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CHEMICAL MEDIATION OF NERVE IMPULSES

CHEMICAL MEDIATION OF NERVE IMPULSES Abstract The first intimation of the chemical mediation of nerve impulses was given by Elliott1 (1905). He observed that the structures innervated by sympathetic nerves responded in a characteristic manner to epinephrine long after these nerves had been cut and had undergone degeneration. If a structure, smooth muscle, for example, contracted in response to sympathetic impulses it contracted in response to epinephrine, and if sympathetic impulses caused relaxation, the response to epinephrine also was relaxation. It was obvious that epinephrine did not affect any part of the peripheral nerves, for they had undergone degeneration. On the basis of these observations Elliott suggested that the sympathtetic nerve impulse arriving at a smooth muscle cell might liberate epinephrine in the cell and that this epinephrine acts as a chemical mediator in the process of stimulation. This would explain the manner in which epinephrine from the adrenal gland mimics the action of sympathetic References 1. Elliott, T. R.: The Action of Adrenalin , J. Physiol. 32:401-467 ( (July 13) ) 1905. 2. Cannon, W. B.: The Story of the Development of Our Ideas of Chemical Mediation of Nerve Impulses , Am. J. M. Sc. 188:145-159 ( (Aug.) ) 1934.Crossref 3. Langley, J. N.: On the Reaction of Cells and of Nerve-Endings to Certain Poisons, Chiefly as Regards the Reaction of Striated Muscle to Nicotine and to Curari , J. Physiol. 33:374-413 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1905. 4. Bottazzi, Phil.: Sur le mecanisme d'action des seis de potassium sur le coeur: Contribution à la doctrine de l'inhibition , Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. 8:882-892, 1896. 5. Martin, E. G.: The Inhibitory Influence of Potassium Chloride on the Heart, and the Effect of Variations of Temperature upon This Inhibition and upon Vagus Inhibition , Am. J. Physiol. 11:370-393 ( (July) ) 1904. 6. Howell, W. H.: Vagus Inhibition of the Heart in Its Relation to the Inorganic Salts of the Blood , Am. J. Physiol. 15:280-294 ( (Feb.) ) 1906. 7. Howell, W. H., and Duke, W. W.: The Effect of Vagus Inhibition on the Output of Potassium from the Heart , Am. J. Physiol. 21:51-63 ( (Feb.) ) 1908. 8. Dixon, W. E., and Hamill, P.: The Mode of Action of Specific Substances with Special Reference to Secretin , J. Physiol. 38:314-336 ( (March 22) ) 1909. 9. Hunt, Reid, and Taveau, R. de M.: On the Physiological Action of Certain Cholin Derivatives and New Methods for Detecting Cholin , Brit. M. J. 2:1788-1791 ( (Dec. 12) ) 1906.Crossref 10. Dale, H. H.: The Action of Certain Esters and Ethers of Choline, and Their Relation to Muscarine , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 6:147-190 ( (Nov.) ) 1914 11. The Occurrence in Ergot and Action of Acetyl-Choline , J. Physiol. 48: iii-iv ( (Jan. 24) ) 1914. 12. Loewi, O.: Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 189:239-242, 1921. 13. Loewi, O., and Navratil, E.: Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung: X. Ueber das Schicksal des Vagusstoffs , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 214-678-688, 1926 14. Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung: XI. Ueber den Mechanismus der Vaguswirkung von Physostigmin und Ergotamin , Loewi Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 214:689-696, 1926. 