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Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia in Patients With Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia in Patients With Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Abstract • The performance of 38 patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis was compared with that of 26 age- and education-matched controls on a battery of tests of information-processing speed, verbal fluency, naming, egocentric perception, and anterograde and remote memory. Although there were marked differences in the extent and severity of cognitive disturbance among individual patients, as a group they were impaired compared with controls on all measures. Deficits were most striking on the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test and the verbal fluency measures, tests that require rapid information processing. More than 75% of the patients scored below the tenth percentile for controls on the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test, while 61% scored below the tenth percentile on verbal fluency. Memory disturbances were also common. More than 45% of the patients scored below the tenth percentile. The proportion of impaired patients was quite similar for anterograde and remote memory tests and for recall and recognition procedures. The pattern of memory disturbance and slowed information processing resembled deficits generally observed in subcortical dementias, such as Huntington's disease, but in addition, the patients with multiple sclerosis showed naming difficulties that are usually associated with cortical dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease. References 1. Grant I, McDonald WI, Trimble MR, et al: Deficient learning and memory in early and middle phases of multiple sclerosis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:250-255.Crossref 2. Heaton RK, Nelson LM, Thompson DS, et al: Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis . J Consult Clin Psychol 1985;53:103-110.Crossref 3. Jambor KL: Cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis . Br J Psychiatry 1969;11:765-775.Crossref 4. Rao SM, Hammeke TA, McQuillen MP, et al: Memory disturbance in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1984;41:625-631.Crossref 5. Vowels LM: Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis , in Molloy M, Stanley GV (eds): Brain Impairment: Proceedings of the Third Brain Impairment Workshop . Parkville, Victoria, Australia, Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp 10-22. 6. Beatty PA, Gange JJ: Neuropsychological aspects of multiple sclerosis . J Nerv Ment Dis 1977;164:42-50.Crossref 7. Staples D, Lincoln NB: Intellectual impairment in multiple sclerosis and its relation to functional abilities . Rheumatol Rehab 1979;18:152-160.Crossref 8. Rao SM: Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis: A critical review . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1986;8:503-542.Crossref 9. Albert M: Subcortical dementia , in Katzman R, Terry RD, Bick KL (eds): Alzheimer's Disease: Senile Dementia and Related Disorders . New York, Raven Press, 1978, pp 173-179. 10. Cummings JL, Benson DF: Subcortical dementia: Review of an emerging concept . Arch Neurol 1984;41:874-879.Crossref 11. McHugh PR, Folstein MF: Psychiatric syndromes in Huntington's chorea: A clinical and phenomenological study , in Benson DF, Blumer D (eds): Psychiatric Aspects of Neurological Disease . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1975, pp 267-295. 12. Beatty WW, Butters N, Janowsky DS: Patterns of memory failure after scopolamine treatment: Implications for cholinergic hypotheses of dementia . Behav Neurol Biol 1986;45:196-211.Crossref 13. Butters N, Granholm E, Salmon DP, et al: Episodic and semantic memory: A comparison of amnesic and demented patients . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1987;9:479-497.Crossref 14. Martin A, Fedio P: Word production and comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: The breakdown of semantic knowledge . Brain Lang 1983;19:124-141.Crossref 15. Ober B, Dronkers N, Koss E, et al: Retrieval from semantic memory in Alzheimer-type dementia . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1986;8:75-92.Crossref 16. Caine ED, Bamford KA, Schiffer RB, et al: A controlled neuropsychological comparison of Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1986;43:249-254.Crossref 17. Albert MS, Butters N, Brandt J: Development of remote memory loss in patients with Huntington's disease . J Clin Neuropsychol 1981;13:1-12.Crossref 18. Freedman M, Rivoira P, Butters N, et al: Retrograde amnesia in Parkinson's disease . Can J Neurol Sci 1984;11:297-301. 