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Symmetrical Epileptogenic Foci in Monkey Cerebral Cortex: Mechanisms of Interaction and Regional Variations in Capacity for Synchronous Discharges

Symmetrical Epileptogenic Foci in Monkey Cerebral Cortex: Mechanisms of Interaction and Regional... Abstract WE HAVE previously reported the results of a series of experiments in the cat concerning the interaction of acute relatively large bilateral epileptogenic foci in homologous areas of cerebral cortex1,2 (predominantly posterior sigmoid and suprasylvian gyri). In the intact animal, this interaction often resulted in the rapid production of persistent synchronous and symmetrical patterns of bilateral discharge including 21/2 to 31/2 cycles per second (cps) spike-slow wave complexes. Relevant behavioral concomitants of these bilateral discharges resembled some of the clinical phenomena observed in patients with idiopathic petit mal or grand mal seizures during similar bilateral discharges: bilateral facial muscle and forelimb myoclonus, transient suspension or imperfect continuation of a repetitive act, and occasional generalized convulsive seizures. Investigations of the underlying anatomical pathways involved in this interaction of bilateral cortical foci indicated the significant role of the corpus callosum. Synchrony of bilateral discharge failed to occur after total References 1. Marcus, E.M., and Watson, C.W.: Bilateral "Epileptogenic" Foci in Cat Cerebral Cortex: Mechanisms of Interaction in the Intact, the Bilateral Cortical Callosal and Adiencephalic Preparation , Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 17:454 ( (Oct) ) 1964. 2. Marcus, E.M., and Watson, C.W.: Bilateral Synchronous Spike Wave Electrographic Patterns in the Cat: Interaction of Bilateral Cortical Foci in the Intact, The Bilateral Cortical Callosal and Adiencephalic Preparation , Arch Neurol 14:601-610 ( (June) ) 1966.Crossref 3. Gibbs, F.A., and Gibb, E.L.: Atlas of Electroencephalography , Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1952, p 422, vol 2, "Epilepsy." 4. Curtis, H.H.: Intercortical Connections of Corpus Callosum as Indicated by Evoked Potentials , J Neurophysiol 3:407-413 ( (Sept) ) 1940. 5. Myers, R.E.: " General Discussion: Phylogenetic Studies of Commissural Connections " in Ettlinger, E.G. (ed.): Functions of the Corpus Callosum , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1965, pp 138-142. 6. Walker, A.E.: " The Patterns of Propagation of Epileptic Discharge " in Schaltenbrand, G., and Woolsey, C.W. (eds.): Cerebral Localization and Organization , Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964, pp 95-111. 7. Marcus, E.M.; Watson, C.W.; and Goldman, P.L.: Effects of Steroids on Cerebral Electrical Activity: Epileptogenic Effects of Conjugated Estrogens and Related Compounds in the Cat and Rabbit , Arch Neurol 15:521-532 ( (Nov) ) 1966.Crossref 8. Marcus, E.M., and Watson, C.W.: Studies of the Bilateral Cortical Callosal Preparation , Trans Amer Neurol Assoc 91:291-293, 1966. 9. Udvarhelyi, G.B., and Walker, W.E.: Dissemination of Acute Focal Seizures in the Monkey: I. From Cortical Foci , Arch Neurol 12:333-356 ( (April) ) 1965.Crossref 10. Walker, A.E., and Udvarhelyi, G.B.: The Generalization of a Seizure , J Nerv Ment Dis 140:252-271 ( (April) ) 1965.Crossref 11. Eidelberg, E.; Konigsmark, B.; and French, J.D.: Electrocortical Manifestations of Epilepsy in Monkey , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 11:121-128 ( (Feb) ) 1959.Crossref 12. French, J.D.; Gernandt, B.E.; and Livingston, R.B.: Regional Differences in Seizure Susceptibility in Monkey Cerebral Cortex , Arch Neurol Psychiat 72:260-274 ( (March) ) 1956.Crossref 13. Echlin, F.A., and Battista, A.: Regional Differences in the Epileptiform Electrical Response of the Unanesthetized Cerebral Cortex to Acetylcholine , Neurology 12:551-559 ( (Aug) ) 1962.Crossref 14. Hughes, J.R., and Mazurowski, J.A.: Studies on the Supracallosal Mesial Cortex of Unanesthetized Conscious Animals: II. Monkey D. Vertex Sharp Waves and Epileptiform Activity , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 16:561-574 ( (June) ) 1964.Crossref 15. Von Bonin, G., and Bailey, P.: The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta , Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 1947, p 163. 