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J. Globus, A. Harreveld (1943)
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT APPLICATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN OF DOGSJournal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 2
U. Cerletti (1940)
Le alterazioni istologiche del sistema nervosa nell' electroshockRiv. sper. di freniat., 64
A. Jensen, R. Becker, W. Windle (1948)
Changes in brain structure and memory after intermittent exposure to simulated altitude of 30,000 feet.Archives of neurology and psychiatry, 60 3
W. Lidbeck (1944)
Pathologic Changes in the Brain after Electric ShockAn Experimental Study on DogsJournal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 3
S. E. Barrera , N. D. C. Lewis, B. L. Pacella (1942)
Brain Changes Associated with Electrically Induced Seizures: A Study in the Macacus RhesusTr. Am. Neurol. A., 68
G. Heilbrunn (1942)
Pathologic Changes in the Central Nervous System in Experimental Electric ShockArch. Neurol. & Psychiat., 47
G. Heilbrunn (1943)
Prevention of Hemorrhages in the Brain in Experimental Electric ShockArch. Neurol. & Psychiat., 50
Lko Alexander, H. Löwenbach (1944)
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ELECTRO‐SHOCK TREATMENT: THE INTRACEREBRAL VASCULAR REACTION AS AN INDICATOR OF THE PATH OF THE CURRENT AND THE THRESHOLD OF EARLY CHANGES WITHIN THE BRAIN TISSUEJournal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 3
B. Alpers, J. Hughes (1942)
CHANGES IN THE BRAIN AFTER ELECTRICALLY INDUCED CONVULSIONS IN CATSJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 47
W. Windle, R. Rhines, James Rankin (1943)
A Nissl Method Using Buffered Solutions of ThioninBiotechnic & Histochemistry, 18
L. Alexander (1941)
Electric Shock: Importance of the Path, Distribution and Density of the Current in Determining Symptoms and PathologyAm. J. Path., 17
M. Spiegel-Adolf, E. Spiegel, E. Ashkenaz, A. Lee (1945)
Physiochemical Effects of Electrically Induced ConvulsionsCerebrospinal Fluid StudiesJournal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 4
M. Neumann, R. Cohn, S. Katzenelbogen (1942)
EXPERIMENTAL "SHOCK THERAPIES" IN CATS WITH INSULIN AND METRAZOLAmerican Journal of Psychiatry, 98
H. Koenig , R. A. Groat (1945)
A Physiological Approach to Perfusion-Fixation of Tissues with FormalinStain Technol., 20
N. Winkelman, M. Moore (1944)
NEUROHISTOLOGIC FINDINGS IN EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRIC SHOCK TREATMENTJournal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 3
W. Holmes (1942)
A new method for the impregnation of nerve axons in mounted paraffin sectionsThe Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 54
J. C. Liu (1949)
Nerve Cell Changes Resulting from StarvationAnat. Rec., 103
A. Ferraro, L. Roizin, M. Helfand (1946)
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN OF MONKEYS FOLLOWING CONVULSIONS ELECTRICALLY INDUCEDJournal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 5
G. Heilbrunn, A. Weil (1942)
PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRIC SHOCKJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 47
B. J. Alpers (1942)
Changes in the Brain After Electrically Induced Convulsions in CatArch. Neurol. & Psychiat., 47
R. Koenig (1949)
Post Mortem Changes Within the Central Nervous SystemAnat. Rec., 103
A. W. Weeks (1939)
The Distribution of Electric Current in the Animal Body: An Experimental Investigation of 60 Cycle Alternating CurrentJ. Indust. Hyg. & Toxicol., 21
M. A. Neumann , R. Cohn (1942)
Experimental "Shock Therapies" in Cats with Insulin and Metrazol: Histopathologic StudyAm. J. Psychiat., 98
A. Ferraro, L. Roizin (1949)
Cerebral morphologic changes in monkeys subjected to a large number of electrically induced convulsions (32-100).Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 73 73 Annual Meet.
