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W. Kolmer (1936)
Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen, 3
H. Honigmann (1921)
Untersuchungen �ber Lichtempfindlichkeit und Adaptierung des VogelaugesArch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 189
Gullstrand (1907)
Zur MaculafrageArch. f. Ophth., 66
A. Kohlrausch (1931)
Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie, 12
L. Troland
Brilliance and Chroma in Relation to Zone Theories of VisionJournal of the Optical Society of America, 6
M. Sachs (1892)
Ueber die spezifische Lichtabsorption des gelben Fleckes der NetzhautArch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 50
E. Jackson (1888)
Symmetrical Aberration of the EyeTr. Am. Ophth. Soc., 5
S. Hecht (1930)
Development of Thomas Young's Theory of Color VisionJ. Optic. Soc. America, 20
E. Tyndall, K. Gibson (1924)
Visibility of Radiant Energy EquationJournal of the Optical Society of America, 9
K. S. Gibson (1923-1924)
Visibility of Radiant Energy
J. Maxwell
IV. On the theory of compound colours, and the relations of the colours of the spectrumPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
Walter Stiles, B. Crawford (1937)
Luminous Efficiency of Rays entering the Eye Pupil at Different PointsNature, 139
K. von Brudzewski (1900)
Beitrag zur Dioptrik des AugesArch. f. Augenh., 40
G. Wald, H. Zussman (1937)
Carotenoids of the Chicken RetinaNature, 140
C. F. Goodeve (1936)
Relative Luminosity in the Extreme RedProc. Roy. Soc., London, s.A, 155
(1920)
1919 Report of the Standards Committee on Visual SensitometryJ. Optic. Soc. America, 4
E. Washburn
International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology
W. Duke-Elder (1935)
TEXT BOOK OF OPHTHALMOLOGYOptometry and Vision Science, 12
A. Vogt (1913)
Herstellung eines gelbblauen Lichtfiltrates, in welchem die Macula centralis in vivo in gelber F�rbung erscheint, die Nervenfasern der Netzhaut und andere feine Einzelheiten derselben sichtbar werden, und der Grad der Gelbf�rbung der Linse ophthalmoskopisch nachweisbar istArch. f. Ophth., 84
W. Kühne (1878)
On the Stable Colors of the RetinaJ. Physiol., 1
T. Fry (1928)
Probability and its Engineering UsesNature, 123
H. T. Pi (1925)
Total Peripheral Aberration of the EyeTr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom, 45
E. P. Hyde , W. E. Forsythe (1918)
The Visibility of RadiationAstrophys. J., 48
G.: (a) von Studnitz (1932)
Ueber die Lichtabsorption der Retina und die photosensiblen Substanzen der St�bchen und ZapfenArch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 230
H. Ives (1912)
XII. Studies in the photometry of lights of different coloursPhilosophical Magazine Series 1, 24
F. Dimmer (1894)
Beitr�ge zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Macula lutea des Menschen
G. Wald (1937)
Photo-labile Pigments of the Chicken RetinaNature, 140
P. Cobb (1932)
The Retinal Processes Concerned with Visual Acuity and Color VisionAmerican Journal of Ophthalmology, 15
E. Adams
A Theory of Color Vision.Psychological Review, 30
L. Sloan (1938)
The Effect of Intensity of Light, State of Adaptation of the Eye, and Size of Photometric Field on the Visibility Curve, Psychological Monograph, 38
H. Dartnall, C. Goodeve, R. Lythgoe (1938)
The Effect of Temperature on the Photochemical Bleaching of Visual Purple SolutionsProceedings of The Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 164
J. van der Hoeve (1912)
Die Farbe der Macula luteaArch. f. Ophth., 80
H. Laurens
