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A Guide to Clinical Neuropsychological Testing

A Guide to Clinical Neuropsychological Testing Abstract Quantitative measures of cognition, which are administered using a uniform procedure and interpreted in relation to the normal range of scores, are informative for clinical and investigative purposes. The distributions of test scores obtained from samples of neurologically intact persons of various ages and educational levels provide a reference for interpreting the results obtained from individual patients. Standard reference books, journal articles, and neuropsychological test manuals have disseminated information for scoring and interpreting the more widely used neuropsychological tests.1-7 INDICATIONS FOR CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Clinical applications of neuropsychological testing include its use as an adjunct in the assessment of cerebral disease, such as in the evaluation of dementia and its differentiation from depression. Developmental disorders such as dyslexia require a detailed assessment of cognition, academic achievement, and psychosocial adjustment for identification and a guide to management. Apart from the assessment of patients with neurologic disease or injury, neuropsychological testing References 1. Benton AL, Hamsher KD, Varney NR, Spreen O. Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Clinical Manual . New York, NY: Oxford University Press: 1983. 2. Goodglass H, Kaplan E. The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger: 1983. 3. Heaton RK, Grant J, Matthews CG. Comprehensive Norms for an Expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographic Corrections, Research Findings, and Clinical Applications . Odessa, Fla: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991. 4. Reitan RM. Manual for Administration of Neuropsychological Test Batteries for Adults and Children . Tucson, Ariz: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratories Inc; 1979. 5. Heilman KM, Valenstein E, eds. Clinical Neuropsychology . 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993. 6. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment . 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1983. 7. Spreen O, Strauss E. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary . New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1991. 8. Swash M, Brooks DN, Day NE, Frith CD, Levy R, Warlow CP. Clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1991;54:178-181.Crossref 9. Prigatano GP, Redner JE. Uses and abuses of neuropsychological testing in behavioral neurology . Behav Neurol . 1993;11:219-227. 10. Rausch R, Babb TL. Hippocampal neuron loss and memory scores before and after temporal lobe surgery for epilepsy . Arch Neurol . 1993;50:812-817.Crossref 11. Dikmen SS, Temkin NR, Miller B, Machamer J, Winn HR. Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures . JAMA . 1991;265:1271-1277.Crossref 12. Meadows AT, Massari DJ, Fergusson J, Gordon J, Littman P, Moss K. Declines in IQ scores and cognitive dysfunctions in children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia treated with cranial irradiation . Lancet . 1981;1:1015-1018.Crossref 13. Schmitt FA, Bigley JW, McKinnis R, et al. Neuropsychological outcome of zidovudine (AZT) treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex . N Engl J Med . 1988;319:1573-1578.Crossref 14. Squire LR, Zouzounis JA. ECT and memory: brief pulse versus sine wave . Am J Psychiatry . 1986;143:596-601. 15. Welsh KA, Butters N, Hughes JP, et al. Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer's disease: use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease . Arch Neurol . 1992;49:448-452.Crossref 16. Rao SM, Leo GJ, Haughton VM, St. Aubin-Faubert P, Bernardin L. Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1989;39:161-166.Crossref 17. Clifton GL, Hayes RL, Levin HS, Michel ME, Choi SC. Outcome measures for clinical trials involving traumatically brain-injured patients: report of a conference . Neurosurgery . 1992;31:1-4. 18. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, et al. The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood: an 11-year follow-up report . N Engl J Med . 1990;322:83-88.Crossref 19. Benton A. Some problems associated with neuropsychological assessment . Bull Clin Neurosci . 1985;50:11-15. 20. Benton A. Clinical neuropsychology: 1960-1990 . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1992; 14:407-417.Crossref 21. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised . New York, NY: The Psychological Corp; 1981. 22. Kaplan E. The process approach to neuropsychological assessment of psychiatric patients . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci . 1990;2:72-87. 23. American Education Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education. Standards for Education and Psychological Testing . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1985. 24. Gronwall D, Wrightson P. Delayed recovery of intellectual function after minor head injury . Lancet . 1974;2:605-609.Crossref 25. Army Individual Test Battery: Manual of Directions and Scoring . Washington, DC: Adjutant General's Office; 1944. 26. Benton AL, Varney NR, Hamsher KD. Visuospatial judgement: a clinical test . Arch Neurol . 1978;35:364-367.Crossref 27. Wilcock GK, Hope RA, Brooks DN, et al. Recommended minimum data to be collected in research studies on Alzheimer's disease . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1989;52:693-700.Crossref 28. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. 'Mini-mental state.' J Psychiatr Res . 1975;12:189-198.Crossref 29. Levin HS, O'Donnell VM, Grossman RG. The Galveston orientation and amnesia test: a practical scale to assess cognition after head injury . J Nerv Ment Dis . 1979;167:675-684.Crossref 30. Geschwind N, Fusillo M. Color-naming defects in association with alexia . Arch Neurol . 1966;15:137-146.Crossref 31. Bogen JE. The callosal syndromes . In: Clinical Neuropsychology . 3rd ed. New York, NY: Clinical Neuropsychology; 1993:337-407. 32. Weingartner H, Cohen RM, Murphy DL, Martello J, Gerdt C. Cognitive processes in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1981;38:42-47.Crossref 33. Ojemann GA, Whitaker HA. The bilingual brain . Arch Neurol . 1978;35:409-412.Crossref 34. Berg EA. A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking . J Gen Psychol . 1948;39:15-22.Crossref 35. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting . Arch Neurol . 1963: 9:90-100.Crossref 36. Anderson SW, Damasio H, Jones DR, Tranel D. Wisconsin card sorting test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1991;13:909-922.Crossref 37. Binder LM. Assessment of malingering after mild head trauma with the Portland Digit Recognition Test . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1993;15:170-182.Crossref 38. Hiscock M, Hiscock C. Refining the forced-choice method for the detection of malingering . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1989;11:967-974.Crossref 39. Heaton RK, Smith HH Jr, Lehman RAW, Vogt AT. Prospects for faking believable deficits on neuropsychological testing . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1978;46: 892-900.Crossref 40. Benton AL, Spreen O. Visual memory test: the simulation of mental incompetence . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1961;4:79-83.Crossref 41. Levin HS, High WM Jr, Goethe KE, et al. The neurobehavioral rating scale: assessment of the behavioral sequelae of head injury by the clinician . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1987;50:183-193.Crossref 42. Nelson HE, O'Connell A. Dementia: The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the new adult reading test . Cortex . 1978;14:234-244.Crossref 43. Barona A, Reynolds CR, Chastain R. A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1984;52:885-887.Crossref 44. Brooks N, McKinlay W, Symington C, Beattie A, Campsie L. Return to work within the first seven years of severe head injury . Brain Injury . 1987;1:5-19.Crossref 45. Heaton RK, Pendleton MG. Use of neuropsychological tests to predict adult patients' everyday functioning . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1981;49:807-821.Crossref 46. Schwab K, Grafman J, Salazar A, Kraft J. Residual impairments and work status 15 years after penetrating head injury: report from the Vietnam head injury study . Neurology . 1993;43:95-103.Crossref 47. Bieliauskas LA, Matthews CG. American board of clinical neuropsychology: policies and procedures . Clin Neuropsychol . 1987;1:21-28.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