15. Cannon, W. B., and Uridil, J. E.: Studies on the Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Organs: VIII. Some Effects on the Denervated Heart of Stimulating the Nerves of the Liver , Am. J. Physiol. 58:353-364 ( (Dec. 1) ) 1921. 16. Plattner, Friedrich: Eine Bestätigung der humoralen Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung , Ztschr. f. Biol. 83:544-546, 1925. 17. Samojloff, A.: Die Aktionsströme des Froschherzventrikels bei hormonaler Vagusreizung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 217:582-597, 1927. 18. Bain, W. A.: A Method of Demonstrating the Humoral Transmission of the Effects of Cardiac Vagus Stimulation in the Frog , Quart. J. Exper. Physiol. 22:269-274 ( (Dec.) ) 1932. 19. Brinkman, R., and van Dam, E.: Die chemische Uebertragbarkeit der Nervenreizwirkung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 196:66-82, 1922. 20. Külz, Fritz: Zur Humoralphysiologie des Froschherzens , Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 134:252-256, 1928. 21. Finkelman, B.: On the Nature of Inhibition in the Intestine , J. Physiol. 70:145-157 ( (Sept. 18) ) 1930. 22. Demoor, J.: Le réglage humoral dans le cœur , Ann. de physiol. 5:42-129 ( (Jan.) ) 1929. 23. Cannon, W. B., and Bacq, Z. M.: Studies on Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Organs: Hormone Produced by Sympathetic Action on Smooth Muscle , Am. J. Physiol. 96:392-412 ( (Feb.) ) 1931. 24. Cannon, W. B.; Lewis, J. T., and Britton, S. W.: Studies on Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Glands: XVII. A Lasting Preparation of the Denervated Heart for Detecting Internal Secretion, with Evidence for Accessory Acceleration Fibers from the Thoracic Sympathetic Chain , Am. J. Physiol. 77:326-352 ( (July) ) 1926. 25. Newton, H. F.; Zwemer, R. L., and Cannon, W. B.: Studies on Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Organs: XXV. The Mystery of Emotional Acceleration of the Denervated Heart, After Exclusion of Known Humoral Accelerators , Am. J. Physiol. 96:377-391 ( (Feb.) ) 1931. 26. Cannon, W. B., and Rosenblueth, A.: Studies on Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Organs: XXIX. Sympathin E and Sympathin I , Am. J. Physiol. 104:557-574 ( (June) ) 1933. 27. Cannon, W. B., and Rosenblueth, A.: A Comparison of the Effects of Sympathin and Adrenine on the Iris , Am. J. Physiol. 113:251-258 ( (Oct.) ) 1935. 28. Liu, A. C., and Rosenblueth, A.: Reflex Liberation of Circulating Sympathin , Am. J. Physiol. 113:555-559 ( (Nov.) ) 1935. 29. Dye, J. A.: The Exhaustibility of the Sympathin Stores , Am. J. Physiol. 113:265-270 ( (Oct.) ) 1935. 30. Engelhart, Erich: Der humorale Wirkungsmechanismus der Oculomotoriusreizung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 227:220-234, 1931.Crossref 31. Babkin, B. P.; Alley, A., and Stravracky, G., cited by Cannon.2 32. Gibbs, O. S., and Szelöczey, J.: Die humorale Uebertragung der Chorda tympani-Reizung , Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 168:64-88, 1932.Crossref 33. Feldberg, W.: Der Nachweis eines acetylcholinähnlichen Stoffes im Zungenvenblut des Hundes bei Reizung des Nervus lingualis , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 232:88-104, 1932.Crossref 34. Henderson, V. E., and Roepke, M. H.: The Rôle of Acetylcholine in Bladder Contractile Mechanisms and in Parasympathetic Ganglia , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 51:97-111 ( (May) ) 1934. 35. Dale, H. H., and Feldberg, W.: Chemical Transmitter of Vagus Effects to the Stomach , J. Physiol. 81:320-334 ( (June 9) ) 1934. 36. Sherif, M. A. F.: The Chemical Transmitter of the Sympathetic Nerve to the Uterus , J. Physiol. 