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Cerebral Microembolization: II. Morphological Studies

Cerebral Microembolization: II. Morphological Studies Abstract • Cats underwent massive microembolization via carotid infusion of 10.5 million microspheres (15 ± 5μ in diameter), resulting in brain death within four hours; 87.4 μ 10.2% of emboli reaching the brain were in the ipsilateral hemisphere; 87.9 μ 4.4% were in the grey matter; and 12.1 μ 4.4% were in the white matter. Evans blue and sodium fluorescein dyes were given intravascularly before and at different times after embolization. Fluorescence microscopy disclosed that embolization initially provoked a hyperemic engorgement of both the embolized and nonembolized hemispheres. Multifocal, blood-brain barrier extravasations occurred throughout the ipsilateral cortex and oral basal ganglia. Severe vasogenic brain edema ensued, with migration of extravasations from cortex into the white matter, which initially showed only minimal injury. Migration and accumulation of edema in white matter, with subsequent uptake and swelling of neuroglia and axons, may be related to secondary white matter damage following cortical embolic lesions. Degenerative foci developed throughout the embolized cortex over the one- to fourhour period of this study. These sites may correspond to those areas in which hyperemia and damage to the blood-brain barrier was present shortly after embolization. References 1. Vise WM, Schuier FJ, Hossmann KA, et al: Cerebral microembolization: I. Physiological studies . Arch Neurol 34:660-665, 1977.Crossref 2. Zülch KJ, Tzonos T: Transudationsphänomene an den tiefen Hirnvenen nach Blockade von Arteriolen oder Kapillaren der Rinde durch Mikroembolien . Die Naturwissenschaften 51:539-540, 1964.Crossref 3. Zülch KJ, Tzonos T: Transudation phenomena at the deep veins after blockage of arterioles and capillaries by micro-emboli . Bibl Anat 7:279-284, 1965. 4. Swank RL, Hain RF: The effect of different sized emboli on the vascular system and parenchyma of the brain . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 11:280-299, 1952.Crossref 5. Steegmann AT, dela Fuente J: Experimental cerebral embolism: II. Microembolism of the rabbit brain with seran polymer resin . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 18:537-558, 1959.Crossref 6. Zülch KJ: Neuropathological aspects and histological criteria of brain edema and brain swelling , in Klatzo I, Seitelberger F (eds): Brain Edema . New York, Springer Publishing Co, 1967, pp 95-116. 7. Weber R, Furuse M, Brock M, et al: The single dye passage: A new technique for the study of cerebral blood flow distribution . Stroke 5:247-251, 1974.Crossref 8. Brock M, Furuse M, Weber R, et al: Changes in intracranial blood flow distribution following circumscribed hemispheric lesions as studied by the "single dye passage" technique , in Cervós-Navarro J (ed): Pathology of Cerebral Microcirculation . New York, Walter de Gruyter Publishing, 1974, pp 342-353. 9. Vise WM, Liss L, Yashon D, et al: Astrocytic processes: A route between vessels and neurons following blood-brain barrier injury . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 39:324-334, 1975.Crossref 10. Benda P, Brownell GL: The fate of radioactive emboli injected into the cerebral circulation, the brain as a filter . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 19:383-406, 1960.Crossref 11. Schröder JM, Tzonos T: Zur Manifestationszeit und Chronologie der Hirngewebsveränderungen bei experimentell-embolischen Mikroinfarkten . Dtsch Z Nervenheilk 192:69-94, 1967.Crossref 12. Kennady JC, Taplin GV: Shunting in cerebral microcirculation . Am Surg 33:763-771, 1967. 13. Siegel BA, Meidinger R, Elliott AJ, et al: Experimental cerebral microembolism: Multiple tracer assessment of brain edema . Arch Neurol 26:73-77, 1972.Crossref 14. Davis DD, Story HE: The carotid circulation in the domestic cat. Zoological Series , Field Museum of Natural History 28:2-47, 1943. 