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The G93C Mutation in Superoxide Dismutase 1

The G93C Mutation in Superoxide Dismutase 1 BackgroundTwenty percent of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1). Few data exist on their clinicopathologic phenotypes.ObjectivesTo determine the clinical and pathologic phenotype associated with the G93C mutation in SOD1and to compare survival in familial ALS related to this mutation with survival in other ALS subgroups.DesignRetrospective study.SettingTertiary referral center for neuromuscular disorders.PatientsTwenty patients with the G93C mutation for whom clinical data were available and 1 patient with pathologic data.Main Outcome MeasuresCharacteristics and survival compared with other ALS subgroups, adjusting for known prognostic factors.ResultsThe G93C mutation was associated with a purely lower motor neuron phenotype without bulbar involvement. Presence of the mutation independently predicted longer survival compared with other ALS subgroups. Pathologic examination showed degeneration of the anterior horn, spinocerebellar tracts, and posterior funiculi, with minimal involvement of corticospinal tracts and no degeneration of brainstem motor nuclei. Survival motor neuron gene copy number had no significant influence on age at onset or survival in patients with the G93C mutation.ConclusionsThese findings add to the knowledge of SOD1-related familial ALS and demonstrate further clinicopathologic variability between different SOD1mutations. Finally, they demonstrate the independent prognostic value of the G93C mutation.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative disease of motor neurons. In most patients, it is sporadic (SALS) and its cause unknown. In 10% of patients ALS is familial (FALS), and 20% of FALS is caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1).Some of these mutations are associated with a faster or slower clinical courseor with predominant lower motor neuron involvement.However, for most of these mutations little is known about their clinicopathologic correlates.In this article, we report the clinical and pathologic phenotype associated with the G93C mutation in SOD1[SOD1(G93C)]. Also, we compared survival in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS with survival in other ALS subgroups, adjusting for established prognostic factors.METHODSPATIENTSClinical records of patients with ALS examined in our institution were reviewed, and patients with definite or probable ALSwere included. A diagnosis of FALS was made when a first-degree relative was affected. Our ALS database (January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2002) contained 20 patients with FALS from 4 families with SOD1(G93C), 10 patients with SOD1(L38V) FALS, 5 patients with SOD1(D90A) FALS, 18 patients with FALS without SOD1mutations, and 359 patients with SALS. Onset was defined as onset of weakness, dysarthria, or dysphagia, because onset of fasciculations or cramps was found to be unreliable. Diagnostic delay was defined as the interval between onset and diagnosis. Survival was defined as the interval between onset and death or initiation of artificial ventilation. We determined percentage of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) soon after diagnosis. No patients received artificial ventilation.NEUROPATHOLOGIC EXAMINATIONThe brain and spinal cord of a 57-year-old man with SOD1(G93C) and a 67-month survival were examined by routine techniques. Briefly, representative tissue blocks from formalin-fixed brain and spinal cord were processed with paraffin, and 5-&mgr;m-thick sections (through motor and other neocortexes, basal ganglia, hippocampus, brainstem, and cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and with the Klüver-Barrera stain. Indirect immunoperoxidase stains were performed with the use of polyclonal antiubiquitin antibodies (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) and polyclonal antineurofilament antibodies (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, Mo).GENETIC ANALYSISThe SOD1genotyping of patients with FALS with screening of all 5 exons was performed as described previously,after informed consent was obtained. The copy number of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) and SMN2genes in 15 of the patients with SOD1(G93C) was determined by means of the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification technology,with a diagnostic kit for spinal muscular atrophy (Salsa P021; MRC Holland BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).STATISTICAL ANALYSISAge at onset and diagnostic delay in patients with FALS (SOD1related [G93C, L38V, D90A] and non–SOD1related) and SALS were compared by analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons were performed by unpaired, 2-tailed ttests. Kaplan-Meier curves of survival in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS, SOD1(L38V)–related FALS, non–SOD1-related FALS, and SALS were generated and compared by the log-rank test. Because