G. Heilbrunn (1943)
PREVENTION OF HEMORRHAGES IN THE BRAIN IN EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRIC SHOCKJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 50
E. Mayer (1949)
The Unspecific Properties of Thyroid ColloidAnat. Rec., 103
W. F. Windle , R. A. Groat (1944)
Experimental Structural Alterations in Brain During and After ConcussionSurg., Gynec. & Obst., 79
A. Weil (1928)
A Rapid Method for Staining of Myelin SheathsArch. Neurol. & Psychiat., 20
W. F. Windle , R. Rhines (1943)
A Nissl Method Using Buffered Solutions of ThioninStain Technol., 18
K. Neubuerger, R. Whitehead, E. Rutledge, Kranklin Ebaugh (1942)
PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE BRAINS OF DOGS GIVEN REPEATED ELECTRICAL SHOCKSThe American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 204
L. Kalinowsky, F. Kennedy (1943)
OBSERVATIONS IN ELECTRIC SHOCK THERAPY APPLIED TO PROBLEMS OF EPILEPSYThe Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 98
W. Windle, W. Krieg, A. Arieff (1945)
Failure to detect structural changes in the brain after electrical shockQuarterly Bulletin of the Northwestern University Medical School, 19
Abstract SINCE the introduction of electric shock in the treatment of certain mental disorders, numerous investigators have attempted to determine whether this form of therapy produces histologic changes in the central nervous system. It has not been shown conclusively that changes do occur. The problem was restudied by subjecting monkeys to treatment similar to that employed in human electric convulsion therapy. After shocks of various duration, the animals were killed and the central nervous system was prepared for histologic examination by improved and rigidly controlled technical procedures that precluded postmortem cellular deterioration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five male monkeys (Macaca mulatta), weighing 8 to 10 pounds (3.6 to 4.5 Kg.), were treated; an additional monkey served as a control. All were kept together in a large cage and were fed an adequate diet of fresh fruits and vegetables and the standard prepared laboratory chow. Throughout the experiment, the animals appeared healthy, showed References 1. Koenig, H.; Groat, R. A., and Windle, W. F.: A Physiological Approach to Perfusion-Fixation of Tissues with Formalin , Stain Technol. 20:13-22 ( (Jan.) ) 1945. 2. Windle, W. F.; Rhines, R., and Rankin, J.: A Nissl Method Using Buffered Solutions of Thionin , Stain Technol. 18:77-86 ( (April) ) 1943. 3. Weil, A.: A Rapid Method for Staining of Myelin Sheaths , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 20:392-393 ( (Aug.) ) 1928. 4. Holmes, W.: A New Method for the Impregnation of Nerve Axons in Mounted Paraffin Sections , J. Path. & Bact. 54:132-136 ( (Jan.) ) 1942. 5. This relation was borne out in the tenth treatment of animals A and D: The former was exposed for 0.4 second and had a reaction similar to that seen ordinarily in animals D and E; animal D was exposed for 0.3 second and exhibited a decrease in the clonic phase time as compared with that usually observed in animal C. 6. Weeks, A. W., and Alexander L.: The Distribution of Electric Current in the Animal Body: An Experimental Investigation of 60 Cycle Alternating Current , J. Indust. Hyg. & Toxicol. 21:517-525 ( (Dec.) ) 1939. 7. Alexander, L., and Weeks, A. W.: Electric Shock: Importance of the Path, Distribution and Density of the Current in Determining Symptoms and Pathology , Am. J. Path. 17:601-602 ( (July) ) 1941. 8. Alexander, L., and Löwenbach, H.: Experimental Studies on Electro-Shock Treatment: Intracerebral Vascular Reaction as an Indicator of the Path of the Current and the Threshold of Early Changes Within the Brain Tissue , J. Neuropath. & Exper. Neurol. 3:139-171 ( (April) ) 1944. 