Saḿhitā.25a Sen Gupta Kaviraj,66 pp. 381-406. 78. Suśruta Saḿhitā.62 Mukherjee,72 pp. 160-161. 79. Chakrapani Datta,8 Aschyōtana Chikitsā (Treatment of Eye Diseases). 80. Sārangadhara.9 chap. 3, verse 13. 81. Yogaratnakara: Eye Diseases, p. 823. 82. Mukherjee, G. N.: Surgical Instruments of the Hindus , Calcutta, Calcutta University, 1913, vol. 1, p. 163. 83. Milne, J. S.: Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times , Aberdeen, 1907, p1. 11, fig. 5. 84. Suśruta Saḿhitā25a; Sūtrasthāna, chap. 45. 85. Bidyādhar,46b p. 561. 86. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 13. Mukherjee,72 pp. 280-288. 87. Suśruta Saḿhitā10a; Uttara Tantra, chaps. 9-16. 88. Mukherjee,72 p. 217. 89. Aeginata,5 vol. 3, book 7, sect. 19. 90. Hippocrates,2 vol. 2, p. 482. 91. Third Report of Medical Practices in Kordofan, Khartoum, Wellcome Research Laboratory. 92. Cited by Mukherjee,72 p. 219. 93. Aeginata,5 vols. 8-13. 94. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Chikitsāsthana, chap. 40. Mukherjee,72 pp. 141-145. 95. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 9. 96. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 10. 97. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 11. 98. Suśruta Saḿhita,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 19, appendix. 99. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 46. 100. Suśruta Saḿhitā,86 verse 5. 101. Wilson, R. P.: Rep. Mem. Hosp., Giza 3:74 and 78, 1928 102. Ophthalmia Aegyptiaca , Am. J. Ophth. 15:397, 1932. 103. Suśruta Saḿhitā (footnotes 63 and 85, verse 22). 104. Cited by Fuchs,33 p. 106. 105. Hopkins, G., cited by Tidy, H. L.: Synopsis of Medicine , ed. 4, Bristol, John Wright & Sons, Ltd., 1925, p. 343. 106. Funk, C.: The Vitamines , translated by H. E. Dubin, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Company, 1922. 107. Sen, K.: Night Blindness and Vitamin A Deficiency , Proc. All-India Ophth. Soc. 4:77, 1935. 108. Federici, E.: Le vitamine A e D nei processi di riparazione della cornea (studio sperimentale) , Boll. d'ocul. 16:357, 1937. 109. Stevenson, E.: Cod Liver Oil as a Local Treatment for External Affections of the Eyes , Brit. J. Ophth. 20:416, 1936.Crossref 110. Rachevskiy, F. A.: Provitamin A as Anti-Inflammatory Factor in Diseases of the Eye , Sovet. vestnik oftal. 4:470, 1934. 111. de Grósz, S.: Local Use of Vitamin A Preparations in Ophthalmic Practice , Arch. Ophth. 22:727 ( (Nov.) ) 1939.Crossref 112. Fuchs,33 p. 160. 113. Parsons,34 p. 194. 114. Fuchs,33 p. 162. 115. Parsons,34 p. 193. 116. Bader, C.: On Syndectomy , Ophth. Hosp. Rep., London 4:19, 1863-1865. 117. Furnari, S.: De la tonsure conjonctivale et de son efficacité contre les lésions panniformes et chroniques de la cornée et contre les ulcérations vascularisées et les opacités interlamellaires de cette membrane , Gaz. méd. de Paris 17:54, 83, 114, 147, 176 and 210, 1862. 118. Lawson, G.: Case of Vascular Cornea and Granular Lids; One Eye Treated by Inoculation, the Other by Peritomy , Ophth. Hosp. Rep., London 4:64, 1863-1865. 119. Weller, C.: Die Krankheiten des menschlichen Auges , Berlin, Schüppel, 1826, p. 208. 120. Ziegler, S. L.: The Surgery of Trachoma , J. A. M. A. 30:131 ( (Jan. 15) ) 1898.Crossref 121. Teale, T. P.: Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 21:146, 1901. 122. Whitehead, A. L.: Ocular Tuberculosis , Brit. J. Ophth. 6:529, 1922.Crossref 123. Alonso, A. F.: La peritomia en las úlceras crónicas vasculares de la cornea , Tr. Internat. Cong. Ophth. 1:371, 1922. 124. Gallemaerts: Péritomie por clivage conjonctivale , Ann. d'ocul. 160:342, 1923. 