19. Huber SJ, Shuttleworth EC, Paulson GW: Dementia in Parkinson's disease . Arch Neurol 1986;43:987-990.Crossref 20. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al: New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines for research protocols . Ann Neurol 1983;13:227-231.Crossref 21. Kurtzke JF: Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability scale (EDSS) . Neurology 1983;33:1444-1452.Crossref 22. Hauser SL, Dawson DM, Lehrich JB, et al: Intensive immunosuppression in progressive multiple sclerosis . N Engl J Med 1983;308:173-180.Crossref 23. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: 'Mini-Mental State': A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.Crossref 24. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al: An inventory for measuring depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-571.Crossref 25. Kaplan E, Goodglass H, Weintraub S: Boston Naming Test . Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1983. 26. Money J: A Standardized Road Map Test of Direction Sense: Manual . San Rafael, Calif, Academic Therapy Publications, 1976. 27. Brouwers P, Cox C, Martin A, et al: Differential perceptual-spatial impairment in Huntington's and Alzheimer's dementias . Arch Neurol 1984;41:965-970.Crossref 28. Goodglass H, Kaplan E: The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders , ed 2. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1983. 29. Albert MS, Butters N, Levin J, et al: Temporal gradients in the retrograde amnesia of patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's disease . Arch Neurol 1979;36:211-216.Crossref 30. Beatty WW, Salmon DP, Bernstein N, et al: Remote memory in a patient with amnesia due to hypoxia . Psychol Med 1987;17:657-665.Crossref 31. Beatty WW: The Fargo Map Test: A standardized method for assessing remote memory for visuospatial information . J Clin Psychol 1988;44:61-67.Crossref 32. Beatty WW, Tröster AI: Gender differences in geographical knowledge . Sex Roles 1987;16:565-590.Crossref 33. Borkowski J, Benton AL, Spreen O: Word fluency and brain damage . Neuropsychologia 1967;5:135-140.Crossref 34. Huber SJ, Paulson GW, Shuttleworth EC, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of dementia in multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1987;44:732-736.Crossref 35. Van den Burg W, Van Zomeren AH, Minderhoud J, et al: Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis and mild physical disability . Arch Neurol 1987;44:494-501.Crossref 36. Marsh GG: Disability and intellectual function in multiple sclerosis patients . J Nerv Ment Dis 1980;68:758-762.Crossref 37. Ivnik RJ: Neurospychological stability in multiple sclerosis . J Consult Clin Psychol 1978;46:913-923.Crossref 38. Lyon-Caen O, Jouvent R, Hauser S, et al: Cognitive function in recent-onset demyelinating diseases . Arch Neurol 1986;43:1138-1141.Crossref 39. Jennekens-Schinkel A, Sanders EACM: Decline of cognition in multiple sclerosis: Dissociable deficits . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:1354-1360.Crossref 40. Peyser JM, Edwards KR, Poser CM, et al: Cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1980;37:577-579.Crossref 41. Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clark AW, et al: Alzheimer disease: Evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis . Ann Neurol 1981;10:122-126.Crossref 42. Rogers JD, Brogan D, Mirra SS: The nucleus basalis of Meynert: A quantitative morphological study . Ann Neurol 1985;17:163-170.Crossref 43. Arendt T, Bigl V, Arendt A, et al: Loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease, paralysis agitans and Korsakoff's disease . Acta Neuropathol 1983;61:101-108.Crossref 44. Hakim AM, Mathieson G: Dementia in Parkinson's disease: A neuropathological study . Neurology 1979;29:1209-1214.Crossref 45. Boller F, Mizutani T, Roesmann V, et al: Parkinson disease, dementia, and Alzheimer disease: Clinicopathological correlations . Ann Neurol 1980;7:329-335.Crossref 46. Butters N, Wolfe J, Granholm E, et al: An assessement of verbal recall, recognition and fluency abilities in patients with Huntington's disease . Cortex 1986;22:11-32.Crossref 47. Butters N, Wolfe J, Martone M, et al: Memory disorders associated with Huntington's disease: Verbal recall, verbal recognition and procedural learning . Neuropsychologia 1985;23:729-744.Crossref 48. Shoulson I, Fahn S: Huntington's disease: Clinical care and evaluation . Neurology 1979;29:1-3.Crossref 49. Beatty WW, Goodkin DE, Beatty PA, et al: Recall and recognition memory in patients with Huntington's disease or chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, New Orleans, Jan 29, 1988. 