15. Kamijyo Y, Garcia JH: Carotid arterial supply of the feline brain . Stroke 6:361-369, 1975.Crossref 16. Prosenz P: Investigations on the filter capacity of the dog's brain: A contribution to the question of cerebral arteriovenous shunts . Arch Neurol 26:479-488, 1972.Crossref 17. Landau WM, Freygang WH, Roland LP, et al: The local circulation of the living brain: Values in the unanesthetized and anesthetized cat . Trans Am Neurol Assoc 81:125-129, 1955. 18. Alm A: Radioactively labelled microspheres in regional cerebral blood flow determinations: A study on monkeys with 15 and 35 μ spheres . Acta Physiol Scand 95:60-65, 1975.Crossref 19. Brightman MW, Klatzo I, Olsson Y, et al: The blood-brain barrier to proteins under normal and pathological conditions . J Neurol Sci 10:215-239, 1970.Crossref 20. Meyer JS, Gotoh F, Tazaki Y: Circulation and metabolism following experimental cerebral embolism . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 21:4-24, 1962.Crossref 21. Klatzo I: Pathophysiological aspects of brain edema , in Reulen HJ, Schürmann K (eds): Steroids and Brain Edema . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1972, pp 1-7. 22. Broman T, Branemark PI, Johansson B, et al: Intravital and postmortem studies on air embolism damage of the blood-brain barrier tested with trypan blue . Acta Neurol Scand 42:146-152, 1966.Crossref 23. Russell RWR: A study of the microcirculation in experimental cerebral embolism . Angiologica 3:240-258, 1966. 24. Hossmann KA, Olsson Y: Influence of ischemia on the passage of protein tracers across capillaries in certain blood-brain barrier injuries . Acta Neuropathol 18:113-122, 1971.Crossref 25. Steinwall O, Klatzo I: Selective vulnerability of the blood-brain barrier in chemically induced lesions . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 25:542-559, 1966.Crossref 26. Ito U, Go KG, Walker JT, et al: Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils: III. Behaviour of the blood-brain barrier . Acta Neuropathol 34:1-6, 1976.Crossref 27. Klatzo I, Wisniewski H, Steinwall O, et al: Dynamics of cold injury edema , in Klatzo I, Seitelberger F (eds): Brain Edema . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1967, pp 554-563. 28. Bertrand C: Diffusion and absorption within the brain: An experimental study with Prussian blue and India ink in rabbits and cats . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 11:53-61, 1952.Crossref 29. Lee JC, Olszewski J: Effect of air embolism on permeability of cerebral blood vessels . Neurology 9:619-625, 1959.Crossref 30. Bakay L, Haque IU: Morphological and chemical studies in cerebral edema: I. Cold induced edema . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 23:393-418, 1964.Crossref 31. Go KG, Ebels EJ, Beks JWF, et al: The spreading of cerebral edema from a cold injury in cats . Psychiat Neurol Neurochir 70:403-411, 1967. 32. Grynfeltt E: Mucocytes et leurs signification dans le processus d'inflammation chronique des centres cérébrospinaux . C R Soc Biol 89:1264-1266, 1923. 33. Penfield W, Cone W: Acute swelling of ologodendroglia. A specific type of neuroglia change . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 16:131-153, 1926.Crossref 34. Hirano A, Zimmermann HM, Levine S: Fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation: VI. Intracellular accumulation of fluid and cryptococcal polysaccharide in oligodendroglia . Arch Neurol 12:189-196, 1965.Crossref 35. Greenfield JG: The histology of cerebral oedema associated with intracranial tumours (with special reference to changes in the nerve fibres of the centrum ovale) . Brain 62:129-152, 1939.Crossref 36. Perret GE, Kernohan JW: Histopathological changes of the brain caused by intracranial tumors (so-called edema or swelling of the brain) . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2:341-352, 1943.Crossref 37. Feigin I, Popoff N: Neuropathological observations on cerebral edema: The acute phase . Arch Neurol 6:151-160, 1962.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Cerebral Microembolization: II. Morphological Studies