85:298-308 ( (Nov. 22) ) 1935. 37. Bacq, Z. M.: Recherches sur la physiologie et la pharmacologie du système nerveux autonome; les esters de la choline dans les extraits de tissus des invertébrés , Arch. internat. de physiol. 42:24-42 ( (Oct.) ) 1935 38. abstr., Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 120:243-245 ( (July 13) ) 1935. 39. Bacq, Z. M., and Mazza, F.: Recherches sur la physiologie et la pharmacologie du système nerveux autonome; isolement de chloroaurate d'acétylcholine à partir d'un extrait de cellules nerveuses d'octopus vulgaris , Arch. internat. de physiol. 42:43-46 ( (Oct.) ) 1935 40. abstr., Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 120: 246-247 ( (July 13) ) 1935. 41. Bunting, Henry; Meek, W. J., and Maaske, C. A.: The Chemical Transmission of Vagal Effects to the Small Intestine , Am. J. Physiol. 114:100-105 ( (Dec.) ) 1935. 42. Beznák, A. B. L.: On the Mechanism of the Autacoid Function of Parasympathetic Nerves , J. Physiol. 82:129-153 ( (Sept. 19) ) 1934. 43. Vartiainen, A.: Does Vagus Stimulation Cause an Increase in the Acetylcholine Content of the Heart Muscle? J. Physiol. 82:282-292 ( (Oct. 17) ) 1934. 44. Engelhart, E., and Loewi, W.: Fermentative Azetylcholinspaltung im Blut und ihre Hemmung durch Physostigmin , Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 150:1-13, 1930.Crossref 45. Matthes, K.: The Action of Blood on Acetylcholine , J. Physiol. 70:338-348 ( (Dec. 4) ) 1930. 46. Stedman, Edgar; Stedman, Ellen, and Easson, L. H.: CCXLV. Choline-Esterase: An Enzyme Present in the Blood-Serum of the Horse , Biochem. J. 26:2056-2066, 1932. 47. Stedman, Edgar; Stedman, Ellen, and White, A. C.: CXXXIX. A Comparison of the Choline-Esterase Activities of the Blood-Sera from Various Species , Biochem. J. 27:1055-1060, 1933. 48. Ammon, R.: Die fermentative Spaltung des Acetylcholins , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 233:486-491, 1934.Crossref 49. Stedman, Edgar, and Stedman, Ellen: CCCV. The Purification of Choline-Esterase , Biochem. J. 29:2563-2567 ( (Nov.) ) 1935. 50. Kruta, Vladislav: L'acétylcholine produite à l'extrémité des nerfs mateurs est-elle pratiquement efficace pour la contraction musculaire? Arch. internat. de physiol. 41:187-200 ( (April) ) 1935. 51. Dale, H. H.: Progress in Autopharmacology: A Survey of Present Knowledge of the Chemical Regulation of Certain Functions by Natural Constituents of the Tissues , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 53:297-347, 1933. 52. Dale, H. H.: Pharmacology and Nerve-Endings , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 28:319-332 ( (Jan.) ) 1935. 53. Langley, J. N.: On the Regeneration of Pre-Ganglionic and of Post-Ganglionic Visceral Nerve Fibers , J. Physiol. 22:215-230 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1897 54. On the Union of Cranial Autonomic (Visceral) Fibres with the Nerve Cells of the Superior Cervical Ganglion , Langley J. Physiol. 23:240-270 ( (July 26) ) 1898 55. On the Stimulation and Paralysis of Nerve-Cells and of Nerve-Endings , Langley J. Physiol. 27:224-236 ( (Oct. 16) ) 1901. 56. Langley, J. N., and Anderson, H. K.: Observations on the Regeneration of Nerve Fibres , J. Physiol. 29:iii-v ( (Dec.) ) 1902 57. On the Union of the Fifth Cervical Nerve with the Superior Cervical Ganglion , Langley J. Physiol. 30:439-442 ( (Feb. 25) ) 1904 58. The Union of Different Kinds of Nerve Fibres , Langley J. Physiol. 31:365-391 ( (Aug. 22) ) 1904 59. On Autogenetic Regeneration in the Nerves of the Limbs , Langley J. Physiol. 