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Emotional Arousal and Phobia in Transient Global Amnesia

Emotional Arousal and Phobia in Transient Global Amnesia Abstract Objective: To evaluate the role of emotionally stressful or phobogenic events and phobic personality traits in transient global amnesia (TGA). Design: Case-control study. Setting: Tertiary care center. Patients: Fifty-one case patients with TGA (mean±SD age, 62.7±6.7 years) compared with 51 control patients with transient ischemic attacks (mean±SD age, 63.8±6.7 years). Main Outcome Measures: Precipitant factors, life events, and phobic attitudes. Results: Of the 25 TGA attacks that were triggered by a precipitant, 11 were possibly related to emotionally stressful or phobogenic situations. On a scale that measured phobic attitudes, the case patients with TGA scored significantly higher than the control patients with transient ischemic attacks (mean±SD total score, 15.21±11.0 vs 4.41±5.2; P<.001 by corrected analysis of variance for age, sex, and education). The amount of stressful life events in the year that preceded the attack did not differ between the case patients with TGA and the control patients with transient ischemic attacks. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that emotional arousal and phobia are involved in TGA. References 1. Logan W, Sherman DG. Transient global amnesia . Stroke . 1983;14:1005-1007.Crossref 2. Fisher CM. Transient global amnesia: precipitating activities and other observations . Arch Neurol . 1982;39:605-608.Crossref 3. Caplan LR, Chendru F, Lhermitte F, Mayman C. Transient global amnesia and migraine . Neurology . 1981;31:1167-1170.Crossref 4. Crowell GF, Stump DA, Biller J, McHenry LC, Toole JF. The transient global amnesiamigraine connection . Arch Neurol . 1984;41:75-79.Crossref 5. Feuer D, Weinberger J. Extracranial carotid artery in patients with transient global amnesia: evaluation by real-time B-mode ultrasonography with duplex Doppler flow . Stroke . 1987;18:951-953.Crossref 6. Cole AJ, Gloor P, Kaplan R. Transient global amnesia: the electroencephalogram at onset . Ann Neurol . 1987;22:771-772.Crossref 7. Miller JW, Yanagihara T, Petersen RC, Klass DW. Transient global amnesia and epilepsy: electroencephalographic distinction . Arch Neurol . 1987;44:629-633.Crossref 8. Jacome DE. EEG features in transient global amnesia . Clin Electroencephalogr . 1989;20:183-192.Crossref 9. Gandolfo C, Caponnetto C, Conti M, Dagnino N, Del Sette M, Primavera A. Prognosis of transient global amnesia: a long-term follow-up study . Eur Neurol . 1992; 32:52-57.Crossref 10. Guyotat J, Courjon J. Les ictus amnésique . J Med Lyon . 1956;37:697-701. 11. Godlewski S. Les épisodes amnésiques (transient global amnesia): etude clinique basée sur 33 observation inédites) . Semin Hop Paris . 1968;44:553-577. 12. Man-Son-Hing CT. An uncommon type of transient loss of memory . Can Med Assoc J . 1968;98:594-599. 13. Fogelholm R, Kivalo E, Bergstrom L. The transient global amnesia syndrome: an analysis of 35 cases . Eur Neurol . 1975;13:72-84.Crossref 14. Tirman PJ, Woody RC. Transient global amnesia precipitated by emotion in an adolescent . J Child Neurol . 1988;3:185-188.Crossref 15. Hodges JR, Warlow CP. Syndromes of transient global amnesia: towards a classification: a study of 153 cases . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1990;53:834-843.Crossref 16. Laurent B, Trillet M, Croisile B. Atypical semiology in transient global amnesia . In: Markowitsch HJ, ed. Transient Global Amnesia and Related Disorders . Toronto, Ontario: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 1990:112-120. 17. Melo TP, Ferro JM, Ferro H. Transient global amnesia: a case-control study . Brain . 1992;115:261-270.Crossref 18. Merriam AE, Wyszynski B, Betzler T. Emotional arousal-induced transient global amnesia . Psychosomatics . 