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The Use of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis

The Use of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a computerized method of depicting the morphology of anatomic structures in cross-section. The basic principles of this technique were discovered by two American physicists, Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell, in 1946, who were subsequently awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952 for their work. The difficulties inherent in developing the necessary technology to construct the large magnets with excellent field uniformity delayed the clinical application of MRI until 1979. References 1. Kucharczyk W, Brant-Zawadzki M. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Basic Principles, Instrumentation and Tissue Characterization . Princeton, NJ: Continuing Professional Center Inc; 1985;6:1-7. 2. Jacobson HG. Fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging . JAMA . 1987; 258:3417-3423.Crossref 3. Young IR, Hall AS, Pallis CA, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis . Lancet . 1981;2:1063-1066.Crossref 4. McDonald WI, Halliday AM. Diagnosis and classification of multiple sclerosis . Br Med Bull . 1977;33:4-8. 5. Rose AS, Ellison GW, Meyers LW, Tourtellotte WW. Criteria for the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1976;26:20-22.Crossref 6. Schumacher GA, Beebe GW, Kibler RF, et al. Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis . Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1965;122:552-568.Crossref 7. Bauer HJ. IMAB-Enquete concerning the diagnostic criteria for MS . In: Bauer HG, Poser S, Ritter G, eds. Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Research . Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag; 1980:555-563. 8. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols . Ann Neurol . 1983;13:227-231.Crossref 9. Kirshner HS, Tsai SI, Runge VM, Price AC. Magnetic resonance imaging and other techniques in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol . 1984;42:859-863.Crossref 10. Gebarski SS, Gabrielsen TO, Gilman S, et al. The initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: clinical impact of magnetic resonance imaging . Ann Neurol . 1985; 17:469-474.Crossref 11. Uhlenbrock D, Seidel D, Gehlen W, et al. MR imaging in multiple sclerosis: comparison with clinical, CSF, and visual evoked potential findings . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1988;9:59-67. 12. Jacobs L, Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR. Impact of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging on the assessment of multiple sclerosis patients . Semin Neurol . 1986;6:24-32.Crossref 13. Scotti G, Scialfa G, Biondi A, Landoni L, Caputo D, Cazzullo CL. Magnetic resonance in multiple sclerosis . Neuroradiology . 1986;28:319-323.Crossref 14. Stewart JM, Houser OW, Baker HL, O'Brien PC, Rodriguez M. Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical relationships in multiple sclerosis . Mayo Clin Proc . 1987;62:174-184.Crossref 15. Eisen A, Odusote K, Li D, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with somatosensory testing in MS suspects . Muscle Nerve . 1987;10:385-390.Crossref 16. Honig LS, Siddharthan R, Sheremata WA, Sheldon JJ, Sazant A. Multiple sclerosis: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with cerebrospinal fluid findings . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1988;51:277-280.Crossref 17. Bone G, Ladurner G, Artmann W, Bsteh C. Correlations between clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in multiple sclerosis . Eur Neurol . 1988; 28:212-216.Crossref 18. Baumhefner RW, Tourtellotte WW, Syndulko K, et al. Quantitative multiple sclerosis plaque assessment with magnetic resonance imaging . Arch Neurol . 1990; 47:19-26.Crossref 19. Baum K, Scheuler W, Hegerl U, Girke W, Schorner W. Detection of brainstem lesions in multiple sclerosis: comparison of brainstem auditory evoked potentials with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging . Acta Neurol Scand . 1988;77: 283-288.Crossref 20. Noseworthy JH, Paty KW, Ebers GC. Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis . Neurol Clin . 1984;2:759-777. 21. Rumbach L, Warter JM, Marescaux C, Gounot D, Chambron J, Collard M. Multiple sclerosis diagnosis . Eur Neurol . 1987;27:92-96.Crossref 22. Bogousslavsky J, Fox AJ, Carey LS, et al. Correlates of brain-stem oculomotor disorders in multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol . 1986;45:460-463.Crossref 23. Golden GS, Woody RC. The role of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of MS in childhood . Neurology . 1987;37:689-693.Crossref 24. Millner MM, Ebner F, Justich E, Urban C. Multiple sclerosis in childhood: contribution of serial MRI to earlier diagnosis . Dev Med Child Neurol . 1990;32:769-777.Crossref 25. Haas G, Schroth G, Grageloh-Mann I, Buchwald-Saal M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of children with multiple sclerosis . Dev Med Child Neurol .1987; 29:586-591.Crossref 26. National Multiple Sclerosis Society Working Group on Neuroimaging forthe Medical Advisory Board. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: policy statement . Neurology . 1986;36:1575.Crossref 27. Paty DW, Oger JJF, Kastrukoff LF, et al. MRI in the diagnosis of MS . Neurology . 1988;38:180-185.Crossref 28. Kesselring J, Miller DH, Robb SA, etal. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: MRI findings and the distinction from multiple sclerosis . Brain . 1990;113:291-302.Crossref 29. Miller DH, Johnson G, Tofts PS, et al. Precise relaxation time measurements of normal appearing white matter in inflammatory central nervous system disease . Magn Reson Med . 1989;11:331-336.Crossref 30. Ormerod IE, Johnson G, MacManus D, du Boulay EP, McDonald WI. Relaxation times of apparently normal cerebral white matter in multiple sclerosis . Acta Radiol . 1986;369:382-384. 31. Haughton VM, Yetkin ZF, Rao SM, et al. Quantitative MR in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis . Magn Reson Med . 1992;26:71-78.Crossref 32. Kesselring J, Miller DH, MacManus DG, et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1989;52:14-17.Crossref 33. Brainin M, Neuhold A, Reisner T, Maida E, Lang S, Deecke L. Changes within the 'normal' cerebral white matter of multiple sclerosis patients during acute attacks and during high-dose cortisone therapy assessed by means of quantitative MRI . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1989;52:1355-1359.Crossref 34. Lynch SG, Rose JW, Smoker W, Petajan JH. MRI in familial multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1990;40:900-903.Crossref 35. Uitehaag BM, Polman CH, Valk J, Koetsier JC, Lucas CJ. Magnetic resonance imaging studies in multiple sclerosis twins . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1989; 52:1417-1419.Crossref 36. Tienari PJ, Salonen O, Wikstrom J, Valanne L, Palo J. Familial multiple sclerosis: MRI findings in clinically affected and unaffected siblings . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1992;55:883-886.Crossref 37. Fazekas F, Offenbacher H, Fuchs S, et al. Criteria for an increased specificity of MRI interpretation in elderly subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1988;38:1822-1825.Crossref 38. Bradley WG Jr, Waluch V, Brant-Zawadzki M, et al. Patchy, periventricular white matter lesions in the elderly . Noninvasive Med Imaging . 1984;1:35-41. 39. Brant-Zawadzki M, Fein G, Van Dyke C, et al. MR imaging of the aging brain: patchy white-matter lesions and dementia . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1985;6:675-682. 40. Awad IA, Spetzler RF, Hodak JA, et al. Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly . Stroke . 1986;17:1085-1089. 41. Ormerod IEC, Miller DH, McDonald WI, et al. The role of NMR imaging in the assessment of multiple sclerosis and isolated neurological lesions . Brain . 1987; 110:1579-1616.Crossref 42. Smith AS, Meisler DM, Weinstein MA, et al. High-signal periventricular lesions in patients with neurosarcoidosis . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1989;10:485-490. 43. Yetkin FZ, Haughton VM, Papke RA, et al. Multiple sclerosis: specificity of MR for diagnosis . Radiology . 