16. Conel, J.L.R.: The Post Natal Development of the Human Cerebral Cortex , Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1955, vol 5, p 215 and CLX plates. 17. Brazier, M.A.B.: Neuronal Structures, Brain Potentials and Epileptic Discharge, publication 3 , Epilepsia 4:9-18, 1955.Crossref 18. Penfield, W., and Jasper, H.: Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1954, pp 605-615. 19. Ajmone-Marsan, C., and Ralston, B.L.: The Epileptic Seizure Its Functional Morphology and Diagnostic Significance , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1957. 20. Starzl, T.E., et al: Cortical and Subcortical Electrical Activity in Experimental Seizures Induced by Metrazol , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 12:262-276 ( (July) ) 1953.Crossref 21. White, J.C.; Eidelberg, E.; and French, J.D.: Experimental Assessment of Epileptogenesis in the Monkey Cerebral Cortex: I. Effects of Sleep, Arousal and Drugs , Arch Neurol 2:376-383 ( (April) ) 1960.Crossref 22. Cadilhac, J., and Ribstein, M.: The EEG in Metabolic Disorders , World Neurol 2:296-308 ( (April) ) 1961. 23. Glaser, G.H., and Levy, L.L.: Seizures and Idiopathic Hypothyroidism , Epilepsia 1:454-465, 1960.Crossref 24. Watson, C.W.; Nigam, M.P.; and Paine, R.S.: Electroencephalographic Abnormalities in Phenylpyruvic Oliogophrenia , Neurology 18:203-207 ( (March) ) 1968.Crossref 25. Bray, P.F., and Wiser, N.C.: The Relation of Focal to Diffuse Epileptiform EEG Discharges in Genetic Epilepsy , Arch Neurol 13:223-237 ( (Sept) ) 1965.Crossref 26. Purpura, D.P., and Gonzales-Monteagudo, O.: Acute Effects of Methoxypyridoxine on Hippocampal End Blade Neurons: An Experimental Study of Special Pathoclisis in the Cerebral Cortex , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 19:421-432 ( (July) ) 1960.Crossref 27. Marcus, E.M.; Watson, C.W.; and Simon, S.A.: An Experimental Model of Some Varieties of Petit Mal Epilepsy: Electrical-Behavioral Correlations of Acute Bilateral Epileptogenic Foci in Cerebral Cortex, read before the Symposium on the Spike Wave Discharge, American Epilepsy Society, Nov 30, 1967, New York: Epilepsia, to be published. 28. Walker, A.E., and Morello, G.: Experimental Petit Mal , Trans Amer Neurol Assoc 92:57-61, 1967. 29. Ajmone-Marsan, C.: Unitary Analysis of "Projected" Epileptiform Discharges , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 15:197-208 ( (April) ) 1963.Crossref 30. Madsen, J.A., and Bray, P.F.: The Coincidence of Diffuse Electroencephalographic Spike Wave Paroxysms and Brain Tumors , Neurology 16:546-555 ( (June) ) 1966.Crossref 31. Stewart, L.F., and Dreifus, F.E.: "Centrencephalic" Seizure Discharges in Focal Hemispheral Lesions , Arch Neurol 17:60-68 ( (July) ) 1967.Crossref 32. Cohn, R.: Spike-Dome Complex in the Human Electroencephalogram , Arch Neurol Psychiat 71:699-706 ( (Dec) ) 1954.Crossref 33. Rutledge, L.T., and Kennedy, T.T.: Extracallosal Delayed Responses to Cortical Stimulation in Chloralosed Cat , J Neurophysiol 23:188-196 ( (March) ) 1960. 34. Garner, J., and French, J.D.: Regional Difference in Seizure Susceptibility in Cat Cortex , Arch Neurol Psychiat 80:675-681 ( (Dec) ) 1958.Crossref 35. Mattson, R.H., and Bickford, R.G.: Firing Patterns of Strychnine Spikes in the Cortex of the Cat , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 13:144-145 ( (Feb) ) 1961.Crossref 36. Walker, A.E.: Propagation of Epileptic Discharge From an Epileptogenic Focus: Experimental Studies , Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 32:64-65, 1967. 