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Brust JCM (1977)
Transient ischemic attacks: natural history and anticoagulationNeurology, 27
L. Wilkins (1986)
Role of Carotid Endarterectomy in Asymptomatic Carotid StenosisStroke, 17
Irving Wright, Ellen McDevitt (1954)
Cerebral vascular diseases: their significance, diagnosis and present treatment, including the selective use of anticoagulant substances.Annals of internal medicine, 41 4
D. Singer, R. Hughes, D. Gress, M. Sheehan, L. Oertel, S. Maraventano, D. Blewett, B. Rosner, J. Kistler (1990)
The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation.The New England journal of medicine, 323 22
UK-TIA Study Group (1983)
Variation in the use of angiography and carotid endarterectomy by neurologists in the UK-TIA aspirin trialBMJ, 286
Adams HP Jr Marsh EE III (1989)
Use of antithrombotic drugs in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a survey of neurologists in practice in the United StatesNeurology, 39
R. Duke, R. Bloch, G. Alexander, G. Turpie, R. Trebilcock, N. Bayer (1986)
Intravenous heparin for the prevention of stroke progression in acute partial stable stroke.Annals of internal medicine, 105 6
R. Baker, W. Schwartz, A. Rose (1966)
Transient ischemic strokesNeurology, 16
C. Millikan, R. Siekert, R. Shick (1955)
Studies in cerebrovascular disease. III. The use of anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of insufficiency or thrombosis within the basilar arterial system.Proceedings of the staff meetings. Mayo Clinic, 30 6
M. Ramirez‐Lassepas, R. Cipolle (1988)
Medical treatment of transient ischemic attacks: does it influence mortality?Stroke, 19 3
Schwartz WS Baker RN (1966)
Transient ischemic attacks: a report of a study (cooperative) of anticoagulant therapyNeurology, 16
Scheinberg P (1989)
Heparin anticoagulationStroke, 20
S. Jonas (1988)
Anticoagulant therapy in cerebrovascular disease: review and meta-analysis.Stroke, 19 8
A. Haerer, R. Gotshall, P. Conneally, M. Dyken, D. Poskanzer, T. Price, P. Swanson, P. Calanchini (1977)
Cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. III. Variations in treatment.JAMA, 238 2
F. Cervantes, L. Schneiderman (1975)
Anticoagulants in cerebrovascular disease. A critical review of studies.Archives of internal medicine, 135 6
C. Millikan, R. Siekert, R. Shick (1955)
Studies in cerebrovascular disease. V. The use of anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of intermittent insufficiency of the internal carotid arterial system.Proceedings of the staff meetings. Mayo Clinic, 30 24
C. Estol, Michael Pessin (1990)
Anticoagulation: is there still a role in atherothrombotic stroke?Stroke, 21 5
S. Putman, H. Adams (1985)
Usefulness of heparin in initial management of patients with recent transient ischemic attacks.Archives of neurology, 42 10
P. Swanson, P. Calanchini, M. Dyken, R. Gotshall, A. Haerer, D. Poskanzer, T. Price, M. Conneally (1977)
A cooperative study of hospital frequency and character of transient ischemic attacks. II. Performance of angiography among six centers.JAMA, 237 20
M. Ramirez‐Lassepas, M. Quiñones (1984)
Heparin therapy for strokeNeurology, 34
H., Royden Jones, Clark, Millikan, A. Burton, Sandok (1980)
Temporal Profile (Clinical Course) of Acute Vertebrobasilar System Cerebral InfarctionStroke, 11
DOUGLAS Keith, STEPHEN Phillips, J. Whisnant, Katsuya Nishimaru, W. O'Fallon (1987)
Heparin therapy for recent transient focal cerebral ischemia.Mayo Clinic proceedings, 62 12
E. Marsh, Harold Adams, José Biller, Patricia Wasek, K. Banwart, V. Mitchell, Robert Woolson (1989)
Use of antithrombotic drugs in the treatment of acute ischemic strokeNeurology, 39
M. Bousser, E. Eschwège, M. Haguenau, J. Lefaucconnier, N. Thibult, D. Touboul, Touboul Pj (1983)
"AICLA" controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia.Stroke, 14 1
Cipolle RJ Ramirez-Lassepas M (1984)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with cerebrovascular diseaseNeurology, 34
W. Fields, N. Lemak, R. Frankowski, R. Hardy (1977)