STUDIES ON THE RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUE OF SPECTRAL LIGHTS: IV. The Visibility of Radiant EnergyAmerican Journal of Physiology, 67
P. R. Reeves (1918)
The Visibility of RadiationTr. Illum. Engin. Soc., 13
W. D. Wright (1929)
A Re-Determination of the Trichromatic Coefficients of the Spectral ColoursTr. Optic. Soc. London, 30
S. Hecht, Robert Williams (1922)
THE VISIBILITY OF MONOCHROMATIC RADIATION AND THE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF VISUAL PURPLEThe Journal of General Physiology, 5
R. Lythgoe (1937)
The absorption spectra of visual purple and of indicator yellowThe Journal of Physiology, 89
W. W. Coblentz (1917)
Relative Sensibility of the Average Eye to Light of Different Colors and Some Practical Applications to Radiation Problems
L. Bayliss, R. Lythgoe, K. Tansley (1936)
Some New Forms of Visual Purple Found in Sea Fishes with a Note on the Visual Cells of OriginProceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 120
G. Wald (1938)
Carotenoids of the Chicken RetinaJ. Biol. Chem., 122
Judd (1928)
Sensibility to Color Change Determined from the Visual Response Functions : Extension to Complete and Partial DichromasyJ. Optic. Soc. America, 16
S. W. Kravkov (1925)
Ueber die Lichtabsorption im gelben Flecke des lebenden AugesArch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 210
H. Hartline (1934)
Intensity and duration in the excitation of single photoreceptor unitsJournal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, 5
D. Judd (1930)
The Mixture Data Embodied in the Tentative Curves of Hecht’s Theory of Vision*Journal of the Optical Society of America, 20
J. W. Nordenson (1927)
Bemerkung zur Frage �ber die Farbe der Macula luteaUpsala läkaref förh., 33
E. Ludvigh (1938)
DETERMINATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCOTOPIC RETINAL VISIBILITY CURVEArchives of Ophthalmology, 20
A.: (a) Gullstrand (1906)
Die Farbe der Macula centralis retinaeArch. f. Ophth., 62
J. Guild, J. Petavel (1931)
The colorimetric properties of the spectrumProceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 108
L. E. Bayliss , R. J. Lythgoe (1936)
Some New Forms of Visual Purple Found in Sea Fishes, with a Note on the Visual Cells of OriginProc. Roy. Soc., London, s.B, 120
G. Stine (1930)
Variations in Refraction of the Visual and Extra-Visual Pupillary Zones*American Journal of Ophthalmology, 13
W. S. Stiles (1937)
The Luminous Efficiency of Monochromatic Rays Entering the Eye Pupil at Different Points and a New Colour EffectProc. Roy. Soc., London, s.B, 123
P. G.: (a) Nutting (1915)
The Visibility of RadiationPhil. Mag., 29
W. Wright, J. Nelson (1936)
The relation between the apparent intensity of a beam of light and the angle at which the beam strikes the retina, 48
A. Chevallereau (1907)
De la coloration jaune de la maculaAnn. d'ocul., 138
J. Guild (1931)
The Colorimetric Properties of the SpectrumPhil. Tr. Roy. Soc., London, s.A, 230
H. E. White (1934)
Introduction to Atomic Spectra
H. Voeste (1898)
Qualit�ts�nderungen der Spectralfarben in Folge von Erm�dungZtschr. f. Psychol., 18
A. König, C. Dieterici
Die Grundempfindungen in normalen und anomalen Farbensystemen und ihre Intensitätsverteihung im Spektrum
W. Kolmer, H. Lauber (1936)
Die Netzhaut (Retina)
E. Holm (1922)
Das gelbe Maculapigment und seine optische BedeutungArch. f. Ophth., 108
F. Dimmer (1907)
Die Macula lutea det menschlichen Netzhaut und die durch sie bedingten entoptischen ErscheinungenArch. f. Ophth., 65
(1918)
Die Macula centralis im rotfreien LichteKlin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh., 60
L. Troland (1913)