1992;33:109-113.Crossref 19. Frederiks JAM. Transient global amnesia: an amnestic TIA . In: Markowitsch HJ, ed. Transient Global Amnesia and Related Disorders . Toronto, Ontario: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 1990:28-47. 20. Bender MB. Syndrome of isolated episode of confusion with amnesia . J Hillside Hosp . 1956;5:212-215. 21. Caplan LR. Transient global amnesia . In: Frederiks JAM, ed. Clinical Neuropsychology . Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1985;1:205-218. 22. Hodges JR. Transient Amnesia: Clinical and Neuropsychological Aspects . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1991. 23. Heathfield KWG, Croft PB, Swash M. The syndrome of transient global amnesia . Brain . 1973;96:729-736.Crossref 24. Corston RN, Godwin-Austen RB. Transient global amnesia in four brothers . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1982;45:375-377.Crossref 25. Fisher CM, Adams RD. Transient global amnesia . Acta Neurol Scand . 1964:40 ( (suppl 9) ):1-83. 26. van Crevel H. Transient global amnesia . Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir . 1969;72:319-324. 27. Stevens H, Ammerman BJ. Transient global amnesia . Med Ann Dist Columbia . 1974;43:593-596. 28. Mayeux N. Sexual intercourse and transient global amnesia . N Engl J Med . 1979; 300:864. 29. Shuping JR, Rollinson RD, Toole JF. Transient global amnesia: report of a series and review . Ann Neurol . 1980;7:281-285.Crossref 30. Kushner MJ. Hauser WA. Transient global amnesia: a case-control study . Ann Neurol . 1985;18:684-691.Crossref 31. Miller JW, Petersen RC, Metter EJ, Millikan CH, Yanagihara T. Transient global amnesia: clinical characteristics and prognosis . Neurology . 1987;37:733-737.Crossref 32. Okura M, Nakayama H, Nagamine I, Ikuta T. Sexual intercourse as a precipitating factor of transient global amnesia . Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol . 1993;47:13-16. 33. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Ad Hoc Committee. Classification of cerebrovascular diseases III . Stroke . 1990;21:637-676.Crossref 34. Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P. 'Mini-Mental State': a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for clinicians . J Psychiatr Res . 1975;12:189-198.Crossref 35. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain . Cephalalgia . 1988;8( (suppl 7) ):1-96.Crossref 36. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. SCID-P, intervista strutturata per ilDSM-III-R, con screening psicotico . Florence, Italy: Organizzazioni Speciali (OS); 1993. 37. Brown GW, Harris T. Social Origin of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorders in Women . New York, NY: Free Press; 1978. 38. Faravelli C, Pallanti S. Recent life events and panic disorder . Am J Psychiatry . 1989;146:622-626. 39. Faravelli C, Paterniti S. The assessment of agoraphobic attitudes . Eur Psychiatry . 1994;9:223-228. 40. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Third Edition, Revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987. 41. Noruŝis MJ. SPSS for Windows: Advanced Statistics: Release 6.0 . Chicago, Ill: SPSS Inc; 1993. 42. Noruŝis MJ. SPSS for Windows: Base System User's Guide: Release 6.0 . Chicago, Ill: SPSS Inc; 1993. 43. House A, Dennis M, Mogridge L, Hawton K, Warlow C. Life events and difficulties preceding stroke . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1990;53:1024-1028.Crossref 44. Horwath E, Lish JD, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Weissman MM. Agoraphobia without panic: clinical reappraisal of an epidemiologic finding . Am J Psychiatry . 1993; 150:1496-1501. 45. Fratiglioni L, Inzitari D, Arfaioli C, et al. Risk factors for transient ischemic attacks in middle-age: a population-based case-control study . Acta Neurol Scand . 1991;83:214-220.Crossref 46. Wittchen H-U, Essau CA. Epidemiology of panic disorder: progress and unresolved issues . J Psychiatr Res . 1993;27( (suppl 1) ):47-68.Crossref 47. Evans J, Wilson B, Wraight EP, Hodges JR. Neuropsychological and SPECT scan findings during and after transient global amnesia: evidence for the differential impairment of remote episodic memory . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1993; 56:1227-1230.Crossref 48. Stillhard G, Landis T, Schiess R, Regard M, Sialer G. Bitemporal hypoperfusion in transient global amnesia: 99m-Tc-HM-PAO SPECT and neuropsychological findings during and after an attack . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1990;53:339-342.Crossref 49. Goldenberg G, Podreka I, Pfaffelmeyer N, Wessely P, Deecke L. Thalamic ischemia in transient global amnesia: a SPECT study . Neurology . 1991;41:1748-1752.Crossref 50. Tanabe H, Hashikawa K, Nakagawa Y, et al. Memory loss due to transient hypoperfusion in the medial temporal lobes including hippocampus . Acta Neurol Scand . 1991;84:22-27.Crossref 51. Hashikawa K, Tanabe H, Moriwaki H, et al. Decreased hippocampal blood flow during an episode of transient global amnesia . J Nucl Med . 1993;34:207P-208P. 52. Lin K-N, Liu R-S, Yeh T-P, Wang S-J, Liu H-C. Posterior ischemia during an attack of transient global amnesia . Stroke . 1993;24:1093-1095.Crossref 53. Baron JC, Petit-Taboué MC, Le Doze F, Desgranges B, Ravenel N, Marchal G. Right frontal cortex hypometabolism in transient global amnesia: a PET study . Brain . 1994;117:545-552.Crossref 54. Stewart RS, Devous MD Sr, Rush AJ, Lane L, Bonte FJ. Cerebral blood flow changes during sodium-lactate—induced panic attacks . Am J Psychiatry . 1988;145:442-449. 55. Raivich M. Arterial Pco2 and cerebral hemodynamics . Am J Physiol . 1964;206:25-35. 56. Jones M, Mellersh V. Comparison of exercise response in anxiety states and normal controls . Psychosom Med . 1946;8:180-187.Crossref 57. Pitts FN Jr, McClure JN Jr. Lactate metabolism in anxiety neurosis . N Engl J Med . 1967;277:1329-1336.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Emotional Arousal and Phobia in Transient Global Amnesia

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References (63)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1997.00550190056015
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Abstract

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the role of emotionally stressful or phobogenic events and phobic personality traits in transient global amnesia (TGA). Design: Case-control study. Setting: Tertiary care center. Patients: Fifty-one case patients with TGA (mean±SD age, 62.7±6.7 years) compared with 51 control patients with transient ischemic attacks (mean±SD age, 63.8±6.7 years). Main Outcome Measures: Precipitant factors, life events, and phobic attitudes. Results: Of the 25 TGA attacks that were triggered by a precipitant, 11 were possibly related to emotionally stressful or phobogenic situations. On a scale that measured phobic attitudes, the case patients with TGA scored significantly higher than the control patients with transient ischemic attacks (mean±SD total score, 15.21±11.0 vs 4.41±5.2; P<.001 by corrected analysis of variance for age, sex, and education). The amount of stressful life events in the year that preceded the attack did not differ between the case patients with TGA and the control patients with transient ischemic attacks. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that emotional arousal and phobia are involved in TGA. References 1. Logan W, Sherman DG. Transient global amnesia . Stroke . 1983;14:1005-1007.Crossref 2. Fisher CM. Transient global amnesia: precipitating activities and other observations . Arch Neurol . 1982;39:605-608.Crossref 3. Caplan LR, Chendru F, Lhermitte F, Mayman C. Transient global amnesia and migraine . Neurology . 1981;31:1167-1170.Crossref 4. Crowell GF, Stump DA, Biller J, McHenry LC, Toole JF. The transient global amnesiamigraine connection . Arch Neurol . 1984;41:75-79.Crossref 5. Feuer D, Weinberger J. Extracranial carotid artery in patients with transient global amnesia: evaluation by real-time B-mode ultrasonography with duplex Doppler flow . Stroke . 