Controlled Trial of Aspirin in Cerebral IschemiaStroke, 8
C. Warlow (1991)
MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosisThe Lancet, 337
L. Caplan (1991)
Diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke.JAMA, 266 17
S. Phillips (1989)
An alternative view of heparin anticoagulation in acute focal brain ischemia.Stroke, 20 2
(1986)
Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. Role of carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic carotid stenosisStroke, 17
H. Eastcott, G. Pickering, C. Rob (1954)
Reconstruction of internal carotid artery in a patient with intermittent attacks of hemiplegia.Lancet, 267 6846
Antiplatelet-Trialists' Collaboration (1988)
Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatmentBMJ, 296
Pessin MS Estol CJ (1990)
Anticoagulation: is there still a role in atherosclerotic stroke?Stroke, 21
M. Ramirez‐Lassepas, R. Cipolle, K. Rodvold, R. Seifert, Linda Strand, L. Taddeini, M. Cusulos (1984)
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia in patients with cerebrovascular ischemic diseaseNeurology, 34
Millikan CH Jones HR Jr (1976)
Temporal profile (clinical course) of acute carotid system cerebral ischemiaStroke, 7
R. Asinger, M. Dyken, M. Fisher, R. Hart, D. Sherman (1989)
Cardiogenic brain embolism. The second report of the Cerebral Embolism Task Force.Archives of neurology, 46 7
L. Wilkins (1989)
Study design for randomized prospective trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic atherosclerosis. The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Group.Stroke, 20 7
B. Patrick, M. Ramirez‐Lassepas, B. Snyder (1980)
Temporal Profile of Vertebrobasilar Territory Infarction: Prognostic ImplicationsStroke, 11
Canadian Cooperative Study Group (1978)
A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened strokeN Engl J Med, 299
E. Haley, N. Kassell, J. Torner (1988)
Failure of heparin to prevent progression in progressing ischemic infarction.Stroke, 19 1
J. Halperin, R. Hart (1988)
Atrial fibrillation and stroke: new ideas, persisting dilemmas.Stroke, 19 8
J. Sage (1985)
Stroke. The use and overuse of heparin in therapeutic trials.Archives of neurology, 42 4
Hedenius P (1941)
The use of heparin in internal diseasesActa Med Scand, 107
P. Petersen, J. Godtfredsen (1986)
Embolic complications in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Stroke, 17 4
M. Dyken (1986)
Carotid endarterectomy studies: a glimmering of science.Stroke, 17 3
Bloch RF Duke RJ (1986)
Intravenous heparin for the prevention of stroke progression in acute partial stable stroke: a randomized controlled trialAnn Intern Med, 105
The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Group (1989)
Study design for randomized prospective trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic atherosclerosisStroke, 20
C. Warlow (1984)
Carotid endarterectomy: does it work?Stroke, 15 6
L. Wilkins (1991)
Carotid Surgery Versus Medical Therapy in Asymptomatic Carotid StenosisStroke, 22
J. Whisnant, E. Niall, L. Elveback (1978)
Carotid and vertebral‐basilar transient ischemic attacks: Effect of anticoagulants, hypertension, and cardiac disorders on survival and stroke occurrence— A population studyAnnals of Neurology, 3
P. Bradshaw, S. Brennan (1975)
Trial of long-term anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of small stroke associated with a normal carotid arteriogram.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 38
Gubay SS Pierce JMS (1965)
Long term anticoagulant therapy in transient cerebral ischemic attacksLancet, 1
Barnett Hjm., D. Taylor, R. Haynes, D. Sackett, S. Peerless, G. Ferguson, A. Fox, R. Rankin, V. Hachinski, Wiebers Do, M. Eliasziw (1991)
Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis.The New England journal of medicine, 325 7
J. Till, J. Toole, V. Howard (1985)
Physicians' attitudes. Management of carotid artery plaques, murmurs, and transient ischemic attacks.Archives of neurology, 42 12
UK-TIA Study Group (1988)
United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: interim resultsBMJ, 296
