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Ahlgran P Melgaard B (1986)
Ataxia and cerebellar atrophy in chronic alcoholicsJ Neurol, 233
Peckham VC (1988)
Learning disorders associated with the treatment of cancer in childrenJ Assoc Pediatr Oncol Nurses, 5
P. Huttenlocher (1979)
Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - developmental changes and effects of aging.Brain research, 163 2
J. Altman (1982)
MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAT CEREBELLUM AND SOME OF ITS MECHANISMS, 6
R. Butler, D. Copeland (1993)
Neuropsychological effects of central nervous system prophylactic treatment in childhood leukemia: methodological considerations.Journal of pediatric psychology, 18 3
J. Pysh, GM Weiss (1979)
Exercise during development induces an increase in Purkinje cell dendritic tree size.Science, 206 4415
L. Jannoun (1983)
Are cognitive and educational development affected by age at which prophylactic therapy is given in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?Archives of Disease in Childhood, 58
Massari DJ Meadows AT (1981)
Declines in IQ scores and cognitive dysfunctions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with irradiationLancet, 2
W. Baier, U. Beck, H. Doose, H. Klinge, W. Hirsch (1984)
Cerebellar atrophy following diphenylhydantoin intoxication.Neuropediatrics, 15 2
Griffin TW Bleyer WA (1980)
Radiation Damage to the Nervous System
Clive Harper, Jillian Kril (1990)
Neuropathology of alcoholism.Alcohol and alcoholism, 25 2-3
Brouwers P (1987)
The Quality of Life of Cancer Patients
Fass B Greenough WT (1976)
Environments as Therapy for Brain Dysfunction
A. Meadows, D. Massari, J. Fergusson, J. Gordon, P. Littman, K. Moss (1981)
DECLINES IN IQ SCORES AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA TREATED WITH CRANIAL IRRADIATIONThe Lancet, 318
P. Newman, H. Reza (1979)
Functional relationships between the hippocampus and the cerebellum: an electrophysiological study of the cat.The Journal of Physiology, 287
Petersen SE Fiez JA (1992)
Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damageBrain, 115
M. Bauman, T. Kemper (1985)
Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autismNeurology, 35
Harris RJ (1975)
A Primer in Multivariate Statistics
David McCormick, Richard Thompson (1984)
Cerebellum: essential involvement in the classically conditioned eyelid response.Science, 223 4633
Benton AL (1973)
Revised Visual Retention Test: Clinical and Experimental Applications
E. Courchesne, R. Yeung-Courchesne, G. Press, J. Hesselink, T. Jernigan (1988)
Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism.The New England journal of medicine, 318 21
P. Goldman (1971)
Functional development of the prefrontal cortex in early life and the problem of neuronal plasticity.Experimental neurology, 32 3
P. Huttenlocher (1990)
Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex developmentNeuropsychologia, 28
M. Floeter, W. Greenough (1979)
Cerebellar plasticity: modification of Purkinje cell structure by differential rearing in monkeys.Science, 206 4415
R. Riccardi, P. Brouwers, G. Chiro, D. Poplack (1985)
Abnormal computed tomography brain scans in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: serial long-term follow-up.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 3 1
H. Taylor, Vincent Albo, Carol Phebus, Betsy Sachs, Patricia Bierl (1987)
Postirradiation treatment outcomes for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia: clarification of risks.Journal of pediatric psychology, 12 3
J. Albus (1971)
A Theory of Cerebellar FunctionBellman Prize in Mathematical Biosciences, 10
V. Peckham, Anna Meadows, Nettie Bartel, Osvaldo Marrero (1988)
Educational late effects in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.Pediatrics, 81 1
P. Goldman-Rakic (1987)
Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function.Child development, 58 3
H. Moss, E. Nannis, D. Poplack (1981)
The effects of prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system on the intellectual functioning of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.The American journal of medicine, 71 1
P. Cousens, J. Ungerer, J. Crawford, M. Stevens (1991)
Cognitive effects of childhood leukemia therapy: a case for four specific deficits.Journal of pediatric psychology, 16 4
Ostrow PT Shalen PR (1981)