only 5 patients with SOD1(D90A) were available, their data were not included. A Cox proportional hazards regression was performed with SOD1(G93C), age at onset, diagnostic delay, bulbar vs spinal onset, and percentage of predicted FVC as covariates. Hazard ratios were calculated for presence of SOD1(G93C), per year of greater age at onset, per month of increased diagnostic delay, for spinal onset, and per 10% increase in percentage of predicted FVC.Age at onset and survival were compared in patients with SOD1(G93C) with 1 vs 2 copies of the SMN1or SMN2gene with an unpaired, 2-tailed ttest.The Bonferroni method was used to correct for multiple comparisons. A 2-sided significance level of .05 was used. Values are represented as mean ± SD, unless indicated otherwise. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).COMPARATIVE DATAWe reviewed the English-language literature to compare data for patients with SOD1mutations for which at least 1 detailed illustrated neuropathologic description and detailed clinical information on at least 10 patients with FALS were available. Care was taken not to include the same patients repeatedly. Whenever possible, the same criteria for age at onset, survival, and upper motor neuron involvement as in our study population were used.RESULTSCLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOD1(G93C)All 20 patients with SOD1(G93C) FALS had slowly progressive weakness and atrophy, starting distally in the lower extremities. Symptoms gradually spread proximally and to the upper extremities. Throughout the course, distal involvement predominated and bulbar function was preserved. Death resulted from respiratory failure in all 11 patients who had died. Deep tendon reflexes were initially present but gradually disappeared. There were no brisk reflexes, spasticity, Babinski signs, jaw jerk, or other upper motor neuron signs. Several patients (not the patient who underwent autopsy) had mild sensory symptoms, and in 1 patient with advanced disease, mild distal loss of pinpoint sensation was found.NEUROPATHOLOGIC FINDINGSBrain and spinal cord of a 57-year-old man with SOD1(G93C) were obtained at autopsy, after a 67-month-long disease course.The motor cortex appeared normal. No loss of brainstem motor neurons was observed, but in most brainstem motor nuclei, lipofuscin-loaded motor neurons were prominent. Lipofuscin was most prominent in hypoglossal motor neurons, which also showed hyaline inclusions. Loss of myelinated fibers was pronounced in the posterior column and spinocerebellar tracts, but only mild in the lateral corticospinal tracts (Figure 1A). Severe loss of anterior horn cells was present, and many of the remaining neurons were atrophic and showed hyaline inclusions similar to the previously described Lewy body–like hyaline inclusions(Figure 1B) or ubiquitin-positive inclusions (Figure 1C). Most remaining neurons contained lipofuscin. The Clarke column was also degenerated. Neurofilament stains were unremarkable. Bunina bodies were absent.Figure 1.Spinal cord examination in the G93C mutation of the superoxide dismutase 1 gene. Klüver-Barrera stain of the spinal cord (A) shows prominent myelin loss of posterior funiculus and spinocerebellar tracts, but less involvement of lateral corticospinal tracts. Hyaline inclusion (B) and paranuclear ubiquitin-positive inclusion (C) are seen in spinal motor neurons. (B, Hematoxylin-eosin; C, indirect immunohistochemistry. A, Bar indicates 2 mm; B and C, 80 &mgr;m.)DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICSAge at onset in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS was 45.9 ± 10.6 years, significantly younger than in SALS (58.4 ± 12.0 years; P<.001). The onset was earlier in SOD1(L38V)–related FALS than non–SOD1-related FALS (P = .004) and SALS (P<.001) (Table 1). Bulbar onset was noted in 105 (30.2%) of 348 patients with SALS but in none of the patients with SOD1-related FALS (P = .001).Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of ALS SubgroupsG93CD90AL38VNon-SOD1FALSSALSPValueAge at onset, mean ± SD, y45.9 ± 10.6*(n = 20)52.8 ± 17.4(n = 5)38.0 ± 6.6†(n = 10)54.7 ± 10.8(n = 18)58.4 ± 12.0(n = 359)<.001Diagnostic delay, mean ± SD, mo15.3 ± 16.1&numsp;(n = 12)&numsp;38.0 ± 47.6‡(n = 5)NA7.2 ± 4.3(n = 16)12.0 ± 11.3(n = 269)<.001Survival, median ± SE, mo (95% CI)§153.0 ± 46.1&par;&numsp;(62.7-243.3)(n = 20)NA24.0 ± 6.0 (12-36)(n = 10)43.0 ± 12.4(18.8-67.2)(n = 16)30.0 ± 1.6&numsp;(26.9-33.1)(n = 269)<.001 Abbreviations: ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; non-SOD1FALS, familial ALS not related to the superoxide dismutase 1 gene; SALS, sporadic ALS. *G93C FALS vs SALS, P<.001. †L38V FALS vs SALS, P<.001; and vs non-SOD1FALS, P = .004. ‡D90A vs G93C, non-SOD1FALS, and SALS, P<.01. §Estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves.  &par;P<.001 for difference vs SALS and for difference vs mutant SOD1(L38V) FALS; P = .001 for difference vs non-SOD1FALS.Median disease durations were estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves (Table 1, Figure 2). Log-rank analysis showed a statistically significant difference among the groups (P<.001). Pairwise analysis showed that median disease duration in patients with SOD1(G93C) (153.0 months) was significantly longer than that of patients with SALS (30.0 months), SOD1(L38V) (24.0 months), and non–SOD1FALS (43.0 months). There was no difference in survival between patients with SALS, non–SOD1FALS, and SOD1(L38V).Figure 2.Kaplan-Meier survival curves of different subgroups of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). FALS indicates familial ALS (not related to the superoxide dismutase 1 gene); SALS, sporadic ALS.In a multivariate analysis, the hazard ratios (and corresponding 95% confidence intervals) for age at onset, diagnostic delay, spinal site of onset, and percentage of predicted FVC were 1.03 (1.02-1.05; P<.001), 0.94 (0.91-0.96; P<.001), 0.64 (0.44-0.93; P = .02), and 0.84 (0.78-0.91; P<.001), respectively, all statistically significant. In addition, the presence of the G93C mutation was found to represent an independent, statistically significant, positive prognostic factor for survival (hazard ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.81; P = .02).SMNGENE ANALYSISTwo patients had 1 SMN1gene copy but 3 SMN2copies, and 9 patients had 1 SMN2gene copy. There was no statistically significant difference in age at onset or survival between patients with 1 or 2 SMN1gene copies, nor between patients with 1 or 2 SMN2gene copies, although onset was earlier in the population with 2 SMN2copies than in that with 1 SMN2copy (42.7 ± 3.4 vs 50.3 ± 3.4 years; P = .17)COMMENTWe present clinical data on the largest group of patients with SOD1(G93C)–related FALS yet reported, and the first pathologic data of a patient with this mutation, to our knowledge.In our population, SOD1(G93C) was associated with a purely lower motor neuron clinical phenotype and absence of bulbar involvement. Aside from variability in age at onset and survival, this phenotype was quite constant in comparison with some other SOD1mutations, especially SOD1(I113T) (Table 2). The SMNgene copy number, previously proposed as a susceptibility or prognostic factor in SALS,did not explain this variability in our patients. This suggests that other modifiers exist.Table 2. Clinicopathologic Comparison With Other SOD1MutationsSOD1Mutation*A4VH46RI113T†G93CD101N*A4TNo. of patients‡167&numsp;6229201515 With clinical neurologic details195610201414 With pathologic details&numsp;9&numsp;3&numsp;6&numsp;1&numsp;2&numsp;1Age at onset, y Mean ± SD47 ± 1445 ± 1057 ± 1346 ± 1141 ± 1044 ± 11 Range21-7825-6826-8433-7126-5721-60Survival, y Mean ± SD1.2 ± 0.917 ± 7§4.2 ± 4.213 ± 4&numsp;2.4 ± 0.91.2 Range0.5-4.06-470.6-215-201.1-4.0NAClinical information&par; Onset siteSpinal/bulbarLower limbUpper limb/ lower limbLower limbLower limb/ upper limbLower limb/ upper limb UMN signs− (+)−/+−/+/++−−/+ (++)− (+) Atypical signs− (Sens) (EO)¶−/Sens−− (Sens)−− (Sens)Pathologic findings BS motor nuclei#++ XII/X−/+ XII++ XII/VII/X−+ XII+ XII, VII, V Motor cortex−/++−/+−−− CST degeneration+/+++++/++−+ PC degeneration++/++/−++/−++−++ SCT-Cl degeneration++/++/++**++/−++−++Other neurodegeneration−/SN/dorsal vagal nucleus,  gracile nucleus−OI/SN, LC, GP−−Posterior horn, substantia  intermedia, accessory  cuneate nucleusLBHI+−/+−††+++References2, 3, 10-1413, 15-182, 13, 14, 19-26Current study27-2930-32 Abbreviations: BS, brainstem; CST, corticospinal tract; EO, external ophthalmoparesis; GP, globus pallidus; LBHI, Lewy body–like hyaline inclusions; LC, locus ceruleus; NA, not available; OI, oliva inferior; PC, posterior column; SCT-Cl, spinocerebellar tract and Clarke nucleus; Sens, sensory signs; SN, substantia nigra; SOD1,superoxide dismutase 1 gene; UMN, upper motor neuron; −, absent; +, mild; ++, moderate to severe. *Clinical signs and neuropathological findings of anterior horn degeneration were moderate to severe in all of the mutations. †Reduced penetrance and apparently sporadic cases. ‡Number of patients included in weighted means of age at onset. §Two reportsdid not specifically include the number of patients included in analysis of duration; therefore, these patients were not included in the corresponding weighted means.  &par;Signs shown in parentheses were rarely reported (typically only once). Scorings separated by virgules (/) occurred in comparable numbers, in order of frequency. ¶Prolonged artificial ventilation. #Roman numerals indicate the corresponding somatic motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. **Discordance between degeneration in Clarke nucleus and SCT. ††There were neurofibrillary tangles associated with the degeneration of SN, LC, and GP; in other cases, hyaline conglomerates and argyrophilic inclusions were observed.Predominant lower motor neuron involvement, as found in our patients with SOD1(G93C) FALS, is also a frequent finding in other SOD1mutations, especially in SOD1(A4V) and SOD1(A4T) (Table 2). Although pathologic data on SOD1-related ALS