M. Chassin, R. Brook, R. Park, J. Keesey, A. Fink, J. Kosecoff, K. Kahn, N. Merrick, D. Solomon (1986)
Variations in the use of medical and surgical services by the Medicare population.The New England journal of medicine, 314 5
The EC/IC Bypass Study Group (1985)
Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke: results of an international randomized trialN Engl J Med, 313
Quinones MR Ramirez-Lassepas M (1984)
Heparin therapy for stroke: hemorrhagic complications and risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhageNeurology, 34
Kuller LH (1974)
The transient ischemic attack: a critical review of anticoagulant and surgical therapyStroke, 9
S. Jonas (1987)
Can carotid endarterectomy be justified? No.Archives of neurology, 44 6
L. Wilkins (1991)
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study: Final ResultsCirculation, 84
Wiebers DO (1989)
Mayo Clin Proc, 64
John Brust (1977)
Transient ischemic attacksNeurology, 27
R. Pokras, M. Dyken (1988)
Dramatic changes in the performance of endarterectomy for diseases of the extracranial arteries of the head.Stroke, 19 10
Abstract • Objective. —To examine community practices. Design. —Physician practice policies were surveyed using case vignettes in which evaluation for carotid endarterectomy or use of anticoagulation therapy was at issue. Virtually the same group was surveyed in 1988 and again in 1991, after publication of carotid endarterectomy trials in symptomatic patients. Setting. —Greater Metropolitan Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota. Participants. —Community and academic neurologists in practice of general adult neurology. Measurement. —Percentage of respondents who would recommend the management option in question for each vignette. Results. —Ninety-eight percent favored evaluation for carotid endarterectomy in appropriately symptomatic "good risk" patients in 1988 before proof of efficacy became available. Proof increased the percentage (from 67% to 92%) favoring evaluation in older, sicker, symptomatic patients but not the percentage of those favoring evaluation of bruit patients (1988: 33%; 1991: 24%). In 1991, a lower percentage recommended warfarin therapy after noncardioembolic transient ischemic attack; this was especially apparent in the vertebrobasilar case (1988:59%; 1991: 37%). Both years, nine of 10 neurologists recommended heparin therapy for progressing stroke, while half to three-fourths used it after partial stroke or transient ischemic attack. Almost all would use anticoagulants for secondary prophylaxis after suspected cardioembolic stroke. Conclusion. —The results reflect a treatment-oriented empirical approach in this community and document quick clinical application of scientific evidence when it became available. References 1. Hedenius P. The use of heparin in internal diseases . Acta Med Scand . 1941;107:170-177.Crossref 2. Wright IS, McDevitt E. Cerebral vascular diseases: their significance, diagnosis and present treatment, including the selective use of anticoagulant substances . Ann Intern Med . 1954;41:682-698.Crossref 3. Millikan CH, Siekert RG, Shick RM. Studies in cerebrovascular disease, III: the use of anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of insufficiency or thrombosis within the basilar arterial system . Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin . 1955;30: 116-126. 4. Millikan CH, Siekert RG, Shick RM. Studies in cerebrovascular disease, V: the use of anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of intermittent insufficiency of the internal carotid arterial system . Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin . 1955;30: 578-586. 5. Eastcott HHG, Pickering GW, Rob CG. Reconstruction of internal carotid artery in a patient with intermittent attacks of hemiplegia . Lancet . 1954;2:994-996.Crossref 6. Sage JI. Stroke: the use and overuse of heparin in therapeutic trials . Arch Neurol . 1985;42:315-317.Crossref 7. Phillips SJ. An alternative view of heparin anticoagulation in acute focal brain ischemia . Stroke . 