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References (42)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1978 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1978.00500290010003
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Abstract

Abstract • Cats underwent massive microembolization via carotid infusion of 10.5 million microspheres (15 ± 5μ in diameter), resulting in brain death within four hours; 87.4 μ 10.2% of emboli reaching the brain were in the ipsilateral hemisphere; 87.9 μ 4.4% were in the grey matter; and 12.1 μ 4.4% were in the white matter. Evans blue and sodium fluorescein dyes were given intravascularly before and at different times after embolization. Fluorescence microscopy disclosed that embolization initially provoked a hyperemic engorgement of both the embolized and nonembolized hemispheres. Multifocal, blood-brain barrier extravasations occurred throughout the ipsilateral cortex and oral basal ganglia. Severe vasogenic brain edema ensued, with migration of extravasations from cortex into the white matter, which initially showed only minimal injury. Migration and accumulation of edema in white matter, with subsequent uptake and swelling of neuroglia and axons, may be related to secondary white matter damage following cortical embolic lesions. Degenerative foci developed throughout the embolized cortex over the one- to fourhour period of this study. These sites may correspond to those areas in which hyperemia and damage to the blood-brain barrier was present shortly after embolization. References 1. Vise WM, Schuier FJ, Hossmann KA, et al: Cerebral microembolization: I. Physiological studies . Arch Neurol 34:660-665, 1977.Crossref 2. Zülch KJ, Tzonos T: Transudationsphänomene an den tiefen Hirnvenen nach Blockade von Arteriolen oder Kapillaren der Rinde durch Mikroembolien . Die Naturwissenschaften 51:539-540, 1964.Crossref 3. Zülch KJ, Tzonos T: Transudation phenomena at the deep veins after blockage of arterioles and capillaries by micro-emboli . Bibl Anat 7:279-284, 1965. 4. Swank RL, Hain RF: The effect of different sized emboli on the vascular system and parenchyma of the brain . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 11:280-299, 1952.Crossref 5. Steegmann AT, dela Fuente J: Experimental cerebral embolism: II. Microembolism of the rabbit brain with seran polymer resin . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 18:537-558, 1959.Crossref 6. Zülch KJ: Neuropathological aspects and histological criteria of brain edema and brain swelling , in Klatzo I, Seitelberger F (eds): Brain Edema . New York, Springer Publishing Co, 1967, pp 95-116. 7. Weber R, Furuse M, Brock M, et al: The single dye passage: A new technique for the study of cerebral blood flow distribution . Stroke 5:247-251, 1974.Crossref 8. Brock M, Furuse M, Weber R, et al: Changes in intracranial blood flow distribution following circumscribed hemispheric lesions as studied by the "single dye passage" technique , in Cervós-Navarro J (ed): Pathology of Cerebral Microcirculation . New York, Walter de Gruyter Publishing, 1974, pp 342-353. 9. Vise WM, Liss L, Yashon D, et al: Astrocytic processes: A route between vessels and neurons following blood-brain barrier injury . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 39:324-334, 1975.Crossref 10. Benda P, Brownell GL: The fate of radioactive emboli injected into the cerebral circulation, the brain as a filter . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 19:383-406, 1960.Crossref 11. Schröder JM, Tzonos T: Zur Manifestationszeit und Chronologie der Hirngewebsveränderungen bei experimentell-embolischen Mikroinfarkten . Dtsch Z Nervenheilk 192:69-94, 1967.Crossref 12. Kennady JC, Taplin GV: Shunting in cerebral microcirculation . Am Surg 33:763-771, 1967. 13. Siegel BA, Meidinger R, Elliott AJ, et al: Experimental cerebral microembolism: Multiple tracer assessment of brain edema . Arch Neurol 26:73-77, 1972.Crossref 14. Davis DD, Story HE: The carotid circulation in the domestic cat. Zoological Series , Field Museum of Natural History 28:2-47, 1943. 