1991;178:447-451.Crossref 44. Soges LJ, Cacayorin ED, Petro GR, et al. Migraine: evaluation by MR . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1988;9:425-429. 45. Moody DM, Bell MA, Challa VR. The corpus callosum, a unique white-matter tract: anatomic features that may explain sparing in Binswanger disease and resistance to flow of fluid masses . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1988;9:1051-1059. 46. Berger JR, Quencer R. Reversible myelopathy with pernicious anemia: clinical/MRI observation . Neurology . 1991;41:947-948.Crossref 47. Epperson LW, Whitaker JN, Kapila A. Cranial MRI in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis . Neurology . 1988;38:332-333.Crossref 48. Miller DH, Ormerod IEC, Gibson A, et al. MR brain scanning in patients with vasculitis: differentiation from multiple sclerosis . Neuroradiology . 1987;29: 226-231.Crossref 49. Stewart WA, Hall LD, Berry K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) . Neurology . 1986;36( (suppl 1) ):320. Abstract. 50. Nagara H, Inoue T, Koga T, Kitaguchi T, Tateishi J, Goto I. Formalin fixed brains are useful for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study . J Neurol Sci . 1987;81:67-77.Crossref 51. Awad IA, Johnson PC, Spetzler RF, Hodak JA. Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly . Stroke . 1986;17:1090-1097.Crossref 52. Barnes D, Munro PMG, Youl BD, Prineas JW, McDonald WI. The long-standing MS lesion . Brain . 1991;114:1271-1280.Crossref 53. Newcombe J, Hawkins CP, Henderson CL, et al. Histopathology of multiple sclerosis lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in unfixed postmortem central nervous system tissue . Brain . 1991;114:1013-1023.Crossref 54. Jacobs L, Kinkel WR, Ploachini I, Kinkel RP. Correlations of nuclear magnetic imaging, computerized tomography, and clinical profiles in multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1986;36:27-34.Crossref 55. Edwards MK, Farlow MR, Stevens JC. Multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical correlation . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1986;147:571-574.Crossref 56. Truyen L, Gheuens J, Van de Vyver FL, Parizel PM, Peersman GV, Martin JJ. Improved correlation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with clinical status in multiple sclerosis (MS) by use of an extensive standardized imaging-protocol . J Neurol Sci . 1990;96:173-182.Crossref 57. Thompson AJ, Kermode AG, MacManus DG, et al. Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis . BMJ . 1990;300:631-634.Crossref 58. Koopmans RA, Li DKB, Grochowski E, Cutler PJ, Paty DW. Benign versus chronic progressive multiple sclerosis . Ann Neurol . 1989;25:74-81.Crossref 59. Honer WG, Hurwitz T, Li DL, et al. Temporal lobe involvement in multiple sclerosis patients with psychiatric disease . Arch Neurol . 1987;44:187-190.Crossref 60. Huber SJ, Paulson GW, Shuttleworth DC, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of dementia in multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol . 1987;44:732-736.Crossref 61. Rao SM, Leo GJ, Haughton VM, et al. Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1989;39:161-166.Crossref 62. Franklin GM, Heatron RK, Nelson LM, Filley CM, Seibert C. Correlation of neuropsychological and MRI findings in chronic/progressive multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1988;38:1826-1829.Crossref 63. Izquierdo G, Campoy F, Mir J, Gonzalez M, Martinez-Parra C. Memory and learning disturbances in multiple sclerosis . Eur J Radiol . 1991;13:220-224.Crossref 64. Anzola GP, Bevilacqua L, Cappa SF, et al. Neuropsychological assessment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and mild functional impairment: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1990;53:142-145.Crossref 65. Callahan MM, Logsdail SJ, Ron MA, Warrington EK. Cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated lesions of the type seen in MS: a psychometric and MRI study . Brain . 1989;112:361-374.Crossref 66. Mariani C, Farina E, Cappa SF, et al. Neuropsychological assessment in multiple sclerosis . J Neurol . 