The Retinal Visibility FunctionAbstr.Bull. Phys. Lab. Nat. Electric Lamp A., 1
G. Waelchli (1881)
Mikrospektroskopische Untersuchungen der gef�rbten Kugeln in der Retina von V�gelnArch. f. Ophth., 27
W. Stiles (1937)
The Luminous Efficiency of Monochromatic Rays Entering the Eye Pupil at Different Points and a New Colour EffectProceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 123
A. Hardy (1936)
Handbook of colorimetry
W. Abney, W. Abney, W. Abney (2010)
Researches in Colour Vision and the Trichromatic TheoryNature, 91
A. Krause, A. Sidwell (1937)
THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF VISUAL PURPLE AND ITS PHOTODECOMPOSITION PRODUCTSAmerican Journal of Physiology, 121
A. Rochon-Duvignaud (1907)
Recherches sur la fovea de la r�tine humaine et particuliairement sur le bouquet de c�nes centrauxArch. d'anat. micr., 11
T. Dunham (1937)
Forbidden Transition in the Spectrum of Interstellar Ionized TitaniumNature, 139
H. J. K. Dartnall , C. F. Goodeve (1937)
The Effect of Temperature on the Photochemical Bleaching of Visual Purple SolutionsProc. Roy. Soc., London, s.B, 136
W. Wright (1929)
A re-determination of the trichromatic coefficients of the spectral coloursTransactions of The Optical Society, 30
A. König (1891)
Ueber den Helligkeitswerthe der Spektralfarben bei verschiedener absoluter Intensit�tBeitr. z. Psychol. u. Physiol. d. Sinnesorg.
L. Adrian (1928)
The Basis of SensationThe Indian Medical Gazette, 63
von Studnitz (1937)
Weitere Studien an der ZapfensubstanzArch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 239
P. Reeves (1918)
The visibility of radiationJournal of The Franklin Institute-engineering and Applied Mathematics, 185
(1921)
Ophthalmoskopische Untersuchungen der Macula lutea im rotfreien LichtKlin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh., 66
W. Heisenberg
The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory
E. Ludvigh (1938)
Scotopic Luminosity Curve and the Absorption Spectrum of Visual PurpleNature, 141
E. Ludvigh, E. McCarthy (1938)
ABSORPTION OF VISIBLE LIGHT BY THE REFRACTIVE MEDIA OF THE HUMAN EYEArchives of Ophthalmology, 20
C. Goodeve (1936)
Relative Luminosity in the Extreme RedProceedings of The Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 155
E. Condon
Quantum mechanics
D. Sulzer
La forme de la cornée humaine et son influence sur la vision
Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to describe the transformation of a photopic ocular visibility curve into a photopic retinal visibility curve by applying suitable corrections for the absorption and reflection of light by the ocular media of the human eye. An examination of the photopic retinal visibility curve thus attained permits certain tentative conclusions to be drawn concerning the nature of the visual process at relatively high intensities of illumination. The relative sensitivity of the human eye to light of different wavelengths at relatively high levels of illumination has been the subject of numerous investigations.1 The results of these experiments may be expressed in terms of "visibility" or "luminosity" curves. An ocular visibility curve is determined by finding, for different wavelengths of light, the amount of energy to which the eye must be subjected in order to produce a given sensation of brightness. From determinations made while References 1. (a) König, A.: Ueber den Helligkeitswerthe der Spektralfarben bei verschiedener absoluter Intensität , Beitr. z. Psychol. u. Physiol. d. Sinnesorg. , 1891, p. 309. 2. (b) Reeves, P. R.: The Visibility of Radiation , Tr. Illum. Engin. Soc. 13 ( (pt. 2) ):101, 1918. 