A Guide to Clinical Neuropsychological Testing

Levin, Harvey S.
Archives of Neurology , Volume 51 (9) – Sep 1, 1994
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References (56)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1994.00540210024009
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Abstract

Abstract Quantitative measures of cognition, which are administered using a uniform procedure and interpreted in relation to the normal range of scores, are informative for clinical and investigative purposes. The distributions of test scores obtained from samples of neurologically intact persons of various ages and educational levels provide a reference for interpreting the results obtained from individual patients. Standard reference books, journal articles, and neuropsychological test manuals have disseminated information for scoring and interpreting the more widely used neuropsychological tests.1-7 INDICATIONS FOR CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Clinical applications of neuropsychological testing include its use as an adjunct in the assessment of cerebral disease, such as in the evaluation of dementia and its differentiation from depression. Developmental disorders such as dyslexia require a detailed assessment of cognition, academic achievement, and psychosocial adjustment for identification and a guide to management. Apart from the assessment of patients with neurologic disease or injury, neuropsychological testing References 1. Benton AL, Hamsher KD, Varney NR, Spreen O. Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Clinical Manual . New York, NY: Oxford University Press: 1983. 2. Goodglass H, Kaplan E. The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger: 1983. 3. Heaton RK, Grant J, Matthews CG. Comprehensive Norms for an Expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographic Corrections, Research Findings, and Clinical Applications . Odessa, Fla: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991. 4. Reitan RM. Manual for Administration of Neuropsychological Test Batteries for Adults and Children . Tucson, Ariz: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratories Inc; 1979. 5. Heilman KM, Valenstein E, eds. Clinical Neuropsychology . 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993. 6. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment . 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1983. 7. Spreen O, Strauss E. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary . New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1991. 8. Swash M, Brooks DN, Day NE, Frith CD, Levy R, Warlow CP. Clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1991;54:178-181.Crossref 9. Prigatano GP, Redner JE. Uses and abuses of neuropsychological testing in behavioral neurology . Behav Neurol . 1993;11:219-227. 10. Rausch R, Babb TL. Hippocampal neuron loss and memory scores before and after temporal lobe surgery for epilepsy . Arch Neurol . 1993;50:812-817.Crossref 11. Dikmen SS, Temkin NR, Miller B, Machamer J, Winn HR. Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures . JAMA . 1991;265:1271-1277.Crossref 12. Meadows AT, Massari DJ, Fergusson J, Gordon J, Littman P, Moss K. Declines in IQ scores and cognitive dysfunctions in children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia treated with cranial irradiation . Lancet . 1981;1:1015-1018.Crossref 13. Schmitt FA, Bigley JW, McKinnis R, et al. Neuropsychological outcome of zidovudine (AZT) treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex . N Engl J Med . 1988;319:1573-1578.Crossref 14. Squire LR, Zouzounis JA. ECT and memory: brief pulse versus sine wave . Am J Psychiatry . 1986;143:596-601. 15. Welsh KA, Butters N, Hughes JP, et al. Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer's disease: use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease . Arch Neurol . 1992;49:448-452.Crossref 16. Rao SM, Leo GJ, Haughton VM, St. Aubin-Faubert P, Bernardin L. Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1989;39:161-166.Crossref 17. Clifton GL, Hayes RL, Levin HS, Michel ME, Choi SC. Outcome measures for clinical trials involving traumatically brain-injured patients: report of a conference . Neurosurgery . 1992;31:1-4. 18. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, et al. The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood: an 11-year follow-up report . N Engl J Med . 