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Histochemical Study on Chromatolytic Neurons

Histochemical Study on Chromatolytic Neurons Abstract SEVERE injury to the axon produces detectable histological changes in the cell body as well as proximal and distal parts of the injured fiber. This retrograde reaction in the perikaryon is commonly known as chromatolysis or chromolysis because of the apparent decrease in basophilic material in the cytoplasm. In crush injury of the axon with preservation of the sheath (termed axonotmesis by Seddon1) regeneration of the neuron may occur in a shorter time, than after complete section of the nerve. There have been many studies of motoneurons during degeneration and regeneration,2-8 but histochemical studies of the enzymes in these neurons are few. Different authors have investigated alkaline and acid phosphatases, thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), succinic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase in chromatolytic neurons9-12 but metabolic significance of these changes is not known. In the present study we have investigated a number of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes by histochemical References 1. Seddon, H.J.: Three Types of Nerve Injury , Brain 66:237-288, 1943.Crossref 2. Bodian, D., and Mellors, R.C.: The Regenerative Cycle of Motoneurons, With Special Reference to Phosphatase Activity , J Comp Med 81:469-488, 1945. 3. Bodian, D.: Nucleic Acid in Nerve-Cells Regeneration , Sympos Soc Exp Biol 1:163-178, 1947. 4. Cajal, S.R.: Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System , London: Oxford University Press, 1928, vol 2. 5. Endström, J.E.: The Content and the Concentration of RNA in Motor Anterior Horn Cells from Rabbit , J Neurochem 1:159-165, 1956.Crossref 6. Endström, J.E.: Ribonucleic Acid Changes in the Motoneurons of the Frog During Axon Regeneration , J Neurochem 5:43-49, 1959.Crossref 7. Penfield, W.G.: Alteration of the Golgi Apparatus in Nerve Cells , Brain 43:290-305, 1920.Crossref 8. Young, J.Z.: On the Cytology of the Neurons of Cephalopods , Quart J Micr Sci 75:1-49, 1932. 9. Friede, R.L.: Transport of Oxidative Enzymes in Nerve Fibers: A Histochemical Investigation of the Regenerative Cycle in Neurons , Exp Neurol 1:441-446, 1959.Crossref 10. Gersh, I., and Bodian, D.: Some Chemical Mechanisms in Chromatolysis , J Cell Comp Physiol 21:253-279, 1943.Crossref 11. Howe, H.A., and Flexner, J.B.: Succinic Dehydrogenase in Regenerating Neurons , J Biol Chem 167:663-671, 1947. 12. Kumaoto, T., and Bourne, G.H.: Experimental Studies on the Oxidative and Hydrolytic Enzymes in the Spinal Neurons , Acta Anat 55:255-277, 1963.Crossref 13. Nachlas, M.M., et al: Cytochemical Demonstration of Succinic Dehydrogenase by the Use of a New p-nitrophenyl Substituted Ditetrazole , J Histochem Cytochem 5:420-436, 1957.Crossref 14. Hess, R.; Scarpelli, D.G.; and Pearse, A.G.E.: Cytochemical Localization of Oxidative Enzymes: II. Pyridine Nucleotide-linked Dehydrogenases , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 4:753, 1958.Crossref 15. Burstone, M.S.: New Histochemical Technique for the Demonstration of Tissue Oxidase (Cytochemistry) , J Histochem Cytochem 7:112-122, 1959.Crossref 16. Burstone, M.S.: The Relationship Between Fixation and Technique for Histochemical Localization of Hydrolytic Enzyme , J Histochem Cytochem 6:322-339, 1958.Crossref 17. Wachstein, M., and Meisel, E.: Histochemistry of Hepatic Phosphatases at Physiologic pH , Amer J Clin Path 27:13-23, 1957. 18. Novikoff, A., and Goldfischer, S.: Nucleoside Diphosphatase Activity in the Golgi Apparatus and its Usefulness for Cytological Studies , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 47:802-810, 1961.Crossref 19. Gerebtzoff, M.A.: " Cholinesterase ," New York: Pergamon Press, 1959, p 4. 