1991;238:395-400.Crossref 67. Farlow MR, Edwards MK, Kolar OJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: analysis of correlations to peripheral blood and spinal fluid abnormalities . Neurology . 1987;37:1527-1530.Crossref 68. Oger J, Kastrukoff LF, Li DKB, et al. Multiple sclerosis: in relapsing patients, immune functions vary with disease activity as assessed by MRI . Neurology . 1988; 38:1739-1744.Crossref 69. Jacobs L, Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR. Silent brain lesions in patients with isolated idiopathic optic neuritis . Arch Neurol . 1986:43:452-455.Crossref 70. Ormerod IEC, McDonald WI, du Boulay GH, et al. Disseminated lesions at presentation in patients with optic neuritis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1986; 49:124-127.Crossref 71. Johns K, Lavin P, Elliot JH, Partain CL. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in isolated optic neuritis . Arch Ophthalmol . 1986;104:1486-1488.Crossref 72. Paty DW, Oger JJF, Kastrukoff LF, etal. MRI in the diagnosis of MS . Neurology . 1988;38:180-185.Crossref 73. Miller DH, McDonald WI, Blumhardt LD, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in isolated noncompressive spinal cord syndromes . Ann Neurol . 1987;22:714-723.Crossref 74. Miller DH, Ormerod IEC, McDonald WI, et al. The early risk of multiple sclerosis after optic neuritis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1988;51:1569-1571.Crossref 75. Jacobs L, Munschauer FE, Kaba SE. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging in optic neuritis . Neurology . 1991;41:15-19.Crossref 76. Miller DH, Ormerod IEC, Rudge P, et al. Early risk of multiple sclerosis following isolated acute syndromes of the brainstem and spinal cord . Ann Neurol . 1989; 26:635-639.Crossref 77. Ford B, Tampiere D, Francis G. Long-term follow-up of acute partial transverse myelopathy . Neurology . 1992;42:250-252.Crossref 78. Ropper AH, Poskanzer DC. Prognosis of acute and subacute transverse myelopathy based on early signs and symptoms . Ann Neurol . 1978;4:51-59.Crossref 79. Christiansen P, Frederiksen JL, Henriksen O, Larsson HB. Gd-DPTAenhanced lesions in the brain of patients with acute optic neuritis . Acta Neurol Scand . 1992;85:141-146.Crossref 80. Barkoff F, Hommes OR, Scheltens P, Valk J. Quantitative MRI changes in gadolinium-DPTA enhancement after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1991;41:1219-1222.Crossref 81. Burnham JA, White RR, Dreisbach J, Murray RS. The effect of high-dose steroids on MRI gadolinium enhancement in acute demyelinating lesions . Neurology . 1991; 41:1349-1354.Crossref 82. Barkoff F, Frequin STFM, Hommes OR, et al. A correlative triad of gadolinium-DPTA MRI, EDSS, and CSF-MBP in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients treated with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone . Neurology . 1992;42:63-67.Crossref 83. Issac C, Li DKB, Genton M, et al. Multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1988;38:1511-1515.Crossref 84. Truyen L, Gheuens J, Parizel PM, Van de Vyvey FL, Martin JJ. Long-term follow-up of multiple sclerosis by standardized non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging . J Neurol Sci . 1991;106:35-40.Crossref 85. Ebner F, Millner MM, Justich E. Multiple sclerosis in children: value of serial MR studies to monitor patients . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1990;11:1023-1027. 86. Willoughby EW, Grochowski E, Li DKB, et al. Serial magnetic resonance scanning in multiple sclerosis . Ann Neurol . 1989;25:43-49.Crossref 87. Koopmans RA, Li DKB, Oger JJF, et al. Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: serial magnetic resonance brain imaging over six months . Ann Neurol . 1989;26: 248-256.Crossref 88. Goodkin DE, Ross JS, Vanderbrug-Medendorp S, Konecsni J, Rudick RA. MRI lesion enlargement in multiple sclerosis: disease-related activity, chance occurrence, or measurement artifact? Arch Neurol . 1992;49:261-264.Crossref 89. Goodkin DE, Vanderbrug-Medendorp S, Ross J. The effect of repositioning error on serial brain MRI scans in MS patients. Arch Neurol. In press. 