15. Kamijyo Y, Garcia JH: Carotid arterial supply of the feline brain . Stroke 6:361-369, 1975.Crossref 16. Prosenz P: Investigations on the filter capacity of the dog's brain: A contribution to the question of cerebral arteriovenous shunts . Arch Neurol 26:479-488, 1972.Crossref 17. Landau WM, Freygang WH, Roland LP, et al: The local circulation of the living brain: Values in the unanesthetized and anesthetized cat . Trans Am Neurol Assoc 81:125-129, 1955. 18. Alm A: Radioactively labelled microspheres in regional cerebral blood flow determinations: A study on monkeys with 15 and 35 μ spheres . Acta Physiol Scand 95:60-65, 1975.Crossref 19. Brightman MW, Klatzo I, Olsson Y, et al: The blood-brain barrier to proteins under normal and pathological conditions . J Neurol Sci 10:215-239, 1970.Crossref 20. Meyer JS, Gotoh F, Tazaki Y: Circulation and metabolism following experimental cerebral embolism . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 21:4-24, 1962.Crossref 21. Klatzo I: Pathophysiological aspects of brain edema , in Reulen HJ, Schürmann K (eds): Steroids and Brain Edema . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1972, pp 1-7. 22. Broman T, Branemark PI, Johansson B, et al: Intravital and postmortem studies on air embolism damage of the blood-brain barrier tested with trypan blue . Acta Neurol Scand 42:146-152, 1966.Crossref 23. Russell RWR: A study of the microcirculation in experimental cerebral embolism . Angiologica 3:240-258, 1966. 24. Hossmann KA, Olsson Y: Influence of ischemia on the passage of protein tracers across capillaries in certain blood-brain barrier injuries . Acta Neuropathol 18:113-122, 1971.Crossref 25. Steinwall O, Klatzo I: Selective vulnerability of the blood-brain barrier in chemically induced lesions . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 25:542-559, 1966.Crossref 26. Ito U, Go KG, Walker JT, et al: Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils: III. Behaviour of the blood-brain barrier . Acta Neuropathol 34:1-6, 1976.Crossref 27. Klatzo I, Wisniewski H, Steinwall O, et al: Dynamics of cold injury edema , in Klatzo I, Seitelberger F (eds): Brain Edema . New York, Springer-Verlag, 1967, pp 554-563. 28. Bertrand C: Diffusion and absorption within the brain: An experimental study with Prussian blue and India ink in rabbits and cats . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 11:53-61, 1952.Crossref 29. Lee JC, Olszewski J: Effect of air embolism on permeability of cerebral blood vessels . Neurology 9:619-625, 1959.Crossref 30. Bakay L, Haque IU: Morphological and chemical studies in cerebral edema: I. Cold induced edema . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 23:393-418, 1964.Crossref 31. Go KG, Ebels EJ, Beks JWF, et al: The spreading of cerebral edema from a cold injury in cats . Psychiat Neurol Neurochir 70:403-411, 1967. 32. Grynfeltt E: Mucocytes et leurs signification dans le processus d'inflammation chronique des centres cérébrospinaux . C R Soc Biol 89:1264-1266, 1923. 33. Penfield W, Cone W: Acute swelling of ologodendroglia. A specific type of neuroglia change . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 16:131-153, 1926.Crossref 34. Hirano A, Zimmermann HM, Levine S: Fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation: VI. Intracellular accumulation of fluid and cryptococcal polysaccharide in oligodendroglia . Arch Neurol 12:189-196, 1965.Crossref 35. Greenfield JG: The histology of cerebral oedema associated with intracranial tumours (with special reference to changes in the nerve fibres of the centrum ovale) . Brain 62:129-152, 1939.Crossref 36. Perret GE, Kernohan JW: Histopathological changes of the brain caused by intracranial tumors (so-called edema or swelling of the brain) . J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2:341-352, 1943.Crossref 37. Feigin I, Popoff N: Neuropathological observations on cerebral edema: The acute phase . Arch Neurol 6:151-160, 1962.Crossref

Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: May 1, 1978

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