9. Kalinowsky, L. B., and Kennedy, F.: Observations in Electric Shock Therapy Applied to Problems of Epilepsy , J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis. 98:56-67 ( (July) ) 1943. 10. Ferraro, A.; Roizin, L., and Helfand, M.: Morphologic Changes in the Brain of Monkeys Following Convulsions Electrically Induced , J. Neuropath. & Exper. Neurol. 5:285-308 ( (Oct.) ) 1946. 11. Cerletti, U., and Bini, L.: Le alterazioni istologiche del sistema nervosa nell' electroshock , Riv. sper. di freniat. 64:311, 1940 12. Ferraro, Roizin and Helfand.8 13. Neubuerger, K. T.; Whitehead, R. H.; Rutledge, E. K., and Ebaugh, F. G.: Pathologic Changes in the Brains of Dogs Given Repeated Electric Shocks , Am. J. Med. Sc. 204:381-387 ( (Sept.) ) 1942. 14. Lidbeck, W. L.: Pathologic Changes in the Brain After Electric Shock: An Experimental Study on Dogs , J. Neuropath. & Exper. Neurol. 3:81-86 ( (Jan.) ) 1944. 15. Spiegel-Adolf, M.; Spiegel, E. A.; Ashkenaz, E. W., and Lee, A. J.: Physico-Chemical Effects of Electrically Induced Convulsions: Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies , J. Neuropath. & Exper. Neurol. 4:277-290 ( (July) ) 1945. 16. Ferraro, Roizin and Helfand.8 17. Ferraro, A., and Roizin, L.: Cerebral Morphologic Changes in Monkeys Subjected to a Large Number of Electrically Induced Convulsions , Tr. Am. Neurol. A. 73:166-169, 1948. 18. Alpers, B. J., and Hughes, J.: Changes in the Brain After Electrically Induced Convulsions in Cat , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 47:385-398 ( (March) ) 1942. 19. Heilbrunn, G., and Weil, A.: Pathologic Changes in the Central Nervous System in Experimental Electric Shock , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 47:918-930 ( (June) ) 1942. 20. Barrera, S. E.; Lewis, N. D. C.; Pacella, B. L., and Kalinowsky, L.: Brain Changes Associated with Electrically Induced Seizures: A Study in the Macacus Rhesus , Tr. Am. Neurol. A. 68:31-35, 1942. 21. Globus, J. H.; Van Harreveld, A., and Wiersma, C. A. G.: The Influence of Electric Current Application on the Structure of the Brain of Dogs , J. Neuropath. & Exper. Neurol. 2:263-276 ( (July) ) 1943. 22. Alexander and Löwenbach.6c 23. Winkelman, N. W., and Moore, M. T.: Neurohistologic Findings in Experimental Electric Shock Treatment , J. Neuropath. & Exper. Neurol. 3:199-209 ( (July) ) 1944. 24. Windle, W. F.; Krieg, W. J. S., and Arieff, A. J.: Failure to Detect Structural Changes in the Brain After Electrical Shock , Quart. Bull., Northwestern Univ. M. School 19:181-188, 1945. 25. Heilbrunn, G.: Prevention of Hemorrhages in the Brain in Experimental Electric Shock , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 50:450-455 ( (Oct.) ) 1943. 26. Neumann, M. A.; Cohn, R., and Katzenelbogen, S.: Experimental "Shock Therapies" in Cats with Insulin and Metrazol: Histopathologic Study , Am. J. Psychiat. 98:668-672 ( (March) ) 1942. 27. Koenig, R.: Post Mortem Changes Within the Central Nervous System , Anat. Rec. 103:61 ( (March) ) 1949. 28. Koenig, H., and Koenig, R.: Personal communication to the authors. 29. Mayer, E.: The Unspecific Properties of Thyroid Colloid , Anat. Rec. 103:71 ( (March) ) 1949. 30. Windle, W. F.; Groat, R. A., and Fox, C. A.: Experimental Structural Alterations in Brain During and After Concussion , Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 79:561-572 ( (Dec.) ) 1944. 31. Liu, J. C.: Nerve Cell Changes Resulting from Starvation , Anat. Rec. 103:68 ( (March) ) 1949. 32. Jensen, A. V.; Becker, R. F., and Windle, W. F.: Changes in Brain Structure and Memory After Intermittent Exposure to Simulated Altitude of 30,000 Feet , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 60:221-239 ( (Sept.) ) 1948.
Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – American Medical Association
Published: Jan 1, 1950
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