37. Wilder, B.J., and Schmidt, R.P.: Propagation of Epileptic Discharge From Chronic Neocortical Foci in Monkey , Epilepsia 6:297-309, 1965.Crossref 38. Bogen, J.E., and Vogel, P.J.: Cerebral Commisurotomy in Man , Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 27:169-172, 1962. 39. Bogen, J.E.; Fisher, E.D.; and Vogel, P.J.: Cerebral Commissurotomy: A Second Case Report , JAMA 194:1328-1329 ( (Dec 20) ) 1965.Crossref 40. Goldensohn, L.N.; Clardy, E.R.; and Levine, K.: Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum , J Nerv Ment Dis 93:567-580 ( (May) ) 1941.Crossref 41. Gastaut, H.: The Brain Stem and Cerebral Electrogenesis in Relation to Consciousness in Adrian , E.D.; Bremer, F.; and Jasper, H.H.: (eds.): Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness , Oxford: Black-well Scientific Publications, 1954, pp 249-283. 42. Hursh, J.B.: Origin of the Spike Wave Pattern of Petit Mal Epilepsy , Arch Neurol Psychiat 53:274-282 ( (April) ) 1945.Crossref 43. Green, J.B., and Russell, D.J.: Electroencephalographic Asymmetry With Midline Cyst and Deficient Corpus Callosum , Neurology 16:541-545 ( (June) ) 1966.Crossref 44. Smith, T.G., Jr., and Purpura, D.P.: Electrophysiological Studies on Epileptogenic Lesion of Cat Cortex , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 12:59-82 ( (Feb) ) 1960.Crossref 45. Sherwin, I.: Differential Effects of Hyperventilation on the Excitability of Intact and Isolated Cortex , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 18:599-607 ( (Oct) ) 1965.Crossref 46. Kellaway, P.; Gol, A.; and Proler, M.: Electrical Activity of the Isolated Cerebral Hemisphere and Isolated Thalamus , Exp Neurol 14:281-304 ( (March) ) 1966.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Symmetrical Epileptogenic Foci in Monkey Cerebral Cortex: Mechanisms of Interaction and Regional Variations in Capacity for Synchronous Discharges

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References (49)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1968 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1968.00480010117010
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract WE HAVE previously reported the results of a series of experiments in the cat concerning the interaction of acute relatively large bilateral epileptogenic foci in homologous areas of cerebral cortex1,2 (predominantly posterior sigmoid and suprasylvian gyri). In the intact animal, this interaction often resulted in the rapid production of persistent synchronous and symmetrical patterns of bilateral discharge including 21/2 to 31/2 cycles per second (cps) spike-slow wave complexes. Relevant behavioral concomitants of these bilateral discharges resembled some of the clinical phenomena observed in patients with idiopathic petit mal or grand mal seizures during similar bilateral discharges: bilateral facial muscle and forelimb myoclonus, transient suspension or imperfect continuation of a repetitive act, and occasional generalized convulsive seizures. Investigations of the underlying anatomical pathways involved in this interaction of bilateral cortical foci indicated the significant role of the corpus callosum. Synchrony of bilateral discharge failed to occur after total References 1. Marcus, E.M., and Watson, C.W.: Bilateral "Epileptogenic" Foci in Cat Cerebral Cortex: Mechanisms of Interaction in the Intact, the Bilateral Cortical Callosal and Adiencephalic Preparation , Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 17:454 ( (Oct) ) 1964. 2. Marcus, E.M., and Watson, C.W.: Bilateral Synchronous Spike Wave Electrographic Patterns in the Cat: Interaction of Bilateral Cortical Foci in the Intact, The Bilateral Cortical Callosal and Adiencephalic Preparation , Arch Neurol 14:601-610 ( (June) ) 1966.Crossref 3. Gibbs, F.A., and Gibb, E.L.: Atlas of Electroencephalography , Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1952, p 422, vol 2, "Epilepsy." 