31:418-491 ( (Aug. 22) ) 1904. 60. Feldberg, W., and Vartiainen, A.: Further Observations on the Physiology and Pharmacology of a Sympathetic Ganglion , J. Physiol. 83:103-128 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1934. 61. Lindsley, D. B.: Myographic and Electromyographic Studies of Myasthenia Gravis , Brain 58:470-482 ( (Dec.) ) 1935.Crossref 62. Franel, Louise: L'acétylcholine dans le sang, chez l'animal à l'état de repos et de travail musculaire , Arch. internat. de physiol. 41:256-280 ( (June) ) 1935. 63. Dikshit, B. B.: Action of Acetylcholine on the Brain and Its Occurrence Therein , J. Physiol. 80:409-421 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1934. 64. Feldberg, W., and Schriever, cited by Dale.47 65. Kibjakow, A. W.: Ueber humorale Uebertragung der Erregung von einem Neuron auf das andere , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 232:432-433, 1933.Crossref 66. Feldberg, W., and Gaddum, J. H.: The Chemical Transmitter at Synapses in a Sympathetic Ganglion , J. Physiol. 80:xii-xiii ( (Nov.) ) 1933. 67. Suh, T. H.; Wang, C. H., and Lim, R. K. S.: Effect of Intracisternal Injections of Acetylcholine , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 32:1410 ( (June) ) 1935.Crossref 68. Armstrong, P. B.: The Rôle of the Nerves in the Action of Acetylcholine on the Embryonic Heart , J. Physiol. 84:20-32 ( (April 26) ) 1935. 69. Cattell, McKeen, and Wolff, H. G.: On the Site of Action of Acetylcholine and Its Significance , Science 82:106-107 ( (Aug. 2) ) 1935.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry American Medical Association

CHEMICAL MEDIATION OF NERVE IMPULSES

Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry , Volume 37 (1) – Jan 1, 1937

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References (68)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1937 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0096-6754
DOI
10.1001/archneurpsyc.1937.02260130152010
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract The first intimation of the chemical mediation of nerve impulses was given by Elliott1 (1905). He observed that the structures innervated by sympathetic nerves responded in a characteristic manner to epinephrine long after these nerves had been cut and had undergone degeneration. If a structure, smooth muscle, for example, contracted in response to sympathetic impulses it contracted in response to epinephrine, and if sympathetic impulses caused relaxation, the response to epinephrine also was relaxation. It was obvious that epinephrine did not affect any part of the peripheral nerves, for they had undergone degeneration. On the basis of these observations Elliott suggested that the sympathtetic nerve impulse arriving at a smooth muscle cell might liberate epinephrine in the cell and that this epinephrine acts as a chemical mediator in the process of stimulation. This would explain the manner in which epinephrine from the adrenal gland mimics the action of sympathetic References 1. Elliott, T. R.: The Action of Adrenalin , J. Physiol. 32:401-467 ( (July 13) ) 1905. 2. Cannon, W. B.: The Story of the Development of Our Ideas of Chemical Mediation of Nerve Impulses , Am. J. M. Sc. 188:145-159 ( (Aug.) ) 1934.Crossref 3. Langley, J. N.: On the Reaction of Cells and of Nerve-Endings to Certain Poisons, Chiefly as Regards the Reaction of Striated Muscle to Nicotine and to Curari , J. Physiol. 33:374-413 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1905. 