50. Huber SJ, Shuttleworth EC, Paulson GW, et al: Cortical vs subcortical dementia: Neuropsychological differences . Arch Neurol 1986;43:392-394.Crossref 51. El-Awar M, Becker JT, Hammond KM, et al: Learning deficit in Parkinson's disease: Comparison with Alzheimer's disease and normal aging . Arch Neurol 1987;44:180-184.Crossref 52. Butters N, Sax D, Montgomery K, et al: Comparison of the neuropsychological deficits associated with early and advanced Huntington's disease . Arch Neurol 1978;35:585-589.Crossref 53. Josiassen R, Curry L, Mancall E: Development of neuropsychological deficits in Huntington's disease . Neuropsychologia 1983;40:791-796. 54. Matison R, Mayeaus R, Rosen J, et al: 'Tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon in Parkinson disease . Neurology 1982;32:567-570.Crossref 55. Kirshner HS, Webb WG, Kelly MP: The naming disorder of dementia . Neuropsychologia 1984;22:23-30.Crossref 56. Botwinick J, Storandt M, Berg L: A longitudinal behavioral study of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type . Arch Neurol 1986;43:1124-1127.Crossref 57. Bayles KA, Tomoeda CK: Confrontation naming impairment in dementia . Brain Lang 1983;19:98-114.Crossref 58. Brownell B, Hughes JF: The distribution of plaques in the cerebrum in multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1962;25:315-320. 59. Lumsden CE: The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis, in Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology . New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc, 1970, vol 9: Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases , pp 217-309. 60. Lezak M: Neuropsychological Assessment , ed 2. New York, Oxford University Press Inc, 1983. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia in Patients With Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

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References (67)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1988 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1988.00520300029013
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Abstract

Abstract • The performance of 38 patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis was compared with that of 26 age- and education-matched controls on a battery of tests of information-processing speed, verbal fluency, naming, egocentric perception, and anterograde and remote memory. Although there were marked differences in the extent and severity of cognitive disturbance among individual patients, as a group they were impaired compared with controls on all measures. Deficits were most striking on the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test and the verbal fluency measures, tests that require rapid information processing. More than 75% of the patients scored below the tenth percentile for controls on the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test, while 61% scored below the tenth percentile on verbal fluency. Memory disturbances were also common. More than 45% of the patients scored below the tenth percentile. The proportion of impaired patients was quite similar for anterograde and remote memory tests and for recall and recognition procedures. The pattern of memory disturbance and slowed information processing resembled deficits generally observed in subcortical dementias, such as Huntington's disease, but in addition, the patients with multiple sclerosis showed naming difficulties that are usually associated with cortical dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease. References 1. Grant I, McDonald WI, Trimble MR, et al: Deficient learning and memory in early and middle phases of multiple sclerosis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:250-255.Crossref 2. Heaton RK, Nelson LM, Thompson DS, et al: Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis . J Consult Clin Psychol 1985;53:103-110.Crossref 3. Jambor KL: Cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis . Br J Psychiatry 1969;11:765-775.Crossref 4. Rao SM, Hammeke TA, McQuillen MP, et al: Memory disturbance in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1984;41:625-631.Crossref 5. Vowels LM: Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis , in Molloy M, Stanley GV (eds): Brain Impairment: Proceedings of the Third Brain Impairment Workshop . Parkville, Victoria, Australia, Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp 10-22. 