are limited, findings similar to those in our patient, such as mild corticospinal tract involvement, prominent myelin loss in posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts, and degeneration of Clarke column, seem to define the pathologic picture in SOD1(A4V),SOD1(A4T),and SOD1(E100G).However, in these reports, brainstem involvement was more pronounced than in our patient, who showed only hyaline inclusions in the hypoglossal nucleus, without neuronal loss. Absence of Bunina bodies has been a consistent finding in SOD1-related ALS, except for 1 patient with a de novo H80A mutationand a patient with an insertion at codon 127.The earlier onset of SOD1(G93C)–related FALS compared with SALS is a shared feature of most SOD1mutations and FALS in general. Among SOD1mutations, SOD1(L38V) and SOD1(G37R) have been shown to present earlier than other mutations,reflected in a mean age at onset of 38 years in our patients with SOD1(L38V). In our population, the comparison with patients with FALS carrying other mutations in SOD1did not reach statistical significance, probably because of small numbers. Indications of a better prognosis associated with SOD1(G93C) (median survival, 153 months) were reported before, but these analyses were done only on patients with FALS and did not adjust for all the known prognostic variables.We demonstrated that SOD1(G93C)–related FALS has a significantly better prognosis than SALS, non–SOD1-related FALS, and SOD1(L38V)–related FALS, independent of age at onset, site of onset, percentage of predicted FVC, and diagnostic delay. The independent prognostic value of these latter factors was confirmed.The reason for the better prognosis and particular phenotype of SOD1(G93C) remains elusive, as are the reasons why other mutations, like SOD1(A4V), have a worse prognosis. However, our data are useful to estimate prognosis in these rare families and may help to validate theories about the pathogenicity of SOD1mutations. Indeed, the remarkable differences in clinical severity, age at onset, and type (lower-upper, spinal-bulbar) of motor neuron involvement between certain SOD1mutations may be a reflection of their different biological properties. A hint to possible mechanisms in this diversity of phenotypes was provided in a recent report on the selective association of mutant SOD1with mitochondria of affected tissues in transgenic mouse models of ALS.More research into differences in molecular mechanisms between SOD1mutations with well-defined clinicopathologic phenotypes in humans is needed to solve these issues.Correspondence:Wim Robberecht, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (wim.robberecht@uz.kuleuven.ac.be).Accepted for Publication:October 5, 2005.Author Contributions:Study concept and design: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, and Robberecht. Acquisition of data: Vanopdenbosch, Tilkin, Sciot, and Robberecht. Analysis and interpretation of data: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Thijs, Sciot, and Robberecht. Drafting of the manuscript: Régal, Tilkin, and Robberecht. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, Thijs, Sciot, and Robberecht. Statistical analysis: Thijs and Robberecht. Obtained funding: Robberecht. Administrative, technical, and material support: Régal, Tilkin, Sciot, and Robberecht. Study supervision: Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, Sciot, and Robberecht.Funding/Support:This study was supported by a grant from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles programs P5/19 and P5/35 of the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Belgium.Previous Presentation:This study was presented in part at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; May 10, 2001; Philadelphia, Pa. A published abstract appears in Neurology.2001;56(8, suppl 3):A445.Acknowledgment:We thank Gert Matthijs, PhD, for the molecular analysis of the patients' samples.REFERENCESDRRosenTSiddiqueDPattersonMutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Nature199336259628446170MECudkowiczDMcKenna-YasekPESappEpidemiology of mutations in superoxide dismutase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Ann Neurol1997412102219029070MECudkowiczDMcKenna-YasekCChenETHedley-WhyteRHBrownJrLimited corticospinal tract involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis subjects with the A4V mutation in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene.Ann Neurol1998437037109629839LJHaverkampVAppelSHAppelNatural history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a database population: validation of a scoring system and a model for survival prediction.Brain19951187077197600088TMagnusMBeckRGiessIPulsMNaumannKVToykaDisease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: predictors of 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American Medical Association
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Copyright 2006 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/DFARS Restrictions Apply to Government Use.