3. (c) Laurens, H.: Studies on the Relative Physiological Values of Spectral Lights : IV. The Visibility of Radiant Energy , Am. J. Physiol. 67:348, 1924. 4. (d) Sloan, L.: The Effect of Intensity of Light, State of Adaptation of the Eye, and Size of Photometric Field on the Visibility Curve, Psychological Monograph , Princeton, N. J., Psychological Review Co., 1938, vol. 38, p. 1. 5. Hecht, S., and Williams, R. E.: The Visibility of Monochromatic Radiation and the Absorption Spectrum of Visual Purple , J. Gen. Physiol. 5:1, 1922.Crossref 6. Krause, A. C., and Sidwell, A. E.: The Absorption Spectra of Visual Purple and Its Photodecomposition Products , Am. J. Physiol. 121:215, 1938. 7. Lythgoe, R. J.: The Absorption Spectra of Visual Purple and of Indicator Yellow , J. Physiol. 89:331, 1937. 8. Ludvigh, E., and McCarthy, E. F.: Absorption of Visible Light by the Refractive Media of the Human Eye , Arch. Ophth. 20:37 ( (July) ) 1938.Crossref 9. Ludvigh, E.: Determination and Significance of the Scotopic Retinal Visibility Curve , Arch. Ophth. 20:713 ( (Nov.) ) 1938.Crossref 10. Gibson, K. S., and Tyndall, E. P. T.: Visibility of Radiant Energy , Scientific Paper 475, United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards, 1923-1924, p. 131. 11. International Commission on Illumination, Proceedings, Sixth Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, July 1924, Cambridge, England, 1926, pp. 67 and 232. 12. Coblentz, W. W., and Emerson, W. B.: Relative Sensibility of the Average Eye to Light of Different Colors and Some Practical Applications to Radiation Problems , Scientific Paper 303, United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards, 1917, p. 167. 13. Hyde, E. P.; Forsythe, W. E., and Cady, F. E.: The Visibility of Radiation , Astrophys. J. 48:65, 1918.Crossref 14. Ives, H. E.: Studies in the Photometry of Lights of Different Colours , Phil. Mag. 24:149, 1912.Crossref 15. Nutting, P. G.: (a) The Visibility of Radiation , Phil. Mag. 29:301, 1915Crossref 16. (b) 1919 Report of the Standards Committee on Visual Sensitometry , J. Optic. Soc. America 4:55, 1920. 17. Gullstrand, A.: (a) Die Farbe der Macula centralis retinae , Arch. f. Ophth. 62:1, 1906 18. (b) Zur Maculafrage , Gullstrand Arch. f. Ophth. 66:141, 1907 19. (c) Die Macula centralis im rotfreien Lichte , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 60:289, 1918. 20. Nordenson, J. W., and Nordmark, T.: Bemerkung zur Frage über die Farbe der Macula lutea , Upsala läkaref förh. 33:499, 1927. 21. (a) Schmidt-Rimpler, H.: Die Farbe der Macula lutea , Arch. f. Ophth. 57: 24, 1904. 22. (b) Chevallereau, A., and Polack, A.: De la coloration jaune de la macula , Ann. d'ocul. 138:241, 1907. 23. (c) Dimmer, F.: Die Macula lutea det menschlichen Netzhaut und die durch sie bedingten entoptischen Erscheinungen , Arch. f. Ophth. 65:486, 1907. 24. (d) van der Hoeve, J.: Die Farbe der Macula lutea , Arch. f. Ophth. 80:132, 1912. 25. (e) Vogt, A.: Herstellung eines gelbblauen Lichtfiltrates, in welchem die Macula centralis in vivo in gelber Färbung erscheint, die Nervenfasern der Netzhaut und andere feine Einzelheiten derselben sichtbar werden, und der Grad der Gelbfärbung der Linse ophthalmoskopisch nachweisbar ist , Arch. f. Ophth. 84:293, 1913 26. (f) Ophthalmoskopische Untersuchungen der Macula lutea im rotfreien Licht , Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenh. 66:321, 1921. 27. (g) Holm, E.: Das gelbe Maculapigment und seine optische Bedeutung , Arch. f. Ophth. 108:1, 1922. 