125. Szokolik, E.: Peridektomie der Bindehaut , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 78:693, 1927. 126. D'Amico, D.: Cong. Soc. ital. di oftal. 10:22, 1930. 127. Denig, R.: Transplantation bei chronischem trachomatosen Pannus , Ztschr. f. Augenh. 25:278, 1911. 128. Fuchs,33 pp. 105-106. 129. Froge, P., and Chiniara, J.: Sunlight and Vernal Conjunctivitis , abstracted, Arch. Ophth. 22:924 ( (Nov.) ) 1939.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Ophthalmology American Medical Association

PRINCIPLES OF SUŚRUTIAN OCULAR THERAPY INTERPRETED IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN OPHTHALMIC SCIENCE: WITH A BRIEF STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF OCULAR THERAPEUTICS FROM THE PREHISTORIC AGE UP TO THE MODERN PERIOD

BIDYĀDHAR, NABIN KISHORE
Archives of Ophthalmology , Volume 25 (4) – Apr 1, 1941
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American Medical Association
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Copyright © 1941 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
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Abstract

Abstract In this paper an attempt has been made to enumerate briefly the essential principles of Suśrutian ocular therapy and to interpret and evaluate them in the light of modern ophthalmic science. An attempt has also been made to trace, as far as the scope of the paper allows, the evolution of ocular therapeutics from the prehistoric age to the present time. Ever since the prehistoric age when Suśruta1 systematically built ophthalmic surgery on a scientific basis, the medical world has witnessed manifold changes in the domain of ophthalmology. Thanks to the painstaking and learned researches of the world scientists of succeeding generations, numerous innovations in technic have been introduced and many therapeutic advances made. Paradoxic though it may appear, notwithstanding the investigations carried out from time to time by the medieval as well as the modern ophthalmologists, the essential principles of ocular therapy as taught and practiced by Suśruta References 1. Suśruta Saḿhitā, with Dallana Acharya's Commentary , edited by Yādava Sharma, ed. 2, Bombay, Nirnaya-Sagara Press, 1931, Uttara Tantra, chaps. 1-19 . 2. Hippocrates : The Genuine Works of Hippocrates , translated by F. Adams, London, Sydenham Society, 1849, vol. 2, p. 774. 3. Celsus, A. C.: Of Medicine in Eight Books , translated by J. Greive, London, D. Wilson & T. Durham, 1756. 4. Albucasis : De chirurgia , Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1778, vol. 2, p. 23 5. Aeginata, P.: The Seven Books of Paulus Aeginata , translated and edited by F. Adams, London, Sydenham Society, 1846, vol. 2, p. 28. 6. Rhazes: Tractatus nonus ad regem almansorem de curatione morborum particularium : opusculum huic szculo accommodatissimum , Paris, apud S. Colinœum, 1534. 7. Vagbhatta: Astangahridaysamhitā , edited by Anna Moreswar Kunte, Bombay, Nirnaya Sagara Press, 1912. 8. Chakrapani Datta: Netraroga Cikitsa , in Chakradatta , edited by Jibananda Vidyasogara, Calcutta, Kavyaprakasa Press, 1872. 9. Sārangadhara: Sārangadhara Samgraha, chap. 3, verse 8. 10. (a) Suśruta Sámhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chaps. 11 and 12. (b) Hoernle, A. F. R.: Translation Bibliotheca Indica. 11. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 17, verses 20-25. 12. Vagbhatta.7 Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 15; Uttarasthāna, chaps. 8-16. 