4. Bottazzi, Phil.: Sur le mecanisme d'action des seis de potassium sur le coeur: Contribution à la doctrine de l'inhibition , Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. 8:882-892, 1896. 5. Martin, E. G.: The Inhibitory Influence of Potassium Chloride on the Heart, and the Effect of Variations of Temperature upon This Inhibition and upon Vagus Inhibition , Am. J. Physiol. 11:370-393 ( (July) ) 1904. 6. Howell, W. H.: Vagus Inhibition of the Heart in Its Relation to the Inorganic Salts of the Blood , Am. J. Physiol. 15:280-294 ( (Feb.) ) 1906. 7. Howell, W. H., and Duke, W. W.: The Effect of Vagus Inhibition on the Output of Potassium from the Heart , Am. J. Physiol. 21:51-63 ( (Feb.) ) 1908. 8. Dixon, W. E., and Hamill, P.: The Mode of Action of Specific Substances with Special Reference to Secretin , J. Physiol. 38:314-336 ( (March 22) ) 1909. 9. Hunt, Reid, and Taveau, R. de M.: On the Physiological Action of Certain Cholin Derivatives and New Methods for Detecting Cholin , Brit. M. J. 2:1788-1791 ( (Dec. 12) ) 1906.Crossref 10. Dale, H. H.: The Action of Certain Esters and Ethers of Choline, and Their Relation to Muscarine , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 6:147-190 ( (Nov.) ) 1914 11. The Occurrence in Ergot and Action of Acetyl-Choline , J. Physiol. 48: iii-iv ( (Jan. 24) ) 1914. 12. Loewi, O.: Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 189:239-242, 1921. 13. Loewi, O., and Navratil, E.: Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung: X. Ueber das Schicksal des Vagusstoffs , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 214-678-688, 1926 14. Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung: XI. Ueber den Mechanismus der Vaguswirkung von Physostigmin und Ergotamin , Loewi Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 214:689-696, 1926. 15. Cannon, W. B., and Uridil, J. E.: Studies on the Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Organs: VIII. Some Effects on the Denervated Heart of Stimulating the Nerves of the Liver , Am. J. Physiol. 58:353-364 ( (Dec. 1) ) 1921. 16. Plattner, Friedrich: Eine Bestätigung der humoralen Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung , Ztschr. f. Biol. 83:544-546, 1925. 17. Samojloff, A.: Die Aktionsströme des Froschherzventrikels bei hormonaler Vagusreizung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 217:582-597, 1927. 18. Bain, W. A.: A Method of Demonstrating the Humoral Transmission of the Effects of Cardiac Vagus Stimulation in the Frog , Quart. J. Exper. Physiol. 22:269-274 ( (Dec.) ) 1932. 19. Brinkman, R., and van Dam, E.: Die chemische Uebertragbarkeit der Nervenreizwirkung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 196:66-82, 1922. 20. Külz, Fritz: Zur Humoralphysiologie des Froschherzens , Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 134:252-256, 1928. 21. Finkelman, B.: On the Nature of Inhibition in the Intestine , J. Physiol. 70:145-157 ( (Sept. 18) ) 1930. 22. Demoor, J.: Le réglage humoral dans le cœur , Ann. de physiol. 5:42-129 ( (Jan.) ) 1929. 23. Cannon, W. B., and Bacq, Z. M.: Studies on Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Organs: Hormone Produced by Sympathetic Action on Smooth Muscle , Am. J. Physiol. 96:392-412 ( (Feb.) ) 1931. 24. Cannon, W. B.; Lewis, J. T., and Britton, S. W.: Studies on Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Glands: XVII. A Lasting Preparation of the Denervated Heart for Detecting Internal Secretion, with Evidence for Accessory Acceleration Fibers from the Thoracic Sympathetic Chain , Am. J. Physiol. 