28. (a) Duke-Elder, W. S.: Text-Book of Ophthalmology , St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Company, 1934, vol. 1, p. 95. 29. (b) Kolmer, W.: Die Netzhaut (Retina) , in von Möllendorff, W.: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1936, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 376. 30. (a) Dimmer, F.: Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Macula lutea des Menschen , Leipzig, Franz Deuticke, 1894. 31. (b) Rochon-Duvignaud, A.: Recherches sur la fovea de la rétine humaine et particuliairement sur le bouquet de cônes centraux , Arch. d'anat. micr. 11:315, 1907. 32. Sachs, M.: Ueber die spezifische Lichtabsorption des gelben Fleckes der Netzhaut , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 50:574, 1892.Crossref 33. Kohlrausch, A.: Tagessehen, Dämmerungssehen, Adaptation , in Bethe, A.: von Bergmann, G.; Embden, G., and Ellinger, A.: Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie , Berlin, Julius Springer, 1931, vol. 12, (pt. 2) , p. 1516. 34. Kravkov, S. W.: Ueber die Lichtabsorption im gelben Flecke des lebenden Auges , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 210:781, 1925.Crossref 35. von Studnitz, G.: (a) Ueber die Lichtabsorption der Retina und die photosensiblen Substanzen der Stäbchen und Zapfen , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 230:614, 1932Crossref 36. (b) Weitere Studien an der Zapfensubstanz , von Studnitz Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 239:515, 1937.Crossref 37. Wald, G.: Photo-Labile Pigments of the Chicken Retina , Nature, London 140:545, 1937.Crossref 38. Honigmann, H.: Untersuchungen über Lichtempfindlichkeit und Adaptierung des Vogelauges , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 189:1, 1921.Crossref 39. (a) Kühne, W., and Ayres, W.: On the Stable Colors of the Retina , J. Physiol. 1:109, 1878. 40. (b) Waelchli, G.: Mikrospektroskopische Untersuchungen der gefärbten Kugeln in der Retina von Vögeln , Arch. f. Ophth. ( (pt. 2) ) 27:303, 1881. 41. (c) Wald, G., and Zussman, H.: Carotenoids of the Chicken Retina , J. Biol. Chem. 122:449, 1938. 42. Bayliss, L. E.; Lythgoe, R. J., and Tansley, K.: Some New Forms of Visual Purple Found in Sea Fishes, with a Note on the Visual Cells of Origin , Proc. Roy. Soc., London, s.B 120:95, 1936.Crossref 43. Adams, E. Q.: A Theory of Color Vision , Psychol. Rev. 30:56, 1923.Crossref 44. Ludvigh, E.: Scotopic Luminosity Curve and the Absorption Spectrum of Visual Purple , Nature, London 141:1141, 1938.Crossref 45. Dartnall, H. J. K.; Goodeve, C. F., and Lythgoe, R. J.: The Effect of Temperature on the Photochemical Bleaching of Visual Purple Solutions , Proc. Roy. Soc., London, s.B 136:35, 1937. 46. Fry, T. C.: Probability and Its Engineering Uses , New York, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1928, p. 247. 47. Tyndall, E. P. T., and Gibson, K. S.: Visibility of Radiant Energy Equation , J. Optic. Soc. America 9:403, 1924.Crossref 48. (b) Troland, L.: The Retinal Visibility Function , Abstr.Bull. Phys. Lab. Nat. Electric Lamp A. 1:378, 1913. 49. Goodeve, C. F.: Relative Luminosity in the Extreme Red , Proc. Roy. Soc., London, s.A 155:664, 1936.Crossref 50. Washburn, E. W.: International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology , prepared by the National Research Council, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929, vol. 5, pp. 361-379. 