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2168-6149
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2168-6157
DOI
10.1001/archneur.63.2.262
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16476815
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Abstract

BackgroundTwenty percent of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1). Few data exist on their clinicopathologic phenotypes.ObjectivesTo determine the clinical and pathologic phenotype associated with the G93C mutation in SOD1and to compare survival in familial ALS related to this mutation with survival in other ALS subgroups.DesignRetrospective study.SettingTertiary referral center for neuromuscular disorders.PatientsTwenty patients with the G93C mutation for whom clinical data were available and 1 patient with pathologic data.Main Outcome MeasuresCharacteristics and survival compared with other ALS subgroups, adjusting for known prognostic factors.ResultsThe G93C mutation was associated with a purely lower motor neuron phenotype without bulbar involvement. Presence of the mutation independently predicted longer survival compared with other ALS subgroups. Pathologic examination showed degeneration of the anterior horn, spinocerebellar tracts, and posterior funiculi, with minimal involvement of corticospinal tracts and no degeneration of brainstem motor nuclei. Survival motor neuron gene copy number had no significant influence on age at onset or survival in patients with the G93C mutation.ConclusionsThese findings add to the knowledge of SOD1-related familial ALS and demonstrate further clinicopathologic variability between different SOD1mutations. Finally, they demonstrate the independent prognostic value of the G93C mutation.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative disease of motor neurons. In most patients, it is sporadic (SALS) and its cause unknown. In 10% of patients ALS is familial (FALS), and 20% of FALS is caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1).Some of these mutations are associated with a faster or slower clinical courseor with predominant lower motor neuron involvement.However, for most of these mutations little is known about their clinicopathologic correlates.In this article, we report the clinical and pathologic phenotype associated with the G93C mutation in SOD1[SOD1(G93C)]. Also, we compared survival in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS with survival in other ALS subgroups, adjusting for established prognostic factors.METHODSPATIENTSClinical records of patients with ALS examined in our institution were reviewed, and patients with definite or probable ALSwere included. A diagnosis of FALS was made when a first-degree relative was affected. Our ALS database (January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2002) contained 20 patients with FALS from 4 families with SOD1(G93C), 10 patients with SOD1(L38V) FALS, 5 patients with SOD1(D90A) FALS, 18 patients with FALS without SOD1mutations, and 359 patients with SALS. Onset was defined as onset of weakness, dysarthria, or dysphagia, because onset of fasciculations or cramps was found to be unreliable. Diagnostic delay was defined as the interval between onset and diagnosis. Survival was defined as the interval between onset and death or initiation of artificial ventilation. We determined percentage of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) soon after diagnosis. No patients received artificial ventilation.NEUROPATHOLOGIC EXAMINATIONThe brain and spinal cord of a 57-year-old man with SOD1(G93C) and a 67-month survival were examined by routine techniques. Briefly, representative tissue blocks from formalin-fixed brain and spinal cord were processed with paraffin, and 5-&mgr;m-thick sections (through motor and other neocortexes, basal ganglia, hippocampus, brainstem, and cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and with the Klüver-Barrera stain. Indirect immunoperoxidase stains were performed with the use of polyclonal antiubiquitin antibodies (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) and polyclonal antineurofilament antibodies (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, Mo).GENETIC ANALYSISThe SOD1genotyping of patients with FALS with screening of all 5 exons was performed as described previously,after informed consent was obtained. The copy number of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) and SMN2genes in 15 of the patients with SOD1(G93C) was determined by means of the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification technology,with a diagnostic kit for spinal muscular atrophy (Salsa P021; MRC Holland BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).STATISTICAL ANALYSISAge at onset and diagnostic delay in patients with