4. Curtis, H.H.: Intercortical Connections of Corpus Callosum as Indicated by Evoked Potentials , J Neurophysiol 3:407-413 ( (Sept) ) 1940. 5. Myers, R.E.: " General Discussion: Phylogenetic Studies of Commissural Connections " in Ettlinger, E.G. (ed.): Functions of the Corpus Callosum , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1965, pp 138-142. 6. Walker, A.E.: " The Patterns of Propagation of Epileptic Discharge " in Schaltenbrand, G., and Woolsey, C.W. (eds.): Cerebral Localization and Organization , Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964, pp 95-111. 7. Marcus, E.M.; Watson, C.W.; and Goldman, P.L.: Effects of Steroids on Cerebral Electrical Activity: Epileptogenic Effects of Conjugated Estrogens and Related Compounds in the Cat and Rabbit , Arch Neurol 15:521-532 ( (Nov) ) 1966.Crossref 8. Marcus, E.M., and Watson, C.W.: Studies of the Bilateral Cortical Callosal Preparation , Trans Amer Neurol Assoc 91:291-293, 1966. 9. Udvarhelyi, G.B., and Walker, W.E.: Dissemination of Acute Focal Seizures in the Monkey: I. From Cortical Foci , Arch Neurol 12:333-356 ( (April) ) 1965.Crossref 10. Walker, A.E., and Udvarhelyi, G.B.: The Generalization of a Seizure , J Nerv Ment Dis 140:252-271 ( (April) ) 1965.Crossref 11. Eidelberg, E.; Konigsmark, B.; and French, J.D.: Electrocortical Manifestations of Epilepsy in Monkey , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 11:121-128 ( (Feb) ) 1959.Crossref 12. French, J.D.; Gernandt, B.E.; and Livingston, R.B.: Regional Differences in Seizure Susceptibility in Monkey Cerebral Cortex , Arch Neurol Psychiat 72:260-274 ( (March) ) 1956.Crossref 13. Echlin, F.A., and Battista, A.: Regional Differences in the Epileptiform Electrical Response of the Unanesthetized Cerebral Cortex to Acetylcholine , Neurology 12:551-559 ( (Aug) ) 1962.Crossref 14. Hughes, J.R., and Mazurowski, J.A.: Studies on the Supracallosal Mesial Cortex of Unanesthetized Conscious Animals: II. Monkey D. Vertex Sharp Waves and Epileptiform Activity , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 16:561-574 ( (June) ) 1964.Crossref 15. Von Bonin, G., and Bailey, P.: The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta , Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 1947, p 163. 16. Conel, J.L.R.: The Post Natal Development of the Human Cerebral Cortex , Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1955, vol 5, p 215 and CLX plates. 17. Brazier, M.A.B.: Neuronal Structures, Brain Potentials and Epileptic Discharge, publication 3 , Epilepsia 4:9-18, 1955.Crossref 18. Penfield, W., and Jasper, H.: Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1954, pp 605-615. 19. Ajmone-Marsan, C., and Ralston, B.L.: The Epileptic Seizure Its Functional Morphology and Diagnostic Significance , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1957. 20. Starzl, T.E., et al: Cortical and Subcortical Electrical Activity in Experimental Seizures Induced by Metrazol , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 12:262-276 ( (July) ) 1953.Crossref 21. White, J.C.; Eidelberg, E.; and French, J.D.: Experimental Assessment of Epileptogenesis in the Monkey Cerebral Cortex: I. Effects of Sleep, Arousal and Drugs , Arch Neurol 2:376-383 ( (April) ) 1960.Crossref 22. Cadilhac, J., and Ribstein, M.: The EEG in Metabolic Disorders , World Neurol 2:296-308 ( (April) ) 1961. 