1987;18:951-953.Crossref 6. Cole AJ, Gloor P, Kaplan R. Transient global amnesia: the electroencephalogram at onset . Ann Neurol . 1987;22:771-772.Crossref 7. Miller JW, Yanagihara T, Petersen RC, Klass DW. Transient global amnesia and epilepsy: electroencephalographic distinction . Arch Neurol . 1987;44:629-633.Crossref 8. Jacome DE. EEG features in transient global amnesia . Clin Electroencephalogr . 1989;20:183-192.Crossref 9. Gandolfo C, Caponnetto C, Conti M, Dagnino N, Del Sette M, Primavera A. Prognosis of transient global amnesia: a long-term follow-up study . Eur Neurol . 1992; 32:52-57.Crossref 10. Guyotat J, Courjon J. Les ictus amnésique . J Med Lyon . 1956;37:697-701. 11. Godlewski S. Les épisodes amnésiques (transient global amnesia): etude clinique basée sur 33 observation inédites) . Semin Hop Paris . 1968;44:553-577. 12. Man-Son-Hing CT. An uncommon type of transient loss of memory . Can Med Assoc J . 1968;98:594-599. 13. Fogelholm R, Kivalo E, Bergstrom L. The transient global amnesia syndrome: an analysis of 35 cases . Eur Neurol . 1975;13:72-84.Crossref 14. Tirman PJ, Woody RC. Transient global amnesia precipitated by emotion in an adolescent . J Child Neurol . 1988;3:185-188.Crossref 15. Hodges JR, Warlow CP. Syndromes of transient global amnesia: towards a classification: a study of 153 cases . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1990;53:834-843.Crossref 16. Laurent B, Trillet M, Croisile B. Atypical semiology in transient global amnesia . In: Markowitsch HJ, ed. Transient Global Amnesia and Related Disorders . Toronto, Ontario: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 1990:112-120. 17. Melo TP, Ferro JM, Ferro H. Transient global amnesia: a case-control study . Brain . 1992;115:261-270.Crossref 18. Merriam AE, Wyszynski B, Betzler T. Emotional arousal-induced transient global amnesia . Psychosomatics . 1992;33:109-113.Crossref 19. Frederiks JAM. Transient global amnesia: an amnestic TIA . In: Markowitsch HJ, ed. Transient Global Amnesia and Related Disorders . Toronto, Ontario: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 1990:28-47. 20. Bender MB. Syndrome of isolated episode of confusion with amnesia . J Hillside Hosp . 1956;5:212-215. 21. Caplan LR. Transient global amnesia . In: Frederiks JAM, ed. Clinical Neuropsychology . Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1985;1:205-218. 22. Hodges JR. Transient Amnesia: Clinical and Neuropsychological Aspects . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1991. 23. Heathfield KWG, Croft PB, Swash M. The syndrome of transient global amnesia . Brain . 1973;96:729-736.Crossref 24. Corston RN, Godwin-Austen RB. Transient global amnesia in four brothers . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1982;45:375-377.Crossref 25. Fisher CM, Adams RD. Transient global amnesia . Acta Neurol Scand . 1964:40 ( (suppl 9) ):1-83. 26. van Crevel H. Transient global amnesia . Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir . 1969;72:319-324. 27. Stevens H, Ammerman BJ. Transient global amnesia . Med Ann Dist Columbia . 1974;43:593-596. 28. Mayeux N. Sexual intercourse and transient global amnesia . N Engl J Med . 1979; 300:864. 29. Shuping JR, Rollinson RD, Toole JF. Transient global amnesia: report of a series and review . Ann Neurol . 1980;7:281-285.Crossref 30. Kushner MJ. Hauser WA. Transient global amnesia: a case-control study . Ann Neurol . 1985;18:684-691.Crossref 31. Miller JW, Petersen RC, Metter EJ, Millikan CH, Yanagihara T. Transient global amnesia: clinical characteristics and prognosis . Neurology . 1987;37:733-737.Crossref 32. Okura M, Nakayama H, Nagamine I, Ikuta T. Sexual intercourse as a precipitating factor of transient global amnesia . Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol . 1993;47:13-16. 33. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Ad Hoc Committee. Classification of cerebrovascular diseases III . Stroke . 1990;21:637-676.Crossref 34. Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P. 'Mini-Mental State': a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for clinicians . J Psychiatr Res . 1975;12:189-198.Crossref 35. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain . Cephalalgia . 1988;8( (suppl 7) ):1-96.Crossref 36. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. SCID-P, intervista strutturata per ilDSM-III-R, con screening psicotico . Florence, Italy: Organizzazioni Speciali (OS); 1993. 37. Brown GW, Harris T. Social Origin of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorders in Women . New York, NY: Free Press; 1978. 38. Faravelli C, Pallanti S. Recent life events and panic disorder . Am J Psychiatry . 1989;146:622-626. 39. Faravelli C, Paterniti S. The assessment of agoraphobic attitudes . Eur Psychiatry . 1994;9:223-228. 40. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Third Edition, Revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987. 41. Noruŝis MJ. SPSS for Windows: Advanced Statistics: Release 6.0 . Chicago, Ill: SPSS Inc; 1993. 42. Noruŝis MJ. SPSS for Windows: Base System User's Guide: Release 6.0 . Chicago, Ill: SPSS Inc; 1993. 43. House A, Dennis M, Mogridge L, Hawton K, Warlow C. Life events and difficulties preceding stroke . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1990;53:1024-1028.Crossref 44. Horwath E, Lish JD, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Weissman MM. Agoraphobia without panic: clinical reappraisal of an epidemiologic finding . Am J Psychiatry . 1993; 150:1496-1501. 45. Fratiglioni L, Inzitari D, Arfaioli C, et al. Risk factors for transient ischemic attacks in middle-age: a population-based case-control study . Acta Neurol Scand . 1991;83:214-220.Crossref 46. Wittchen H-U, Essau CA. Epidemiology of panic disorder: progress and unresolved issues . J Psychiatr Res . 1993;27( (suppl 1) ):47-68.Crossref 47. Evans J, Wilson B, Wraight EP, Hodges JR. Neuropsychological and SPECT scan findings during and after transient global amnesia: evidence for the differential impairment of remote episodic memory . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1993; 56:1227-1230.Crossref 48. Stillhard G, Landis T, Schiess R, Regard M, Sialer G. Bitemporal hypoperfusion in transient global amnesia: 99m-Tc-HM-PAO SPECT and neuropsychological findings during and after an attack . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1990;53:339-342.Crossref 49. Goldenberg G, Podreka I, Pfaffelmeyer N, Wessely P, Deecke L. Thalamic ischemia in transient global amnesia: a SPECT study . Neurology . 1991;41:1748-1752.Crossref 50. Tanabe H, Hashikawa K, Nakagawa Y, et al. Memory loss due to transient hypoperfusion in the medial temporal lobes including hippocampus . Acta Neurol Scand . 1991;84:22-27.Crossref 51. Hashikawa K, Tanabe H, Moriwaki H, et al. Decreased hippocampal blood flow during an episode of transient global amnesia . J Nucl Med . 1993;34:207P-208P. 52. Lin K-N, Liu R-S, Yeh T-P, Wang S-J, Liu H-C. Posterior ischemia during an attack of transient global amnesia . Stroke . 1993;24:1093-1095.Crossref 53. Baron JC, Petit-Taboué MC, Le Doze F, Desgranges B, Ravenel N, Marchal G. Right frontal cortex hypometabolism in transient global amnesia: a PET study . Brain . 1994;117:545-552.Crossref 54. Stewart RS, Devous MD Sr, Rush AJ, Lane L, Bonte FJ. Cerebral blood flow changes during sodium-lactate—induced panic attacks . Am J Psychiatry . 1988;145:442-449. 55. Raivich M. Arterial Pco2 and cerebral hemodynamics . Am J Physiol . 1964;206:25-35. 56. Jones M, Mellersh V. Comparison of exercise response in anxiety states and normal controls . Psychosom Med . 1946;8:180-187.Crossref 57. Pitts FN Jr, McClure JN Jr. Lactate metabolism in anxiety neurosis . N Engl J Med . 1967;277:1329-1336.Crossref

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Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: Jul 1, 1997

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