77:326-352 ( (July) ) 1926. 25. Newton, H. F.; Zwemer, R. L., and Cannon, W. B.: Studies on Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Organs: XXV. The Mystery of Emotional Acceleration of the Denervated Heart, After Exclusion of Known Humoral Accelerators , Am. J. Physiol. 96:377-391 ( (Feb.) ) 1931. 26. Cannon, W. B., and Rosenblueth, A.: Studies on Conditions of Activity in Endocrine Organs: XXIX. Sympathin E and Sympathin I , Am. J. Physiol. 104:557-574 ( (June) ) 1933. 27. Cannon, W. B., and Rosenblueth, A.: A Comparison of the Effects of Sympathin and Adrenine on the Iris , Am. J. Physiol. 113:251-258 ( (Oct.) ) 1935. 28. Liu, A. C., and Rosenblueth, A.: Reflex Liberation of Circulating Sympathin , Am. J. Physiol. 113:555-559 ( (Nov.) ) 1935. 29. Dye, J. A.: The Exhaustibility of the Sympathin Stores , Am. J. Physiol. 113:265-270 ( (Oct.) ) 1935. 30. Engelhart, Erich: Der humorale Wirkungsmechanismus der Oculomotoriusreizung , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 227:220-234, 1931.Crossref 31. Babkin, B. P.; Alley, A., and Stravracky, G., cited by Cannon.2 32. Gibbs, O. S., and Szelöczey, J.: Die humorale Uebertragung der Chorda tympani-Reizung , Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 168:64-88, 1932.Crossref 33. Feldberg, W.: Der Nachweis eines acetylcholinähnlichen Stoffes im Zungenvenblut des Hundes bei Reizung des Nervus lingualis , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 232:88-104, 1932.Crossref 34. Henderson, V. E., and Roepke, M. H.: The Rôle of Acetylcholine in Bladder Contractile Mechanisms and in Parasympathetic Ganglia , J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 51:97-111 ( (May) ) 1934. 35. Dale, H. H., and Feldberg, W.: Chemical Transmitter of Vagus Effects to the Stomach , J. Physiol. 81:320-334 ( (June 9) ) 1934. 36. Sherif, M. A. F.: The Chemical Transmitter of the Sympathetic Nerve to the Uterus , J. Physiol. 85:298-308 ( (Nov. 22) ) 1935. 37. Bacq, Z. M.: Recherches sur la physiologie et la pharmacologie du système nerveux autonome; les esters de la choline dans les extraits de tissus des invertébrés , Arch. internat. de physiol. 42:24-42 ( (Oct.) ) 1935 38. abstr., Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 120:243-245 ( (July 13) ) 1935. 39. Bacq, Z. M., and Mazza, F.: Recherches sur la physiologie et la pharmacologie du système nerveux autonome; isolement de chloroaurate d'acétylcholine à partir d'un extrait de cellules nerveuses d'octopus vulgaris , Arch. internat. de physiol. 42:43-46 ( (Oct.) ) 1935 40. abstr., Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 120: 246-247 ( (July 13) ) 1935. 41. Bunting, Henry; Meek, W. J., and Maaske, C. A.: The Chemical Transmission of Vagal Effects to the Small Intestine , Am. J. Physiol. 114:100-105 ( (Dec.) ) 1935. 42. Beznák, A. B. L.: On the Mechanism of the Autacoid Function of Parasympathetic Nerves , J. Physiol. 82:129-153 ( (Sept. 19) ) 1934. 43. Vartiainen, A.: Does Vagus Stimulation Cause an Increase in the Acetylcholine Content of the Heart Muscle? J. Physiol. 82:282-292 ( (Oct. 17) ) 1934. 44. Engelhart, E., and Loewi, W.: Fermentative Azetylcholinspaltung im Blut und ihre Hemmung durch Physostigmin , Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol. 150:1-13, 1930.Crossref 45. Matthes, K.: The Action of Blood on Acetylcholine , J. Physiol. 70:338-348 ( (Dec. 4) ) 1930. 46. Stedman, Edgar; Stedman, Ellen, and Easson, L. H.: CCXLV. Choline-Esterase: An Enzyme Present in the Blood-Serum of the Horse , Biochem. J. 26:2056-2066, 1932. 