Enhancement of the white matter following prophylactic therapy of the ventral nervous system for leukemiaRadiology, 140
Yung Yim, Donald Mahoney, D. Oshman (1991)
Hemiparesis and ischemic changes of the white matter after intrathecal therapy for children with acute lymphocytic leukemiaCancer, 67
M. Schwartz, P. Goldman-Rakic (1990)
Development and plasticity of the primate cerebral cortex.Clinics in perinatology, 17 1
H. Leiner, A. Leiner, R. Dow (1989)
Reappraising the cerebellum: what does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain?Behavioral neuroscience, 103 5
H. Leiner, A. Leiner, R. Dow (1986)
Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills?Behavioral neuroscience, 100 4
Jacobson M (1978)
Developmental Neurobiology
Kurt Fischer (1987)
Relations between brain and cognitive development.Child development, 58 3
P. Brouwers, R. Riccardi, P. Fedio, D. Poplack (1985)
Long-term neuropsychologic sequelae of childhood leukemia: correlation with CT brain scan abnormalities.The Journal of pediatrics, 106 5
D. Marr (1969)
A theory of cerebellar cortexThe Journal of Physiology, 202
P. Shalen, P. Ostrow, P. Glass (1981)
Enhancement of the white matter following prophylactic therapy of the central nervous system for leukemia: radiation effects and methotrexate leukoencephalopathy.Radiology, 140 2
N. Peylan‐Ramu, D. Poplack, P. Pizzo, B. Adornato, G. Chiro (1978)
Abnormal CT Scans of the Brain in Asymptomatic Children with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia after Prophylactic Treatment of the Central Nervous System with Radiation and Intrathecal ChemotherapyThe New England Journal of Medicine, 298
J. Black, K. Isaacs, B. Anderson, A. Alcantara, W. Greenough (1990)
Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87
V. Twaddle, P. Britton, A. Craft, T. Noble, J. Kernahan (1983)
Intellectual function after treatment for leukaemia or solid tumours.Archives of Disease in Childhood, 58
Judith Ochs, R. Mulhern (1988)
Late effects of antileukemic treatment.Pediatric clinics of North America, 35 4
Ida (Ki)Moore, J. Kramer, W. Wara, F. Halberg, A. Ablin (1991)
Cognitive function in children with leukemia. Effect of radiation dose and time since irradiationCancer, 68
Glidewell OJ Rowland JH (1984)
Effects of different forms of central nervous systems prophylaxis on neuropsychological function in childhood leukemiaJ Clin Oncol, 2
D. Schuler, M. Bakos, J. Borsi, I. Gacsály, R. Kalmanchey, G. Kardos, R. Kóos, C. Nagy, T. Révész, P. Somló (1990)
Neuropsychologic and CT examinations in leukemic patients surviving 10 or more years.Medical and pediatric oncology, 18 2
Hans-Lukas Teuber (1975)
Recovery of function after brain injury in man.Ciba Foundation symposium, 34
Scholland DL Pleasure ED (1984)
Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 7
Brodal A (1981)
Neurological Anatomy
R. Bracke-Tolkmitt, A. Linden, A. Canavan, B. Rockstroh, E. Scholz, K. Wessel, H. Diener (1989)
The cerebellum contributes to mental skills.Behavioral Neuroscience, 103
P. Coleman, A. Riesen (1968)
Evironmental effects on cortical dendritic fields. I. Rearing in the dark.Journal of anatomy, 102 Pt 3
Packer RJ Wiznitzer M (1987)
Cerebellar sclerosis in pediatric cancer patientsJ Neurooncol, 4
R. Dow (1942)
THE EVOLUTION AND ANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUMBiological Reviews, 17
Tsai LY Gaffney GR (1987)
Structure in autismAJDC, 141
B. Kolb (1989)
Brain development, plasticity, and behavior.The American psychologist, 44 9
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Thrombotic and hemorrhagic strokes complicating early therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemiaCancer, 46
P. Rakić, R. Sidman (1970)
Histogenesis of cortical layers in human cerebellum, particularly the lamina dissecansJournal of Comparative Neurology, 139
D. Schmidt (1984)
Adverse Effects of ValproateEpilepsia, 25
J. Juraska, J. Fitch, Constance Henderson, Natalie Rivers (1985)
Sex differences in the dendritic branching of dentate granule cells following differential experienceBrain Research, 333
W. Bleyer (1990)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.Advances and prospectusCancer, 65
P. Mullenix, S. Norton, B. Culver (1975)
Locomotor damage in rats after X-irradiation in uteroExperimental Neurology, 48
Ciesielski Kt, Knight Je (1994)