20. Nandy, K., and Bourne, G.H.: A Histochemical Study of the Localization of Succinic Dehydrogenase, Cytochrome Oxidase and DPN-diaphorase in the Synaptic Regions of the Spinal Cord in Rat , J Histochem Cytochem 12:188-193, 1964.Crossref 21. Nandy, K., and Bourne, G.: A Histochemical Study of the Localization of the Oxidatives Enzymes in the Neurons of the Spinal Cord in Rats , J Anat 98:647-653, 1964. 22. Nandy, K., and Bourne, G.H.: Histochemical Studies on the Distribution of Acid Naphthol ASBI Phosphatase in the Spinal Cord of the Rat , Acta Anat 61:84-91, 1965.Crossref 23. Krahl, M.E., et al: Glucose-6-Phosphate and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenases From Eggs of the Sea Urchin , J Gen Physiol 38:431-439, 1955.Crossref 24. Nandy, K.; Shanthaveerappa, T.; and Bourne, G.H.: Histochemical Approaches to the Study of the Central Nervous System , Methods and Achievements in Experimental Pathology 1:52-95, 1966. 25. Nandy, K., and Bourne, G.H.: The Effects of D-lyseric Acid Diethylamide Tartrate (LSD-25) on the Cholinesterases and Monoamine Oxidase in the Spinal Cord: A Possible Factor in the Mechanism of Hallucination , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 27:259-267, 1964.Crossref 26. Bucy, P.C.: Studies in Degeneration of Peripheral Nerves , J Comp Neurol 45:129-159, 1928.Crossref 27. Gerard, R.W.: Nerve Metabolism , Physiol Rev 12:469-592, 1932. 28. Geist, F.D.: Chromatolysis of Efferent Neurons , Arch Neurol Psychiat 29:88-103, 1933.Crossref 29. Nicholson, F.M.: Morphologic Changes in Nerve Cells Following Injury to Their Axons , Arch Neurol Psychiat 11:680-697, 1924.Crossref 30. Warrington, W.B.: On the Structural Alterations Observed in Nerve Cells , J Physiol 23:112-129, 1898. 31. Howe, H.A., and Mellors, R.C.: Cytochrome Oxidase in Normal and Regenerating Neurons , J Exp Med 81:489-500, 1945.Crossref 32. Roizin, L.: Comparative Morphology and Histometabolic Studies of Nerve Cells in Brain Biopsies , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 10:177-189, 1951.Crossref 33. Hauge, J.G.; King, T.F.; and Cheldelin, V.H.: Alternate Pathways of Glycerol Oxidation in Aietobacter Suboxydans , Nature 174:1104-1105, 1954.Crossref 34. Burt, A.M., and Wenger, B.S.: "G-6-P Dehydrogenase Activity in the Brain of the Developing Chick," Develop Biol 3:84-95, 1961.Crossref 35. Backström, S.: Activity of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase in Sea Urchin Embryo of Different Developmental Trends , Exp Cell Res 18:347-356, 1959.Crossref 36. Backström, S.; Hultin, K.; and Hultin, T.: Pathways of Glucose Metabolism in Early Sea Urchin Development , Exp Cell Res 19:634-636, 1960.Crossref 37. Barron, K.D., and Tuncbay, T.O.: Histochemistry of Acid Phosphatase and Thiamine Pyrophosphatase During Axon Reaction , Amer J Clin Path 40:637-652, 1962. 38. Gustafson, T., and Hesselberg, I.: Studies on Enzymes in the Developing Sea Urchin Egg , Exp Cell Res 2:642-672, 1951.Crossref 39. Krahl, M.E., et al: Hexokinase Activity From Eggs of the Sea Urchin , J Gen Physiol 38:31-39, 1954.Crossref 40. Fujita, H., and Fujita, S.: Electron Microscope Studies on Neuroblast Differentiation in the CNS of Domestic Fowl , Z Zellforsch 60:463-478, 1963.Crossref 41. Burt, A.M.: "Glucose Metabolism and Chick Neurogenesis". G-6-p dehydrogenase Activity in the Embryonic Brachial Spinal Cord , Develop Biol 12:213-232, 1965.Crossref 42. Scott, D.B.M., and Cohen, S.S.: The Origin and Metabolism of Ribose , J Cell Comp Physiol 38( (suppl 1) ):173-201, 1951.Crossref 43. Scarpelli, and Pearse, quoted by Pearse, A.G.B.: Pearse's Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied , ed 2, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1961, p 576. 