47. Stedman, Edgar; Stedman, Ellen, and White, A. C.: CXXXIX. A Comparison of the Choline-Esterase Activities of the Blood-Sera from Various Species , Biochem. J. 27:1055-1060, 1933. 48. Ammon, R.: Die fermentative Spaltung des Acetylcholins , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 233:486-491, 1934.Crossref 49. Stedman, Edgar, and Stedman, Ellen: CCCV. The Purification of Choline-Esterase , Biochem. J. 29:2563-2567 ( (Nov.) ) 1935. 50. Kruta, Vladislav: L'acétylcholine produite à l'extrémité des nerfs mateurs est-elle pratiquement efficace pour la contraction musculaire? Arch. internat. de physiol. 41:187-200 ( (April) ) 1935. 51. Dale, H. H.: Progress in Autopharmacology: A Survey of Present Knowledge of the Chemical Regulation of Certain Functions by Natural Constituents of the Tissues , Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 53:297-347, 1933. 52. Dale, H. H.: Pharmacology and Nerve-Endings , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 28:319-332 ( (Jan.) ) 1935. 53. Langley, J. N.: On the Regeneration of Pre-Ganglionic and of Post-Ganglionic Visceral Nerve Fibers , J. Physiol. 22:215-230 ( (Nov. 15) ) 1897 54. On the Union of Cranial Autonomic (Visceral) Fibres with the Nerve Cells of the Superior Cervical Ganglion , Langley J. Physiol. 23:240-270 ( (July 26) ) 1898 55. On the Stimulation and Paralysis of Nerve-Cells and of Nerve-Endings , Langley J. Physiol. 27:224-236 ( (Oct. 16) ) 1901. 56. Langley, J. N., and Anderson, H. K.: Observations on the Regeneration of Nerve Fibres , J. Physiol. 29:iii-v ( (Dec.) ) 1902 57. On the Union of the Fifth Cervical Nerve with the Superior Cervical Ganglion , Langley J. Physiol. 30:439-442 ( (Feb. 25) ) 1904 58. The Union of Different Kinds of Nerve Fibres , Langley J. Physiol. 31:365-391 ( (Aug. 22) ) 1904 59. On Autogenetic Regeneration in the Nerves of the Limbs , Langley J. Physiol. 31:418-491 ( (Aug. 22) ) 1904. 60. Feldberg, W., and Vartiainen, A.: Further Observations on the Physiology and Pharmacology of a Sympathetic Ganglion , J. Physiol. 83:103-128 ( (Dec. 14) ) 1934. 61. Lindsley, D. B.: Myographic and Electromyographic Studies of Myasthenia Gravis , Brain 58:470-482 ( (Dec.) ) 1935.Crossref 62. Franel, Louise: L'acétylcholine dans le sang, chez l'animal à l'état de repos et de travail musculaire , Arch. internat. de physiol. 41:256-280 ( (June) ) 1935. 63. Dikshit, B. B.: Action of Acetylcholine on the Brain and Its Occurrence Therein , J. Physiol. 80:409-421 ( (Dec. 30) ) 1934. 64. Feldberg, W., and Schriever, cited by Dale.47 65. Kibjakow, A. W.: Ueber humorale Uebertragung der Erregung von einem Neuron auf das andere , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 232:432-433, 1933.Crossref 66. Feldberg, W., and Gaddum, J. H.: The Chemical Transmitter at Synapses in a Sympathetic Ganglion , J. Physiol. 80:xii-xiii ( (Nov.) ) 1933. 67. Suh, T. H.; Wang, C. H., and Lim, R. K. S.: Effect of Intracisternal Injections of Acetylcholine , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 32:1410 ( (June) ) 1935.Crossref 68. Armstrong, P. B.: The Rôle of the Nerves in the Action of Acetylcholine on the Embryonic Heart , J. Physiol. 84:20-32 ( (April 26) ) 1935. 69. Cattell, McKeen, and Wolff, H. G.: On the Site of Action of Acetylcholine and Its Significance , Science 82:106-107 ( (Aug. 2) ) 1935.Crossref

Journal

Archives of Neurology & PsychiatryAmerican Medical Association

Published: Jan 1, 1937

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