13. Cited by Blegvad, O.: Xerophthalmia, Keratomalacia and Xerosis Conjunctivae , Am. J. Ophth. 7:89, 1924. 14. Bitot : Memoire sur une lésion conjunctivale non encore décrite , Gaz. hebd. méd. et de chir. 10:284, 1863. 15. Cited in Vitamins : A Survey of Present Knowledge , Medical Research Council, Special Report Series, no. 167, London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1932, p. 234. 16. Pillat, A.: The Frequency of Deficiency Diseases in the Eye Due to Lack of Vitamin A in a Military Camp in Peiping , Nat. M. J. China 15:595, 1929. 17. Aykroyd, W. R.: Night Blindness Due to Vitamin Deficiency , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 50:230, 1930. 18. Spence, J. C.: A Clinical Study of Nutritional Xerophthalmia and Night-Blindness , Arch. Dis. Childhood 6:17, 1931.Crossref 19. Jeans, P. C., and Zentmire, Z.: Clinical Method for Determining Moderate Degrees of Vitamin A Deficiency , J. A. M. A. 102:892 ( (March 24) ) 1934.Crossref 20. Jeans, P. C.; Blanchard, E., and Zentmire, Z.: Dark Adaptation and Vitamin A: New Photometric Technic , J. A. M. A. 108:451 ( (Feb. 6) ) 1937.Crossref 21. Park, I. O.: Preliminary Observations on Vitamin A Deficiency as Shown by Studies with Visual Photometer , J. Oklahoma M. A. 28:357, 1935 22. Further Studies on Vitamin A Deficiency as Shown by Studies with Visual Photometer and Clinically , Park J. Oklahoma M. A. 29:129, 1936. 23. Frandsen, H.: Hemeralopia as Early Criterion of A-Avitaminosis and Clinical Symptoms and Treatment of This Disease , Acta ophth. , 1935, (supp. 4) , p. 1. 24. Jeghers, H.: Night Blindness Due to Vitamin A Deficiency , New England J. Med. 216:51, 1937.Crossref 25. Fridericia, L. S., and Holm, E.: Experimental Contribution to the Study of the Relation Between Night Blindness and Malnutrition : Influence of Deficiency of Fat-Soluble A Vitamin in Diet on Visual Purple in the Eyes of Rats , Am. J. Physiol. 73:63, 1925. 26. Wolff, L. K.: On the Quantity of Vitamin A Present in the Human Liver , Lancet 2:669, 1932. 27. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 (a) Uttara Tantra, chap. 17; (b) Sūtrasthāna, chap. 35. 28. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chaps. 9-19. 29. Balachovski, S.: Sur la possibilité d'insuffisances locales en vitamines , Presse méd. 42:1404, 1934. 30. Kaptsiovskaya, R. S.: Clinical Characteristics of Carotene Used in Treatment of External Diseases of the Eye , Sovet. vestnik oftal. 5:242, 1934. 31. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chaps. 11 and 13. 32. Vagbhatta.7 Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 30. 33. Coulter, J. S.: Medical Diathermy , J. A. M. A. 106:209 ( (Jan. 18) ) 1936.Crossref 34. Monbrun, A., and Castéran, M.: La haute fréquence en ophtalmologie , Paris, Masson & Cie, 1929. 35. Fuchs, E.: Diseases of the Eye , ed. 10, translated by E. V. L. Brown, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1933, pp. 163 and 172. 36. Parsons, J. H.: Diseases of the Eye , ed. 7, London, J. & A. Churchill, Ltd., 1934, p. 213. 37. May, C. H., and Worth, C.: A Manual of the Diseases of the Eye , ed. 5. London, Baillière. Tindall & Cox, 1927, chap. 8 , p. 126. 38. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra. 39. Vagbhatta.7 Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttarasthāna, chap. 11. 40. Janin, cited by Gundersen.43 41. Boury, J. W., in Mauchart, J. D.: De maculis corneae earumque operatione chirurgica, apotripsi , Tubingen, typ. J. D. Bauhofi ac viduae Pflickii, 1743. 42. de Saint Yves, C.: Nouveau traité des maladies des yeux , Amsterdam, Arkstée & Merkus, 1767, pp. 171 and 178. 