44. LaVelle, A.; Lev, C.N.; and LaVelle, F.: Acid Phosphatase Activity as Related to Nucleic Acid Sites in the Nerve Cell , Anat Rec 119:305-323, 1954.Crossref 45. Samorajski, T.: Changes in Phosphatase Activity Following Transection of the Sciatic Nerve , J Histochem Cytochem 5:15-27, 1957.Crossref 46. Brattgard, S.O.; Endström, J.E.; and Hyden, H.: The Chemical Changes in Regenerating Neurons , J Neurochem 1:316-325, 1928.Crossref 47. Samorajski, T., and Fitz, R.: Phosphomonoesterase Changes Associated With Spinal Cord Chromatolysis , Lab Invest 10:129-143, 1961. 48. Potter, V.K., and Ahilbaum, H.G.: Studies on the Hydrogen Transport in Animal Tissue: VII. Inhibition of Ribonuclease , J Gen Physiol 26:443-455, 1943.Crossref 49. Duve, C. De.: " The Lysosomes Concept ," in DeReuck, A.V.S., and Cameron, M.P., (eds.): Lysosomes, Ciba Symposium , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963, pp 1-31. 50. Lassek, A.M., and Bueker, E.D.: Acid Phosphatase in Peripheral Degenerating and Regenerating Neurons , Anat Rec 97:395-396, 1947. 51. Allen, J.M.: The Properties of Golgi-associated Nucleoside Diphosphatase and Thiamine Pyrophosphatase: I. Cytochemical Analysis , J Histochem Cytochem 11:529-541, 1963.Crossref 52. Goldfischer, S.: The Golgi Apparatus and the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Neurons of the Rabbit , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 33:36-45, 1964.Crossref 53. Chucko, L.W., and Cerf, J.A.: Histochemical Localization of Cholinesterase in the Amphibian Spinal Cord and Alternations Following Ventral Root Section , J Anat 94:74-81, 1960. 54. Hard, W.L., and Patterson, A.C.: The Distribution of Cholinesterase in Nerve Tissue of the Dog , Anat Rec 108:57-59, 1950.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Histochemical Study on Chromatolytic Neurons

Archives of Neurology , Volume 18 (4) – Apr 1, 1968

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References (68)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1968 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1968.00470340111010
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract SEVERE injury to the axon produces detectable histological changes in the cell body as well as proximal and distal parts of the injured fiber. This retrograde reaction in the perikaryon is commonly known as chromatolysis or chromolysis because of the apparent decrease in basophilic material in the cytoplasm. In crush injury of the axon with preservation of the sheath (termed axonotmesis by Seddon1) regeneration of the neuron may occur in a shorter time, than after complete section of the nerve. There have been many studies of motoneurons during degeneration and regeneration,2-8 but histochemical studies of the enzymes in these neurons are few. Different authors have investigated alkaline and acid phosphatases, thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), succinic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase in chromatolytic neurons9-12 but metabolic significance of these changes is not known. In the present study we have investigated a number of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes by histochemical References 1. Seddon, H.J.: Three Types of Nerve Injury , Brain 66:237-288, 1943.Crossref 2. Bodian, D., and Mellors, R.C.: The Regenerative Cycle of Motoneurons, With Special Reference to Phosphatase Activity , J Comp Med 81:469-488, 1945. 3. Bodian, D.: Nucleic Acid in Nerve-Cells Regeneration , Sympos Soc Exp Biol 1:163-178, 1947. 4. Cajal, S.R.: Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System , London: Oxford University Press, 1928, vol 2. 