Cerebellar abnormality in autism: a nonspecific effect of early brain damageActa Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 54
P. Cousens, B. Waters, J. Said, M. Stevens (1988)
Cognitive effects of cranial irradiation in leukaemia: a survey and meta-analysis.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 29 6
J. Fiez, S. Petersen, M. Cheney, M. Raichle (1992)
Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage. A single case study.Brain : a journal of neurology, 115 Pt 1
Thach WT Keating JG (1990)
Cerebellar motor learning: quanitification of movement adaptation and performance in rhesus monkeys and humans implicates cortex as the site of adaptationSoc Neurosci Abstracts, 16
S. Norton, B. Kimler, P. Mullenix (1991)
Progressive behavioral changes in rats after exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation in utero.Neurotoxicology and teratology, 13 2
Rakic P (1986)
Mechanisms of ocular dominance segregation in the lateral geniculate nucleus: competitive elimination hypothesisTrends Neurosci, 9
Altman J (1982)
The Cerebellum—New Vistas
E. Ritvo, B. Freeman, A. Scheibel, T. Duong, H. Robinson, D. Guthrie, A. Ritvo (1986)
Lower Purkinje cell counts in the cerebella of four autistic subjects: initial findings of the UCLA-NSAC Autopsy Research Report.The American journal of psychiatry, 143 7
Albus JS (1971)
A theory of cerebellar functionMath Biosci, 10
Teuber H-L (1975)
Central Nervous System
Timney B Mitchell DE (1984)
Handbook of Physiology, Section 1: The Nervous System
C. Eiser (1978)
Intellectual abilities among survivors of childhood leukaemia as a function of CNS irradiation.Archives of Disease in Childhood, 53
R. Packer, A. Meadows, L. Rorke, J. Goldwein, G. D'angio (1987)
Long-term sequelae of cancer treatment on the central nervous system in childhood.Medical and pediatric oncology, 15 5
W. Greenough, B. Fass, T. Devoogd (1976)
The Influence of Experience on Recovery Following Brain Damage in Rodents: Hypotheses Based on Development Research
D. Winfield (1981)
The postnatal development of synapses in the visual cortex of the cat and the effects of eyelid closureBrain Research, 206
P. Rakić (1971)
Neuron‐glia relationship during granule cell migration in developing cerebellar cortex. A Golgi and electonmicroscopic study in Macacus rhesusJournal of Comparative Neurology, 141
Abstract Background: Neurodevelopmental evidence of the cerebellum's protracted course of postnatal development suggests that it is particularly sensitive to early toxic insult from cancer therapy. If this is the case, one would expect that there is a relationship between the pattern of neuropsychological and magnetic resonance imaging deficits and that both may indicate cerebellar abnormalities. Objective: To investigate the profiles of neuropsychological functions and the morphologic features of the cerebellum, using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging planimetry in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with radiation and chemotherapy. Design: Thirteen survivors of childhood ALL with onset at age 2 to 5 years and a uniform protocol of treatment involving cranial radiation of 24 Gy and five doses of intrathecal methotrexate sodium participated in the study. Ten controls matched the patients in age and socioeconomic status. Each child was assessed with a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests and with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Measurements: The neuropsychological scores were transformed into z scores and clustered into right and left hemisphere measures. Planimetric measures of the cerebellar vermis and pons were collected in the midsagittal plane. Results: Consistently observed in survivors of ALL were the following: (1) significant cognitive deficits in visualspatial-motor coordination and figural memory, functions commonly related to the right side of the brain; and (2) hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, lobuli I through V and particularly VI to VII. Lateralization of the neurobehavioral deficits was not reflected in structural brain abnormalities. 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Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association
Published: Oct 1, 1994
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