43. Scarpa, A.: Saggio di osservazioni e d'esperienze sulle principali malattie degli occhi , Pavia, Baldassare Comino, 1801, p. 106. 44. Bell, C.: Operative Surgery , ed. 2, Hartford, Hale & Hosmer, 1816, vol. 2, p. 90. 45. Gundersen, T.: Vascular Obliteration for Various Types of Keratitis , Arch. Ophth. 21:76 ( (Jan.) ) 1939.Crossref 46. Bowman, W.: Lectures on the Parts Concerned in the Operations upon the Eye, and on the Structure of the Retina , London, Longman [and others], 1849. 47. (a) Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 12. 48. (b) Mādhavkara: Pathology of Hindu Medicine , with Commentary of Vijayaraksita, ed. 5, p. 309. 49. (a) Suśruta Saḿhitā.25 50. (b) Bidyādhar, N. K.: Suśruta and His Ophthalmic Operations , Arch. Ophth. 22:550 ( (Oct.) ) 1939.Crossref 51. Daviel: Sur une nouvelle methode de guérir la cataracte par l'extraction du cristalin , Mém. Acad. roy. de chir. 2:337, 1753. 52. Wright, J. W.: Improved Operation for Extraction of Cataract , Columbus M. J. 3:145, 1884. 53. Smith, H.: The Treatment of Cataract and Some Other Ocular Affections , Calcutta, Butterworth & Co., Ltd., 1928. 54. Knapp, A.: Report of a Second Hundred Successive Extractions of Cataract in Capsule After Preliminary Subluxation with Capsule Forceps , Arch. Ophth. 50:426, 1921 55. Late Results of Intracapsular Cataract Extraction , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 45:117, 1925. 56. Barraquer, J. A.: Phacoerisis , Arch. Ophth. 50:307, 1921 57. 51:448, 1922. 58. Barraquer, J. A., and Anduyned: Un procédé d'extrême douceur pour l'extraction "in toto" de la cataracte , Clin. opht. 22:328, 1917. 59. Verhoeff, F. H.: Improved Capsule Forceps for Intracapsular Cataract Extractions , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 14:489, 1916. 60. Elschnig, A.: Die intrakapsuläre Starextraktion , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1932. 61. Sinclair, A. H. H.: A Preliminary Note on the Intracapsular Extraction of Cataract with Specially Designed Forceps , Brit. M. J. 2:661, 1924 62. Intracapsular Extraction of Cataract, with Some New Instruments and Their Use , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 45:127, 1925 63. Presidential Address , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 52:lvii, 1932. 64. Török, E.: Extraction of Cataracts in the Capsule by a Slight Modification of von Graefe Method , Ann. Ophth. 25:712, 1916. 65. Pahwa, M.: The Intracapsular Extraction in Senile Cataract by Tumbling of the Lens , Antiseptic 36:544, 1939. 66. Fuchs,33 chap. 16, pp. 412-413. 67. Gifford, S. R.: A Handbook of Ocular Therapeutics , ed. 2, London, Henry Kimpton, 1937, chap. 3 , p. 68. 68. Gifford,58 chap. 7, pp. 173-174. 69. Gundersen,43 p. 77. 70. Bidyādhar,46b p. 555. 71. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Uttara Tantra, chap. 18. 72. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chaps. 45 and 46. 73. Suśruta Saḿhitā,25a verse 61. Bidyādhar,46b p. 553. 74. Vaiśesikā Darśanam, chap. 5, Āhnika 15. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 27; cited by Mukherjee.72 75. Sen Gupta Kaviraj : Materia Medica of the Hindus , ed. 9, 1934, pp. 324-339. 76. Suśruta Saḿhitā,1 Sūtrasthāna, chap. 42. 77. Suśruta Saḿhitā.25a Sen Gupta Kaviraj,66 pp. 381-406. 78. Suśruta Saḿhitā.62 Mukherjee,72 pp. 160-161. 79. 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Journal

Archives of Ophthalmology – American Medical Association

Published: Apr 1, 1941

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