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EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE ON CORTICAL AND BASAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS AND THE EOSINOPHILE COUNT

EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE ON CORTICAL AND BASAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS AND THE EOSINOPHILE COUNT Abstract THE PURPOSE of this study was to examine the cortical and basal electroencephalograms of subjects without clinical epilepsy or pituitary-adrenocortical disease who receive injections of epinephrine ordinarily sufficient to stimulate the secretion of adrenocortical hormone, as judged from the change in the absolute eosinophile count. These observations should indicate whether or not there is any relevant electroencephalographic activity, cortical or diencephalic, concomitant with adrenergic stimulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. Such information, it was hoped, might be helpful in determining what, if any, modifying influences the cortex and diencephalon have upon adrenocorticotrophic activity. A search of the literature to find what effects of epinephrine on cerebral electrical activity might be expected indicates lack of agreement and unformity on the subject. Some authors report no appreciable effects of epinephrine on the electrogram1 or electroencephalogram.2 Others report definite effects on the cortical and basal electroencephalograms.3 Some of these variations may References 1. Jasper, H., and Erickson, T. C.: Cerebral Blood Flow and pH in Excessive Cortical Discharge Induced by Metrazol and Electrical Stimulation , J. Neurophysiol. 4:333, 1941. 2. Gibbs, F. A.; Gibbs, E. L., and Lennox, W. G.: Effect on the Electroencephalogram of Certain Drugs Which Influence Nervous Activity , Arch. Int. Med. 60:154 ( (July) ) 1937.Crossref 3. Faure, J.: De quelques actions pharmacodynamique sur les potentiels électriques de la base due cerveau chez l'homme , Compt. rend. Soc. biol. 143:391, 1949. 4. Greenblatt, M.; Funkenstein, D.; Miller, D., and Rinkel, M.: Electroencephalographic Patterns from the Base of the Brain , Am. J. Psychiat. 103:749, 1947. 5. Grinker, R. R., and Serota, H. M.: Electroencephalographic Studies on Corticohypothalamic Relations in Schizophrenia , Am. J. Psychiat. 98:385, 1941. 6. Dalton, A. J., and Selye, H.: Blood Picture During the Alarm Reaction , Folia hæmat. 62:397, 1939. 7. Sayers, G.: Regulation of the Secretory Activity of the Adrenal Cortex , Am. J. Med. 10:539, 1951.Crossref 8. Selye, H.: Physiology and Pathology of Exposure to Stress: A Treatise Based on the Concepts of the General-Adaptation-Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation , Montreal, Acta, Inc., 1950 9. General Adaptation Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation , Am. J. Med. 10:549, 1951Crossref 10. General Adaptation Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 6:117, 1946.Crossref 11. Thorn, G. W.: Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Adrenal Insufficiency , Am. J. Med. 10:595, 1951.Crossref 12. Recant, L.; Hume, D. M.; Forsham, P. H., and Thorn, G. W.: Studies on the Effect of Epinephrine on the Pituitary-Adrenocortical System , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 10:187, 1950.Crossref 13. Madison, L.: Comparison of the Anterior Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Stimulating Effect of U. S. P. Epinephrine, Synthetic L-Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine , J. Clin. Invest. 29:789, 1950.Crossref 14. Pellegrino, P. C.; Morris, G. M., and Trubowitz, S.: Eosinophile Response to Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 59:67, 1945. 15. Perlmutter, M., and Mufson, M.: Hypoglycemic and Eosinophilic Response to Insulin: A Test for Pituitary-Adrenal Insufficiency , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 2:277, 1951. 16. Cheng, C. P.; Sayers, G.; Goodman, L. S., and Swinyard, C. A.: Discharge of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone in the Absence of Neural Connections Between the Pituitary and Hypothalamus , Am. J. Physiol. 158:45, 1949. 17. Fortier, C., and Selye, H.: Adrenocorticotrophic Effect of Stress After Severance of the Hypothalamohypophyseal Pathways , Am. J. Physiol. 159:433, 1949. 18. Uotila, U. U.: On the Role of the Pituitary Stalk in the Regulation of the Anterior Pituitary, with Special Reference to the Thyrotropic Hormone , Endocrinology 25:605, 1939. 19. Harris, G. W.: Oestrous Rhythm: Pseudopregnancy and the Pituitary Stalk in the Rat , J. Physiol. 111:347, 1950. 20. Harris, G. W., and Johnson, R. T.: Regeneration of the Hypophysial Portal Vessels After Section of the Hypophysial Stalk in the Monkey , Nature, London 165:819, 1950. 21. Hume, D. M., and Wittenstein, G. J.: Relationship of the Hypothalamus to Pituitary-Adrenocortical Function in Proceedings of the First Clinical ACTH Conference, edited by J. R. Mote, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1950. 22. de Groot, J., and Harris, G. W.: Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland and Blood Lymphocytes , J. Physiol. 111:335, 1950. 23. McDermott, W. W.; Fry, E. G.; Brobeck, J. R., and Long, C. N. H.: Mechanism of Control of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 23:52, 1950. 24. Ronzoni, E., and Reichlin, S.: Adrenergic Agents and the Adrenocorticotrophic Activity of the Anterior Pituitary , Am. J. Physiol. 160:490, 1950. 25. Sayers, G., and Sayers, M. A.: The Pituitary-Adrenal System , Recent Progress in Hormone Res. 2:81, 1948. 26. Cheng, C. P.; Sayers, G.; Goodman, L. S., and Swinyard, C. A.: Discharge of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone from Transplanted Pituitary Tissue , Am. J. Physiol. 159:426, 1949. 27. Fortier, C., and Selye, H.: Adrenocorticotrophic Effect of Stress After Severance of the Hypothalamohypophyseal Pathways , Am. J. Physiol. 159:433, 1949. 28. McDermott, W. W.; Fry, E. G.; Brobeck, J. R., and Long, C. N. H.: Mechanism of Control of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 23:52, 1950. 29. Gottschalk, L. A.: A Nasopharyngeal Lead of New Design , Electroencephalog. & Clin. Neurophysiol. 3:511, 1951. 30. Randolph, T. G.: Differentiation and Enumeration of Eosinophils in the Counting Chamber with a Glycol Stain: A Valuable Technique in Appraising ACTH Dosage , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 34:1696, 1949. 31. It should be clear that the data obtained from the eosinophile counts cannot be compared strictly with the expected findings reported with the Thorn four-hour epinephrine test, for, instead of a single injection of 0.3 mg. of epinephrine, 0.2 mg. of the drug was injected initially, followed by another 0.2-mg. injection of epinephrine in 15 minutes. Also, before and during the test the subjects were not kept in a fasting state and were engaged part of the time in their usual routine of work. Nevertheless, those subjects who revealed a marked fall in their eosinophile count in the four-hour period, it is felt, can be considered to have had a definite stimulation of the pituitary adrenocortical system by the epinephrine, whereas in the other subjects, with little or no eosinopenia after epinephrine, there must have been a relative lack of activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis. 32. Gibbs, F. A.: Electroencephalography, Principal Patterns, Diagnostic Evaluation, Topic 49 , in Solomon, H. C., and Yakovlev, P. I., Editors: Manual of Military Neuropsychiatry , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1944. 33. Gibbs, F. A., and Gibbs, E. L.: Atlas of Electroencephalography , Cambridge, Mass., Addison-Wesley Press, Inc., 1950, Vol. 1 34. Methodology and Controls; Atlas of Electroencephalography , Cambridge, Mass., Lew A. Cummings Co., 1941. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png A.M.A. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry American Medical Association

EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE ON CORTICAL AND BASAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS AND THE EOSINOPHILE COUNT

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References (34)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1952 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0096-6886
DOI
10.1001/archneurpsyc.1952.02320160106011
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Abstract

Abstract THE PURPOSE of this study was to examine the cortical and basal electroencephalograms of subjects without clinical epilepsy or pituitary-adrenocortical disease who receive injections of epinephrine ordinarily sufficient to stimulate the secretion of adrenocortical hormone, as judged from the change in the absolute eosinophile count. These observations should indicate whether or not there is any relevant electroencephalographic activity, cortical or diencephalic, concomitant with adrenergic stimulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. Such information, it was hoped, might be helpful in determining what, if any, modifying influences the cortex and diencephalon have upon adrenocorticotrophic activity. A search of the literature to find what effects of epinephrine on cerebral electrical activity might be expected indicates lack of agreement and unformity on the subject. Some authors report no appreciable effects of epinephrine on the electrogram1 or electroencephalogram.2 Others report definite effects on the cortical and basal electroencephalograms.3 Some of these variations may References 1. Jasper, H., and Erickson, T. C.: Cerebral Blood Flow and pH in Excessive Cortical Discharge Induced by Metrazol and Electrical Stimulation , J. Neurophysiol. 4:333, 1941. 2. Gibbs, F. A.; Gibbs, E. L., and Lennox, W. G.: Effect on the Electroencephalogram of Certain Drugs Which Influence Nervous Activity , Arch. Int. Med. 60:154 ( (July) ) 1937.Crossref 3. Faure, J.: De quelques actions pharmacodynamique sur les potentiels électriques de la base due cerveau chez l'homme , Compt. rend. Soc. biol. 143:391, 1949. 4. Greenblatt, M.; Funkenstein, D.; Miller, D., and Rinkel, M.: Electroencephalographic Patterns from the Base of the Brain , Am. J. Psychiat. 103:749, 1947. 5. Grinker, R. R., and Serota, H. M.: Electroencephalographic Studies on Corticohypothalamic Relations in Schizophrenia , Am. J. Psychiat. 98:385, 1941. 6. Dalton, A. J., and Selye, H.: Blood Picture During the Alarm Reaction , Folia hæmat. 62:397, 1939. 7. Sayers, G.: Regulation of the Secretory Activity of the Adrenal Cortex , Am. J. Med. 10:539, 1951.Crossref 8. Selye, H.: Physiology and Pathology of Exposure to Stress: A Treatise Based on the Concepts of the General-Adaptation-Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation , Montreal, Acta, Inc., 1950 9. General Adaptation Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation , Am. J. Med. 10:549, 1951Crossref 10. General Adaptation Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 6:117, 1946.Crossref 11. Thorn, G. W.: Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Adrenal Insufficiency , Am. J. Med. 10:595, 1951.Crossref 12. Recant, L.; Hume, D. M.; Forsham, P. H., and Thorn, G. W.: Studies on the Effect of Epinephrine on the Pituitary-Adrenocortical System , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 10:187, 1950.Crossref 13. Madison, L.: Comparison of the Anterior Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical Stimulating Effect of U. S. P. Epinephrine, Synthetic L-Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine , J. Clin. Invest. 29:789, 1950.Crossref 14. Pellegrino, P. C.; Morris, G. M., and Trubowitz, S.: Eosinophile Response to Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 59:67, 1945. 15. Perlmutter, M., and Mufson, M.: Hypoglycemic and Eosinophilic Response to Insulin: A Test for Pituitary-Adrenal Insufficiency , J. Clin. Endocrinol. 2:277, 1951. 