51. Judd, D. B.: (a) The Mixture Data Embodied in the Tentative Curves of Hecht's Theory of Vision , J. Optic. Soc. America 20:647, 1930Crossref 52. (b) Sensibility to Color Change Determined from the Visual Response Functions : Extension to Complete and Partial Dichromasy , abstracted, Judd J. Optic. Soc. America 16:115, 1928. 53. (a) Maxwell, J. C.: On the Theory of Compound Colours, and the Relations of the Colours of the Spectrum , Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc., London 150:57, 1860.Crossref 54. (b) König, A., and Dieterici, C.: Die Grundempfindungen in normalen und anomalen Farbensystemen und ihre Intensitätsverteilung im Spektrum , Ztschr. f. Psychol. u. Physiol. d. Sinnesorg. 4:241, 1892. 55. (c) Abney, W.: Researches in Colour Vision and the Trichromatic Theory , London, Longmans, Green & Company, 1913. 56. (d) Wright, W. D.: A Re-Determination of the Trichromatic Coefficients of the Spectral Colours , Tr. Optic. Soc. London 30:141, 1929.Crossref 57. (e) Guild, J.: The Colorimetric Properties of the Spectrum , Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc., London, s.A 230 : 149, 1931.Crossref 58. Hardy, A. C.: Handbook of Colorimetry , Cambridge, Mass., The Technology Press, 1936. 59. Troland, L. T.: Brilliance and Chroma in Relation to Zone Theories of Vision , J. Optic. Soc. America 6:3, 1922.Crossref 60. Hecht, S.: Development of Thomas Young's Theory of Color Vision , J. Optic. Soc. America 20:231, 1930.Crossref 61. Hecht, S.: The Retinal Processes Concerned with Visual Acuity and Color Vision , Bulletin 4, Cambridge, Mass., Howe Laboratory of Ophthalmology, 1931, p. 48. 62. White, H. E.: The Breadth of Spectrum Lines , in Introduction to Atomic Spectra , New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1934, chap. 21. 63. Condon, E. U., and Morse, P. M.: Quantum Mechanics , New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929, p. 166. 64. Heisenberg, W.: The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory , translated by C. Eckart and F. C. Hoyt, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1930, p. 39. 65. Stiles, W. S.: The Luminous Efficiency of Monochromatic Rays Entering the Eye Pupil at Different Points and a New Colour Effect , Proc. Roy. Soc., London, s.B 123:90, 1937.Crossref 66. (a) Jackson, E.: Symmetrical Aberration of the Eye , Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc. 5:141, 1888. 67. (b) Sulzer, E.: La forme de la cornée humaine et son influence sur la vision , Arch. d'opht. 11:419, 1891 68. 12:32, 1892. 69. (c) von Brudzewski, K.: Beitrag zur Dioptrik des Auges , Arch. f. Augenh. 40:296, 1900. 70. (d) Pi, H. T.: Total Peripheral Aberration of the Eye , Tr. Ophth. Soc. U. Kingdom 45 ( (pt. 1) ) :393, 1925. 71. (e) Stine, G. H.: Variations in Refraction of the Visual and Extra-Visual Pupillary Zones , Am. J. Ophth. 13:101, 1930. 72. Wright, W. D., and Nelson, J. H.: The Relation Between the Apparent Intensity of a Beam of Light and the Angle at Which the Beam Strikes the Retina , Proc. Phys. Soc., London 48:401, 1936.Crossref 73. Stiles, W. S., and Crawford, B. H.: Luminous Efficiency of Rays Entering the Eye Pupil at Different Points , Nature, London 139:246, 1937.Crossref 74. Voeste, H.: Qualitätsänderungen der Spectralfarben in Folge von Ermüdung , Ztschr. f. Psychol. 18:257, 1898. 75. (a) Adrian, E. D.: The Basis of Sensation , New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1928, pp. 53-61. 76. (b) Hartline, H. K.: Intensity and Duration in the Excitation of Single Photoreceptor Units , J. Cell. & Comp. Physiol. 5:229, 1934.
Archives of Ophthalmology – American Medical Association
Published: Jul 1, 1940
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