6. Beatty PA, Gange JJ: Neuropsychological aspects of multiple sclerosis . J Nerv Ment Dis 1977;164:42-50.Crossref 7. Staples D, Lincoln NB: Intellectual impairment in multiple sclerosis and its relation to functional abilities . Rheumatol Rehab 1979;18:152-160.Crossref 8. Rao SM: Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis: A critical review . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1986;8:503-542.Crossref 9. Albert M: Subcortical dementia , in Katzman R, Terry RD, Bick KL (eds): Alzheimer's Disease: Senile Dementia and Related Disorders . New York, Raven Press, 1978, pp 173-179. 10. Cummings JL, Benson DF: Subcortical dementia: Review of an emerging concept . Arch Neurol 1984;41:874-879.Crossref 11. McHugh PR, Folstein MF: Psychiatric syndromes in Huntington's chorea: A clinical and phenomenological study , in Benson DF, Blumer D (eds): Psychiatric Aspects of Neurological Disease . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1975, pp 267-295. 12. Beatty WW, Butters N, Janowsky DS: Patterns of memory failure after scopolamine treatment: Implications for cholinergic hypotheses of dementia . Behav Neurol Biol 1986;45:196-211.Crossref 13. Butters N, Granholm E, Salmon DP, et al: Episodic and semantic memory: A comparison of amnesic and demented patients . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1987;9:479-497.Crossref 14. Martin A, Fedio P: Word production and comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: The breakdown of semantic knowledge . Brain Lang 1983;19:124-141.Crossref 15. Ober B, Dronkers N, Koss E, et al: Retrieval from semantic memory in Alzheimer-type dementia . J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1986;8:75-92.Crossref 16. Caine ED, Bamford KA, Schiffer RB, et al: A controlled neuropsychological comparison of Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1986;43:249-254.Crossref 17. Albert MS, Butters N, Brandt J: Development of remote memory loss in patients with Huntington's disease . J Clin Neuropsychol 1981;13:1-12.Crossref 18. Freedman M, Rivoira P, Butters N, et al: Retrograde amnesia in Parkinson's disease . Can J Neurol Sci 1984;11:297-301. 19. Huber SJ, Shuttleworth EC, Paulson GW: Dementia in Parkinson's disease . Arch Neurol 1986;43:987-990.Crossref 20. Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al: New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines for research protocols . Ann Neurol 1983;13:227-231.Crossref 21. Kurtzke JF: Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability scale (EDSS) . Neurology 1983;33:1444-1452.Crossref 22. Hauser SL, Dawson DM, Lehrich JB, et al: Intensive immunosuppression in progressive multiple sclerosis . N Engl J Med 1983;308:173-180.Crossref 23. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: 'Mini-Mental State': A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.Crossref 24. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al: An inventory for measuring depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-571.Crossref 25. Kaplan E, Goodglass H, Weintraub S: Boston Naming Test . Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1983. 26. Money J: A Standardized Road Map Test of Direction Sense: Manual . San Rafael, Calif, Academic Therapy Publications, 1976. 27. Brouwers P, Cox C, Martin A, et al: Differential perceptual-spatial impairment in Huntington's and Alzheimer's dementias . Arch Neurol 1984;41:965-970.Crossref 28. Goodglass H, Kaplan E: The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders , ed 2. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1983. 