16. Cheng, C. P.; Sayers, G.; Goodman, L. S., and Swinyard, C. A.: Discharge of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone in the Absence of Neural Connections Between the Pituitary and Hypothalamus , Am. J. Physiol. 158:45, 1949. 17. Fortier, C., and Selye, H.: Adrenocorticotrophic Effect of Stress After Severance of the Hypothalamohypophyseal Pathways , Am. J. Physiol. 159:433, 1949. 18. Uotila, U. U.: On the Role of the Pituitary Stalk in the Regulation of the Anterior Pituitary, with Special Reference to the Thyrotropic Hormone , Endocrinology 25:605, 1939. 19. Harris, G. W.: Oestrous Rhythm: Pseudopregnancy and the Pituitary Stalk in the Rat , J. Physiol. 111:347, 1950. 20. Harris, G. W., and Johnson, R. T.: Regeneration of the Hypophysial Portal Vessels After Section of the Hypophysial Stalk in the Monkey , Nature, London 165:819, 1950. 21. Hume, D. M., and Wittenstein, G. J.: Relationship of the Hypothalamus to Pituitary-Adrenocortical Function in Proceedings of the First Clinical ACTH Conference, edited by J. R. Mote, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1950. 22. de Groot, J., and Harris, G. W.: Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland and Blood Lymphocytes , J. Physiol. 111:335, 1950. 23. McDermott, W. W.; Fry, E. G.; Brobeck, J. R., and Long, C. N. H.: Mechanism of Control of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 23:52, 1950. 24. Ronzoni, E., and Reichlin, S.: Adrenergic Agents and the Adrenocorticotrophic Activity of the Anterior Pituitary , Am. J. Physiol. 160:490, 1950. 25. Sayers, G., and Sayers, M. A.: The Pituitary-Adrenal System , Recent Progress in Hormone Res. 2:81, 1948. 26. Cheng, C. P.; Sayers, G.; Goodman, L. S., and Swinyard, C. A.: Discharge of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone from Transplanted Pituitary Tissue , Am. J. Physiol. 159:426, 1949. 27. Fortier, C., and Selye, H.: Adrenocorticotrophic Effect of Stress After Severance of the Hypothalamohypophyseal Pathways , Am. J. Physiol. 159:433, 1949. 28. McDermott, W. W.; Fry, E. G.; Brobeck, J. R., and Long, C. N. H.: Mechanism of Control of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 23:52, 1950. 29. Gottschalk, L. A.: A Nasopharyngeal Lead of New Design , Electroencephalog. & Clin. Neurophysiol. 3:511, 1951. 30. Randolph, T. G.: Differentiation and Enumeration of Eosinophils in the Counting Chamber with a Glycol Stain: A Valuable Technique in Appraising ACTH Dosage , J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 34:1696, 1949. 31. It should be clear that the data obtained from the eosinophile counts cannot be compared strictly with the expected findings reported with the Thorn four-hour epinephrine test, for, instead of a single injection of 0.3 mg. of epinephrine, 0.2 mg. of the drug was injected initially, followed by another 0.2-mg. injection of epinephrine in 15 minutes. Also, before and during the test the subjects were not kept in a fasting state and were engaged part of the time in their usual routine of work. Nevertheless, those subjects who revealed a marked fall in their eosinophile count in the four-hour period, it is felt, can be considered to have had a definite stimulation of the pituitary adrenocortical system by the epinephrine, whereas in the other subjects, with little or no eosinopenia after epinephrine, there must have been a relative lack of activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis. 32. Gibbs, F. A.: Electroencephalography, Principal Patterns, Diagnostic Evaluation, Topic 49 , in Solomon, H. C., and Yakovlev, P. I., Editors: Manual of Military Neuropsychiatry , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1944. 33. Gibbs, F. A., and Gibbs, E. L.: Atlas of Electroencephalography , Cambridge, Mass., Addison-Wesley Press, Inc., 1950, Vol. 1 34. Methodology and Controls; Atlas of Electroencephalography , Cambridge, Mass., Lew A. Cummings Co., 1941.

Journal

A.M.A. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – American Medical Association

Published: Apr 1, 1952

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