90. Grossman RI, Gonzalez-Sacrano F, Atlas SW, et al. Gadolinium enhancement in multiple sclerosis . Radiology . 1986;161:721-725.Crossref 91. Gonzalez-Scarano F, Grossman RI, Galetta S, Atlas SW, Silberberg DH. Multiple sclerosis disease activity correlates with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging . Ann Neurol . 1987;21:300-306.Crossref 92. Kermode AG, Thompson AJ, Tofts P, et al. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier precedes symptoms and other MRI signs of new lesions in multiple sclerosis: pathogenetic and clinical implications . Brain . 1990;113:1477-1489.Crossref 93. Miller DH, Rudge P, Johnson G, et al. 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The Use of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis

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References (130)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1994.00540170087020
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Abstract

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a computerized method of depicting the morphology of anatomic structures in cross-section. The basic principles of this technique were discovered by two American physicists, Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell, in 1946, who were subsequently awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952 for their work. The difficulties inherent in developing the necessary technology to construct the large magnets with excellent field uniformity delayed the clinical application of MRI until 1979. References 1. Kucharczyk W, Brant-Zawadzki M. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Basic Principles, Instrumentation and Tissue Characterization . Princeton, NJ: Continuing Professional Center Inc; 1985;6:1-7. 2. Jacobson HG. Fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging . JAMA . 1987; 258:3417-3423.Crossref 3. Young IR, Hall AS, Pallis CA, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis . Lancet . 1981;2:1063-1066.Crossref 4. McDonald WI, Halliday AM. Diagnosis and classification of multiple sclerosis . Br Med Bull . 1977;33:4-8. 5. Rose AS, Ellison GW, Meyers LW, Tourtellotte WW. Criteria for the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1976;26:20-22.Crossref 6. Schumacher GA, Beebe GW, Kibler RF, et al. Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis . Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1965;122:552-568.Crossref 7. Bauer HJ. IMAB-Enquete concerning the diagnostic criteria for MS . In: Bauer HG, Poser S, Ritter G, eds. Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Research . Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag; 1980:555-563. 8. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols . Ann Neurol . 1983;13:227-231.Crossref 9. Kirshner HS, Tsai SI, Runge VM, Price AC. Magnetic resonance imaging and other techniques in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol . 1984;42:859-863.Crossref 10. Gebarski SS, Gabrielsen TO, Gilman S, et al. The initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: clinical impact of magnetic resonance imaging . Ann Neurol . 1985; 17:469-474.Crossref 11. Uhlenbrock D, Seidel D, Gehlen W, et al. MR imaging in multiple sclerosis: comparison with clinical, CSF, and visual evoked potential findings . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1988;9:59-67. 12. Jacobs L, Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR. Impact of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging on the assessment of multiple sclerosis patients . Semin Neurol . 1986;6:24-32.Crossref 13. Scotti G, Scialfa G, Biondi A, Landoni L, Caputo D, Cazzullo CL. Magnetic resonance in multiple sclerosis . Neuroradiology . 1986;28:319-323.Crossref 14. Stewart JM, Houser OW, Baker HL, O'Brien PC, Rodriguez M. Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical relationships in multiple sclerosis . Mayo Clin Proc . 1987;62:174-184.Crossref 15. Eisen A, Odusote K, Li D, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with somatosensory testing in MS suspects . Muscle Nerve . 1987;10:385-390.Crossref 16. Honig LS, Siddharthan R, Sheremata WA, Sheldon JJ, Sazant A. Multiple sclerosis: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with cerebrospinal fluid findings . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1988;51:277-280.Crossref 17. Bone G, Ladurner G, Artmann W, Bsteh C. Correlations between clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in multiple sclerosis . Eur Neurol . 1988; 28:212-216.Crossref 18. Baumhefner RW, Tourtellotte WW, Syndulko K, et al. Quantitative multiple sclerosis plaque assessment with magnetic resonance imaging . Arch Neurol . 1990; 47:19-26.Crossref 19. Baum K, Scheuler W, Hegerl U, Girke W, Schorner W. Detection of brainstem lesions in multiple sclerosis: comparison of brainstem auditory evoked potentials with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging . Acta Neurol Scand . 1988;77: 283-288.Crossref 20. Noseworthy JH, Paty KW, Ebers GC. Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis . Neurol Clin . 1984;2:759-777. 21. Rumbach L, Warter JM, Marescaux C, Gounot D, Chambron J, Collard M. Multiple sclerosis diagnosis . Eur Neurol . 1987;27:92-96.Crossref 22. Bogousslavsky J, Fox AJ, Carey LS, et al. Correlates of brain-stem oculomotor disorders in multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol . 1986;45:460-463.Crossref 23. Golden GS, Woody RC. The role of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of MS in childhood . Neurology . 1987;37:689-693.Crossref 24. Millner MM, Ebner F, Justich E, Urban C. Multiple sclerosis in childhood: contribution of serial MRI to earlier diagnosis . Dev Med Child Neurol . 1990;32:769-777.Crossref 25. Haas G, Schroth G, Grageloh-Mann I, Buchwald-Saal M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of children with multiple sclerosis . Dev Med Child Neurol .1987; 29:586-591.Crossref 26. National Multiple Sclerosis Society Working Group on Neuroimaging forthe Medical Advisory Board. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: policy statement . Neurology . 1986;36:1575.Crossref 27. Paty DW, Oger JJF, Kastrukoff LF, et al. MRI in the diagnosis of MS . Neurology . 1988;38:180-185.Crossref 28. Kesselring J, Miller DH, Robb SA, etal. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: MRI findings and the distinction from multiple sclerosis . Brain . 1990;113:291-302.Crossref 29. Miller DH, Johnson G, Tofts PS, et al. Precise relaxation time measurements of normal appearing white matter in inflammatory central nervous system disease . Magn Reson Med . 1989;11:331-336.Crossref 30. Ormerod IE, Johnson G, MacManus D, du Boulay EP, McDonald WI. Relaxation times of apparently normal cerebral white matter in multiple sclerosis . Acta Radiol . 1986;369:382-384. 31. Haughton VM, Yetkin ZF, Rao SM, et al. Quantitative MR in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis . Magn Reson Med . 1992;26:71-78.Crossref 32. Kesselring J, Miller DH, MacManus DG, et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1989;52:14-17.Crossref 33. Brainin M, Neuhold A, Reisner T, Maida E, Lang S, Deecke L. Changes within the 'normal' cerebral white matter of multiple sclerosis patients during acute attacks and during high-dose cortisone therapy assessed by means of quantitative MRI . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1989;52:1355-1359.Crossref 34. Lynch SG, Rose JW, Smoker W, Petajan JH. MRI in familial multiple sclerosis . Neurology . 1990;40:900-903.Crossref 35. Uitehaag BM, Polman CH, Valk J, Koetsier JC, Lucas CJ. Magnetic resonance imaging studies in multiple sclerosis twins . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1989; 52:1417-1419.Crossref 36. Tienari PJ, Salonen O, Wikstrom J, Valanne L, Palo J. Familial multiple sclerosis: MRI findings in clinically affected and unaffected siblings . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1992;55:883-886.Crossref 37. Fazekas F, Offenbacher H, Fuchs S, et al. Criteria for an increased specificity of MRI interpretation in elderly subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis . 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Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: May 1, 1994

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