1989;20:295-298.Crossref 8. Scheinberg P. Heparin anticoagulation . Stroke . 1989;20:173-174.Crossref 9. Warlow C. Carotid endarterectomy: does it work? Stroke . 1984;15: 1068-1076.Crossref 10. Jonas S. Can carotid endarterectomy be justified? No. Arch Neurol . 1987;44:652-654.Crossref 11. Jonas S. Anticoagulant therapy in cerebrovascular disease: review and meta-analysis . Stroke . 1988;19:1043-1048.Crossref 12. Putnam SF, Adams HP Jr. Usefulness of heparin in initial management of patients with recent transient ischemic attacks . Arch Neurol . 1985;42: 960-962.Crossref 13. Duke RJ, Bloch RF, Turpie AGG, Trebilcock R, Bayer N. Intravenous heparin for the prevention of stroke progression in acute partial stable stroke: a randomized controlled trial . Ann Intern Med . 1986;105:825-828.Crossref 14. Keith DS, Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP, Nishimaru K, O'Fallon WM. Heparin therapy for recent transient focal cerebral ischemia . Mayo Clin Proc . 1987;62:1101-1106.Crossref 15. Haley EC, Kassell NF, Torner JC. Failure of heparin to prevent progression in progressing ischemic infarction . Stroke . 1988;19:10-14.Crossref 16. Ramirez-Lassepas M, Quinones MR. Heparin therapy for stroke: hemorrhagic complications and risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage . Neurology . 1984;34:114-117.Crossref 17. Ramirez-Lassepas M, Cipolle RJ, Rodvold KA, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with cerebrovascular disease . Neurology . 1984;34:736-740.Crossref 18. Marsh EE III, Adams HP Jr, Biller J, et al. Use of antithrombotic drugs in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a survey of neurologists in practice in the United States . Neurology . 1989;39:1631-1634.Crossref 19. Halperin JL, Hart RG. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: new ideas, persisting dilemmas . Stroke . 1988;19:937-941.Crossref 20. 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Medical treatment of transient ischemic attacks: does it influence mortality? Stroke . 1988;19:397-400.Crossref 27. Fields WS, Lemak NA, Frankowski RF, Hardy RJ. Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia . Stroke . 1977;8:301-314.Crossref 28. Canadian Cooperative Study Group. A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke . N Engl J Med . 1978;299:53-59.Crossref 29. Bousser MG, Eschwege E, Haguenau M, et al. 'AICLA' controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridimole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia . Stroke . 1983;14:5-14.Crossref 30. UK-TIA Study Group. United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: interim results . BMJ . 1988;296:316-320.Crossref 31. Antiplatelet-Trialists' Collaboration. Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatment . BMJ . 1988;296:320-331.Crossref 32. The EC/IC Bypass Study Group. 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Study design for randomized prospective trial of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic atherosclerosis . Stroke . 1989;20:844-849.Crossref 38. Wiebers DO. Effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: design of a clinical trial . Mayo Clin Proc . 1989;64:897-904. 39. The CASANOVA Study Group. Carotid surgery versus medical therapy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis . Stroke . 1991;22:1229-1235.Crossref 40. Whisnant JP, Cartlidge NEF, Elveback LR. Carotid and vertebral-basilar transient ischemic attacks: effect of anticoagulants, hypertension, and cardiac disorders on survival and stroke occurrence—a population study . Ann Neurol . 1978;3:107-115.Crossref 41. Estol CJ, Pessin MS. Anticoagulation: is there still a role in atherosclerotic stroke? Stroke . 1990;21:820-824.Crossref 42. Caplan LR. Diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke . JAMA . 1991; 266:2413-2418.Crossref 43. Jones HR Jr, Millikan CH, Sandok BA. 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Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association
Published: Oct 1, 1993
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