29. Albert MS, Butters N, Levin J, et al: Temporal gradients in the retrograde amnesia of patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's disease . Arch Neurol 1979;36:211-216.Crossref 30. Beatty WW, Salmon DP, Bernstein N, et al: Remote memory in a patient with amnesia due to hypoxia . Psychol Med 1987;17:657-665.Crossref 31. Beatty WW: The Fargo Map Test: A standardized method for assessing remote memory for visuospatial information . J Clin Psychol 1988;44:61-67.Crossref 32. Beatty WW, Tröster AI: Gender differences in geographical knowledge . Sex Roles 1987;16:565-590.Crossref 33. Borkowski J, Benton AL, Spreen O: Word fluency and brain damage . Neuropsychologia 1967;5:135-140.Crossref 34. Huber SJ, Paulson GW, Shuttleworth EC, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of dementia in multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1987;44:732-736.Crossref 35. Van den Burg W, Van Zomeren AH, Minderhoud J, et al: Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis and mild physical disability . Arch Neurol 1987;44:494-501.Crossref 36. Marsh GG: Disability and intellectual function in multiple sclerosis patients . J Nerv Ment Dis 1980;68:758-762.Crossref 37. Ivnik RJ: Neurospychological stability in multiple sclerosis . J Consult Clin Psychol 1978;46:913-923.Crossref 38. Lyon-Caen O, Jouvent R, Hauser S, et al: Cognitive function in recent-onset demyelinating diseases . Arch Neurol 1986;43:1138-1141.Crossref 39. Jennekens-Schinkel A, Sanders EACM: Decline of cognition in multiple sclerosis: Dissociable deficits . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:1354-1360.Crossref 40. Peyser JM, Edwards KR, Poser CM, et al: Cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1980;37:577-579.Crossref 41. Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clark AW, et al: Alzheimer disease: Evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis . Ann Neurol 1981;10:122-126.Crossref 42. Rogers JD, Brogan D, Mirra SS: The nucleus basalis of Meynert: A quantitative morphological study . Ann Neurol 1985;17:163-170.Crossref 43. Arendt T, Bigl V, Arendt A, et al: Loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease, paralysis agitans and Korsakoff's disease . Acta Neuropathol 1983;61:101-108.Crossref 44. Hakim AM, Mathieson G: Dementia in Parkinson's disease: A neuropathological study . Neurology 1979;29:1209-1214.Crossref 45. Boller F, Mizutani T, Roesmann V, et al: Parkinson disease, dementia, and Alzheimer disease: Clinicopathological correlations . Ann Neurol 1980;7:329-335.Crossref 46. Butters N, Wolfe J, Granholm E, et al: An assessement of verbal recall, recognition and fluency abilities in patients with Huntington's disease . Cortex 1986;22:11-32.Crossref 47. Butters N, Wolfe J, Martone M, et al: Memory disorders associated with Huntington's disease: Verbal recall, verbal recognition and procedural learning . Neuropsychologia 1985;23:729-744.Crossref 48. Shoulson I, Fahn S: Huntington's disease: Clinical care and evaluation . Neurology 1979;29:1-3.Crossref 49. Beatty WW, Goodkin DE, Beatty PA, et al: Recall and recognition memory in patients with Huntington's disease or chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, New Orleans, Jan 29, 1988. 50. Huber SJ, Shuttleworth EC, Paulson GW, et al: Cortical vs subcortical dementia: Neuropsychological differences . Arch Neurol 1986;43:392-394.Crossref 51. El-Awar M, Becker JT, Hammond KM, et al: Learning deficit in Parkinson's disease: Comparison with Alzheimer's disease and normal aging . Arch Neurol 1987;44:180-184.Crossref 52. Butters N, Sax D, Montgomery K, et al: Comparison of the neuropsychological deficits associated with early and advanced Huntington's disease . Arch Neurol 1978;35:585-589.Crossref 53. Josiassen R, Curry L, Mancall E: Development of neuropsychological deficits in Huntington's disease . Neuropsychologia 1983;40:791-796. 54. Matison R, Mayeaus R, Rosen J, et al: 'Tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon in Parkinson disease . Neurology 1982;32:567-570.Crossref 55. Kirshner HS, Webb WG, Kelly MP: The naming disorder of dementia . Neuropsychologia 1984;22:23-30.Crossref 56. Botwinick J, Storandt M, Berg L: A longitudinal behavioral study of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type . Arch Neurol 1986;43:1124-1127.Crossref 57. Bayles KA, Tomoeda CK: Confrontation naming impairment in dementia . Brain Lang 1983;19:98-114.Crossref 58. Brownell B, Hughes JF: The distribution of plaques in the cerebrum in multiple sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1962;25:315-320. 59. Lumsden CE: The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis, in Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology . New York, Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc, 1970, vol 9: Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases , pp 217-309. 60. Lezak M: Neuropsychological Assessment , ed 2. New York, Oxford University Press Inc, 1983.

Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: Jun 1, 1988

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