FALS (SOD1related [G93C, L38V, D90A] and non–SOD1related) and SALS were compared by analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons were performed by unpaired, 2-tailed ttests. Kaplan-Meier curves of survival in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS, SOD1(L38V)–related FALS, non–SOD1-related FALS, and SALS were generated and compared by the log-rank test. Because only 5 patients with SOD1(D90A) were available, their data were not included. A Cox proportional hazards regression was performed with SOD1(G93C), age at onset, diagnostic delay, bulbar vs spinal onset, and percentage of predicted FVC as covariates. Hazard ratios were calculated for presence of SOD1(G93C), per year of greater age at onset, per month of increased diagnostic delay, for spinal onset, and per 10% increase in percentage of predicted FVC.Age at onset and survival were compared in patients with SOD1(G93C) with 1 vs 2 copies of the SMN1or SMN2gene with an unpaired, 2-tailed ttest.The Bonferroni method was used to correct for multiple comparisons. A 2-sided significance level of .05 was used. Values are represented as mean ± SD, unless indicated otherwise. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).COMPARATIVE DATAWe reviewed the English-language literature to compare data for patients with SOD1mutations for which at least 1 detailed illustrated neuropathologic description and detailed clinical information on at least 10 patients with FALS were available. Care was taken not to include the same patients repeatedly. Whenever possible, the same criteria for age at onset, survival, and upper motor neuron involvement as in our study population were used.RESULTSCLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOD1(G93C)All 20 patients with SOD1(G93C) FALS had slowly progressive weakness and atrophy, starting distally in the lower extremities. Symptoms gradually spread proximally and to the upper extremities. Throughout the course, distal involvement predominated and bulbar function was preserved. Death resulted from respiratory failure in all 11 patients who had died. Deep tendon reflexes were initially present but gradually disappeared. There were no brisk reflexes, spasticity, Babinski signs, jaw jerk, or other upper motor neuron signs. Several patients (not the patient who underwent autopsy) had mild sensory symptoms, and in 1 patient with advanced disease, mild distal loss of pinpoint sensation was found.NEUROPATHOLOGIC FINDINGSBrain and spinal cord of a 57-year-old man with SOD1(G93C) were obtained at autopsy, after a 67-month-long disease course.The motor cortex appeared normal. No loss of brainstem motor neurons was observed, but in most brainstem motor nuclei, lipofuscin-loaded motor neurons were prominent. Lipofuscin was most prominent in hypoglossal motor neurons, which also showed hyaline inclusions. Loss of myelinated fibers was pronounced in the posterior column and spinocerebellar tracts, but only mild in the lateral corticospinal tracts (Figure 1A). Severe loss of anterior horn cells was present, and many of the remaining neurons were atrophic and showed hyaline inclusions similar to the previously described Lewy body–like hyaline inclusions(Figure 1B) or ubiquitin-positive inclusions (Figure 1C). Most remaining neurons contained lipofuscin. The Clarke column was also degenerated. Neurofilament stains were unremarkable. Bunina bodies were absent.Figure 1.Spinal cord examination in the G93C mutation of the superoxide dismutase 1 gene. Klüver-Barrera stain of the spinal cord (A) shows prominent myelin loss of posterior funiculus and spinocerebellar tracts, but less involvement of lateral corticospinal tracts. Hyaline inclusion (B) and paranuclear ubiquitin-positive inclusion (C) are seen in spinal motor neurons. (B, Hematoxylin-eosin; C, indirect immunohistochemistry. A, Bar indicates 2 mm; B and C, 80 &mgr;m.)DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICSAge at onset in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS was 45.9 ± 10.6 years, significantly younger than in SALS (58.4 ± 12.0 years; P<.001). The onset was earlier in SOD1(L38V)–related FALS than non–SOD1-related FALS (P = .004) and SALS (P<.001) (Table 1). Bulbar onset was noted in 105 (30.2%) of 348 patients with SALS but in none of the patients with SOD1-related FALS (P = .001).Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of ALS SubgroupsG93CD90AL38VNon-SOD1FALSSALSPValueAge at onset, mean ± SD, y45.9 ± 10.6*(n = 20)52.8 ± 17.4(n = 5)38.0 ± 6.6†(n = 10)54.7 ± 10.8(n = 18)58.4 ± 12.0(n = 359)<.001Diagnostic delay, mean ± SD, mo15.3 ± 16.1&numsp;(n = 12)&numsp;38.0 ± 47.6‡(n = 5)NA7.2 ± 4.3(n = 16)12.0 ± 11.3(n = 269)<.001Survival, median ± SE, mo (95% CI)§153.0 ± 46.1&par;&numsp;(62.7-243.3)(n = 20)NA24.0 ± 6.0 (12-36)(n = 10)43.0 ± 12.4(18.8-67.2)(n = 16)30.0 ± 1.6&numsp;(26.9-33.1)(n = 269)<.001 Abbreviations: ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; non-SOD1FALS, familial ALS not related to the superoxide dismutase 1 gene; SALS, sporadic ALS. *G93C FALS vs SALS, P<.001. †L38V FALS vs SALS, P<.001; and vs non-SOD1FALS, P = .004. ‡D90A vs G93C, non-SOD1FALS, and SALS, P<.01. §Estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves.  &par;P<.001 for difference vs SALS and for difference vs mutant SOD1(L38V) FALS; P = .001 for difference vs non-SOD1FALS.Median disease durations were estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves (Table 1, Figure 2). Log-rank analysis showed a statistically significant difference among the groups (P<.001). Pairwise analysis showed that median disease duration in patients with SOD1(G93C) (153.0 months) was significantly longer than that of patients with SALS (30.0 months), SOD1(L38V) (24.0 months), and non–SOD1FALS (43.0 months). There was no difference in survival between patients with SALS, non–SOD1FALS, and SOD1(L38V).Figure 2.Kaplan-Meier survival curves of different subgroups of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). FALS indicates familial ALS (not related to the superoxide dismutase 1 gene); SALS, sporadic ALS.In a multivariate analysis, the hazard ratios (and corresponding 95% confidence intervals) for age at onset, diagnostic delay, spinal site of onset, and percentage of predicted FVC were 1.03 (1.02-1.05; P<.001), 0.94 (0.91-0.96; P<.001), 0.64 (0.44-0.93; P = .02), and 0.84 (0.78-0.91; P<.001), respectively, all statistically significant. In addition, the presence of the G93C mutation was found to represent an independent, statistically significant, positive prognostic factor for survival (hazard ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.81; P = .02).SMNGENE ANALYSISTwo patients had 1 SMN1gene copy but 3 SMN2copies, and 9 patients had 1 SMN2gene copy. There was no statistically significant difference in age at onset or survival between patients with 1 or 2 SMN1gene copies, nor between patients with 1 or 2 SMN2gene copies, although onset was earlier in the population with 2 SMN2copies than in that with 1 SMN2copy (42.7 ± 3.4 vs 50.3 ± 3.4 years; P = .17)COMMENTWe present clinical data on the largest group of patients with SOD1(G93C)–related FALS yet reported, and the first pathologic data of a patient with this mutation, to our knowledge.In our population, SOD1(G93C) was associated with a purely lower motor neuron clinical phenotype and absence of bulbar involvement. Aside from variability in age at onset and survival, this phenotype was quite constant in comparison with some other SOD1mutations, especially SOD1(I113T) (Table 2). The SMNgene copy number, previously proposed as a susceptibility or prognostic factor in SALS,did not explain this variability in our patients. This suggests that other modifiers exist.Table 2. Clinicopathologic Comparison With Other SOD1MutationsSOD1Mutation*A4VH46RI113T†G93CD101N*A4TNo. of patients‡167&numsp;6229201515 With clinical neurologic details195610201414 With pathologic details&numsp;9&numsp;3&numsp;6&numsp;1&numsp;2&numsp;1Age at onset, y Mean ± SD47 ± 1445 ± 1057 ± 1346 ± 1141 ± 1044 ± 11 Range21-7825-6826-8433-7126-5721-60Survival, y Mean ± SD1.2 ± 0.917 ± 7§4.2 ± 4.213 ± 4&numsp;2.4 ± 0.91.2 Range0.5-4.06-470.6-215-201.1-4.0NAClinical information&par; Onset siteSpinal/bulbarLower limbUpper limb/ lower limbLower limbLower limb/ upper limbLower limb/ upper limb UMN signs− (+)−/+−/+/++−−/+ (++)− (+) Atypical signs− (Sens) (EO)¶−/Sens−− (Sens)−− (Sens)Pathologic findings BS motor nuclei#++ XII/X−/+ XII++ XII/VII/X−+ XII+ XII, VII, V Motor cortex−/++−/+−−− CST degeneration+/+++++/++−+ PC degeneration++/++/−++/−++−++ SCT-Cl degeneration++/++/++**++/−++−++Other neurodegeneration−/SN/dorsal vagal nucleus,  gracile nucleus−OI/SN, LC, GP−−Posterior horn, substantia  intermedia, accessory  cuneate nucleusLBHI+−/+−††+++References2, 3, 10-1413, 15-182, 13, 14, 19-26Current study27-2930-32 Abbreviations: BS, brainstem; CST, corticospinal tract; EO, external ophthalmoparesis; GP, globus pallidus; LBHI, Lewy body–like hyaline inclusions; LC, locus ceruleus; NA, not available; OI, oliva inferior; PC, posterior column; SCT-Cl, spinocerebellar tract and Clarke nucleus; Sens, sensory signs; SN, substantia nigra; SOD1,superoxide dismutase 1 gene; UMN, upper motor neuron; −, absent; +, mild; ++, moderate to severe. *Clinical signs and neuropathological findings of anterior horn degeneration were moderate to severe in all of the mutations. †Reduced penetrance and apparently sporadic cases. ‡Number of patients included in weighted means of age at onset. §Two reportsdid not specifically include the number of patients included in analysis of duration; therefore, these patients were not included in the corresponding weighted means.  &par;Signs shown in parentheses were rarely reported (typically only once). Scorings separated by virgules (/) occurred in comparable numbers, in order of frequency. ¶Prolonged artificial ventilation. #Roman numerals indicate the corresponding somatic motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. **Discordance between degeneration in Clarke nucleus and SCT. ††There were neurofibrillary tangles associated with the degeneration of SN, LC, and GP; in other cases, hyaline conglomerates and argyrophilic inclusions were observed.Predominant lower motor neuron involvement, as found in our patients with SOD1(G93C) FALS, is also a frequent finding in other SOD1mutations, especially in SOD1(A4V) and SOD1(A4T) (Table 2). Although pathologic data on SOD1-related ALS are limited, findings similar to those in our patient, such as mild corticospinal tract involvement, prominent myelin loss in posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts, and degeneration of Clarke column, seem to define the pathologic picture in SOD1(A4V),SOD1(A4T),and SOD1(E100G).However, in these reports, brainstem involvement was more pronounced than in our patient, who showed only hyaline inclusions in the hypoglossal nucleus, without neuronal loss. Absence of Bunina bodies has been a consistent finding in SOD1-related ALS, except for 1 patient with a de novo H80A mutationand a patient with an insertion at codon 127.The earlier onset of SOD1(G93C)–related FALS compared with SALS is a shared feature of most SOD1mutations and FALS in general. Among SOD1mutations, SOD1(L38V) and SOD1(G37R) have been shown to present earlier than other mutations,reflected in a mean age at onset of 38 years in our patients with SOD1(L38V). In our population, the comparison with patients with FALS carrying other mutations in SOD1did not reach statistical significance, probably because of small numbers. Indications of a better prognosis associated with SOD1(G93C) (median survival, 153 months) were reported before, but these analyses were done only on patients with FALS and did not adjust for all the known prognostic variables.We demonstrated that SOD1(G93C)–related FALS has a significantly better prognosis than SALS, non–SOD1-related FALS, and SOD1(L38V)–related FALS, independent of age at onset, site of onset, percentage of predicted FVC, and diagnostic delay. The independent prognostic value of these latter factors was confirmed.The reason for the better prognosis and particular phenotype of SOD1(G93C) remains elusive, as are the reasons why other mutations, like SOD1(A4V), have a worse prognosis. However, our data are useful to estimate prognosis in these rare families and may help to validate theories about the pathogenicity of SOD1mutations. Indeed, the remarkable differences in clinical severity, age at onset, and type (lower-upper, spinal-bulbar) of motor neuron involvement between certain SOD1mutations may be a reflection of their different biological properties. A hint to possible mechanisms in this diversity of phenotypes was provided in a recent report on the selective association of mutant SOD1with mitochondria of affected tissues in transgenic mouse models of ALS.More research into differences in molecular mechanisms between SOD1mutations with well-defined clinicopathologic phenotypes in humans is needed to solve these issues.Correspondence:Wim Robberecht, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (wim.robberecht@uz.kuleuven.ac.be).Accepted for Publication:October 5, 2005.Author Contributions:Study concept and design: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, and Robberecht. Acquisition of data: Vanopdenbosch, Tilkin, Sciot, and Robberecht. Analysis and interpretation of data: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Thijs, Sciot, and Robberecht. Drafting of the manuscript: Régal, Tilkin, and Robberecht. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, Thijs, Sciot, and Robberecht. Statistical analysis: Thijs and Robberecht. Obtained funding: Robberecht. Administrative, technical, and material support: Régal, Tilkin, Sciot, and Robberecht. Study supervision: Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, Sciot, and Robberecht.Funding/Support:This study was supported by a grant from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles programs P5/19 and P5/35 of the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Belgium.Previous Presentation:This study was presented in part at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; May 10, 2001; Philadelphia, Pa. 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Published: Feb 1, 2006

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