23. Glaser, G.H., and Levy, L.L.: Seizures and Idiopathic Hypothyroidism , Epilepsia 1:454-465, 1960.Crossref 24. Watson, C.W.; Nigam, M.P.; and Paine, R.S.: Electroencephalographic Abnormalities in Phenylpyruvic Oliogophrenia , Neurology 18:203-207 ( (March) ) 1968.Crossref 25. Bray, P.F., and Wiser, N.C.: The Relation of Focal to Diffuse Epileptiform EEG Discharges in Genetic Epilepsy , Arch Neurol 13:223-237 ( (Sept) ) 1965.Crossref 26. Purpura, D.P., and Gonzales-Monteagudo, O.: Acute Effects of Methoxypyridoxine on Hippocampal End Blade Neurons: An Experimental Study of Special Pathoclisis in the Cerebral Cortex , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 19:421-432 ( (July) ) 1960.Crossref 27. Marcus, E.M.; Watson, C.W.; and Simon, S.A.: An Experimental Model of Some Varieties of Petit Mal Epilepsy: Electrical-Behavioral Correlations of Acute Bilateral Epileptogenic Foci in Cerebral Cortex, read before the Symposium on the Spike Wave Discharge, American Epilepsy Society, Nov 30, 1967, New York: Epilepsia, to be published. 28. Walker, A.E., and Morello, G.: Experimental Petit Mal , Trans Amer Neurol Assoc 92:57-61, 1967. 29. Ajmone-Marsan, C.: Unitary Analysis of "Projected" Epileptiform Discharges , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 15:197-208 ( (April) ) 1963.Crossref 30. Madsen, J.A., and Bray, P.F.: The Coincidence of Diffuse Electroencephalographic Spike Wave Paroxysms and Brain Tumors , Neurology 16:546-555 ( (June) ) 1966.Crossref 31. Stewart, L.F., and Dreifus, F.E.: "Centrencephalic" Seizure Discharges in Focal Hemispheral Lesions , Arch Neurol 17:60-68 ( (July) ) 1967.Crossref 32. Cohn, R.: Spike-Dome Complex in the Human Electroencephalogram , Arch Neurol Psychiat 71:699-706 ( (Dec) ) 1954.Crossref 33. Rutledge, L.T., and Kennedy, T.T.: Extracallosal Delayed Responses to Cortical Stimulation in Chloralosed Cat , J Neurophysiol 23:188-196 ( (March) ) 1960. 34. Garner, J., and French, J.D.: Regional Difference in Seizure Susceptibility in Cat Cortex , Arch Neurol Psychiat 80:675-681 ( (Dec) ) 1958.Crossref 35. Mattson, R.H., and Bickford, R.G.: Firing Patterns of Strychnine Spikes in the Cortex of the Cat , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 13:144-145 ( (Feb) ) 1961.Crossref 36. Walker, A.E.: Propagation of Epileptic Discharge From an Epileptogenic Focus: Experimental Studies , Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 32:64-65, 1967. 37. Wilder, B.J., and Schmidt, R.P.: Propagation of Epileptic Discharge From Chronic Neocortical Foci in Monkey , Epilepsia 6:297-309, 1965.Crossref 38. Bogen, J.E., and Vogel, P.J.: Cerebral Commisurotomy in Man , Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 27:169-172, 1962. 39. Bogen, J.E.; Fisher, E.D.; and Vogel, P.J.: Cerebral Commissurotomy: A Second Case Report , JAMA 194:1328-1329 ( (Dec 20) ) 1965.Crossref 40. Goldensohn, L.N.; Clardy, E.R.; and Levine, K.: Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum , J Nerv Ment Dis 93:567-580 ( (May) ) 1941.Crossref 41. Gastaut, H.: The Brain Stem and Cerebral Electrogenesis in Relation to Consciousness in Adrian , E.D.; Bremer, F.; and Jasper, H.H.: (eds.): Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness , Oxford: Black-well Scientific Publications, 1954, pp 249-283. 42. Hursh, J.B.: Origin of the Spike Wave Pattern of Petit Mal Epilepsy , Arch Neurol Psychiat 53:274-282 ( (April) ) 1945.Crossref 43. Green, J.B., and Russell, D.J.: Electroencephalographic Asymmetry With Midline Cyst and Deficient Corpus Callosum , Neurology 16:541-545 ( (June) ) 1966.Crossref 44. Smith, T.G., Jr., and Purpura, D.P.: Electrophysiological Studies on Epileptogenic Lesion of Cat Cortex , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 12:59-82 ( (Feb) ) 1960.Crossref 45. Sherwin, I.: Differential Effects of Hyperventilation on the Excitability of Intact and Isolated Cortex , Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 18:599-607 ( (Oct) ) 1965.Crossref 46. Kellaway, P.; Gol, A.; and Proler, M.: Electrical Activity of the Isolated Cerebral Hemisphere and Isolated Thalamus , Exp Neurol 14:281-304 ( (March) ) 1966.Crossref

Journal

Archives of NeurologyAmerican Medical Association

Published: Jul 1, 1968

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