1990;322:83-88.Crossref 19. Benton A. Some problems associated with neuropsychological assessment . Bull Clin Neurosci . 1985;50:11-15. 20. Benton A. Clinical neuropsychology: 1960-1990 . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1992; 14:407-417.Crossref 21. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised . New York, NY: The Psychological Corp; 1981. 22. Kaplan E. The process approach to neuropsychological assessment of psychiatric patients . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci . 1990;2:72-87. 23. American Education Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education. Standards for Education and Psychological Testing . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1985. 24. Gronwall D, Wrightson P. Delayed recovery of intellectual function after minor head injury . Lancet . 1974;2:605-609.Crossref 25. Army Individual Test Battery: Manual of Directions and Scoring . Washington, DC: Adjutant General's Office; 1944. 26. Benton AL, Varney NR, Hamsher KD. Visuospatial judgement: a clinical test . Arch Neurol . 1978;35:364-367.Crossref 27. Wilcock GK, Hope RA, Brooks DN, et al. Recommended minimum data to be collected in research studies on Alzheimer's disease . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1989;52:693-700.Crossref 28. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. 'Mini-mental state.' J Psychiatr Res . 1975;12:189-198.Crossref 29. Levin HS, O'Donnell VM, Grossman RG. The Galveston orientation and amnesia test: a practical scale to assess cognition after head injury . J Nerv Ment Dis . 1979;167:675-684.Crossref 30. Geschwind N, Fusillo M. Color-naming defects in association with alexia . Arch Neurol . 1966;15:137-146.Crossref 31. Bogen JE. The callosal syndromes . In: Clinical Neuropsychology . 3rd ed. New York, NY: Clinical Neuropsychology; 1993:337-407. 32. Weingartner H, Cohen RM, Murphy DL, Martello J, Gerdt C. Cognitive processes in depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1981;38:42-47.Crossref 33. Ojemann GA, Whitaker HA. The bilingual brain . Arch Neurol . 1978;35:409-412.Crossref 34. Berg EA. A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking . J Gen Psychol . 1948;39:15-22.Crossref 35. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting . Arch Neurol . 1963: 9:90-100.Crossref 36. Anderson SW, Damasio H, Jones DR, Tranel D. Wisconsin card sorting test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1991;13:909-922.Crossref 37. Binder LM. Assessment of malingering after mild head trauma with the Portland Digit Recognition Test . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1993;15:170-182.Crossref 38. Hiscock M, Hiscock C. Refining the forced-choice method for the detection of malingering . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 1989;11:967-974.Crossref 39. Heaton RK, Smith HH Jr, Lehman RAW, Vogt AT. Prospects for faking believable deficits on neuropsychological testing . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1978;46: 892-900.Crossref 40. Benton AL, Spreen O. Visual memory test: the simulation of mental incompetence . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1961;4:79-83.Crossref 41. Levin HS, High WM Jr, Goethe KE, et al. The neurobehavioral rating scale: assessment of the behavioral sequelae of head injury by the clinician . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1987;50:183-193.Crossref 42. Nelson HE, O'Connell A. Dementia: The estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the new adult reading test . Cortex . 1978;14:234-244.Crossref 43. Barona A, Reynolds CR, Chastain R. A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1984;52:885-887.Crossref 44. Brooks N, McKinlay W, Symington C, Beattie A, Campsie L. Return to work within the first seven years of severe head injury . Brain Injury . 1987;1:5-19.Crossref 45. Heaton RK, Pendleton MG. Use of neuropsychological tests to predict adult patients' everyday functioning . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1981;49:807-821.Crossref 46. Schwab K, Grafman J, Salazar A, Kraft J. Residual impairments and work status 15 years after penetrating head injury: report from the Vietnam head injury study . Neurology . 1993;43:95-103.Crossref 47. Bieliauskas LA, Matthews CG. American board of clinical neuropsychology: policies and procedures . Clin Neuropsychol . 1987;1:21-28.Crossref

Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: Sep 1, 1994

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