5. Endström, J.E.: The Content and the Concentration of RNA in Motor Anterior Horn Cells from Rabbit , J Neurochem 1:159-165, 1956.Crossref 6. Endström, J.E.: Ribonucleic Acid Changes in the Motoneurons of the Frog During Axon Regeneration , J Neurochem 5:43-49, 1959.Crossref 7. Penfield, W.G.: Alteration of the Golgi Apparatus in Nerve Cells , Brain 43:290-305, 1920.Crossref 8. Young, J.Z.: On the Cytology of the Neurons of Cephalopods , Quart J Micr Sci 75:1-49, 1932. 9. Friede, R.L.: Transport of Oxidative Enzymes in Nerve Fibers: A Histochemical Investigation of the Regenerative Cycle in Neurons , Exp Neurol 1:441-446, 1959.Crossref 10. Gersh, I., and Bodian, D.: Some Chemical Mechanisms in Chromatolysis , J Cell Comp Physiol 21:253-279, 1943.Crossref 11. Howe, H.A., and Flexner, J.B.: Succinic Dehydrogenase in Regenerating Neurons , J Biol Chem 167:663-671, 1947. 12. Kumaoto, T., and Bourne, G.H.: Experimental Studies on the Oxidative and Hydrolytic Enzymes in the Spinal Neurons , Acta Anat 55:255-277, 1963.Crossref 13. Nachlas, M.M., et al: Cytochemical Demonstration of Succinic Dehydrogenase by the Use of a New p-nitrophenyl Substituted Ditetrazole , J Histochem Cytochem 5:420-436, 1957.Crossref 14. Hess, R.; Scarpelli, D.G.; and Pearse, A.G.E.: Cytochemical Localization of Oxidative Enzymes: II. Pyridine Nucleotide-linked Dehydrogenases , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 4:753, 1958.Crossref 15. Burstone, M.S.: New Histochemical Technique for the Demonstration of Tissue Oxidase (Cytochemistry) , J Histochem Cytochem 7:112-122, 1959.Crossref 16. Burstone, M.S.: The Relationship Between Fixation and Technique for Histochemical Localization of Hydrolytic Enzyme , J Histochem Cytochem 6:322-339, 1958.Crossref 17. Wachstein, M., and Meisel, E.: Histochemistry of Hepatic Phosphatases at Physiologic pH , Amer J Clin Path 27:13-23, 1957. 18. Novikoff, A., and Goldfischer, S.: Nucleoside Diphosphatase Activity in the Golgi Apparatus and its Usefulness for Cytological Studies , Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 47:802-810, 1961.Crossref 19. Gerebtzoff, M.A.: " Cholinesterase ," New York: Pergamon Press, 1959, p 4. 20. Nandy, K., and Bourne, G.H.: A Histochemical Study of the Localization of Succinic Dehydrogenase, Cytochrome Oxidase and DPN-diaphorase in the Synaptic Regions of the Spinal Cord in Rat , J Histochem Cytochem 12:188-193, 1964.Crossref 21. Nandy, K., and Bourne, G.: A Histochemical Study of the Localization of the Oxidatives Enzymes in the Neurons of the Spinal Cord in Rats , J Anat 98:647-653, 1964. 22. Nandy, K., and Bourne, G.H.: Histochemical Studies on the Distribution of Acid Naphthol ASBI Phosphatase in the Spinal Cord of the Rat , Acta Anat 61:84-91, 1965.Crossref 23. Krahl, M.E., et al: Glucose-6-Phosphate and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenases From Eggs of the Sea Urchin , J Gen Physiol 38:431-439, 1955.Crossref 24. Nandy, K.; Shanthaveerappa, T.; and Bourne, G.H.: Histochemical Approaches to the Study of the Central Nervous System , Methods and Achievements in Experimental Pathology 1:52-95, 1966. 25. Nandy, K., and Bourne, G.H.: The Effects of D-lyseric Acid Diethylamide Tartrate (LSD-25) on the Cholinesterases and Monoamine Oxidase in the Spinal Cord: A Possible Factor in the Mechanism of Hallucination , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 27:259-267, 1964.Crossref 26. Bucy, P.C.: Studies in Degeneration of Peripheral Nerves , J Comp Neurol 45:129-159, 1928.Crossref 27. Gerard, R.W.: Nerve Metabolism , Physiol Rev 12:469-592, 1932. 28. Geist, F.D.: Chromatolysis of Efferent Neurons , Arch Neurol Psychiat 29:88-103, 1933.Crossref 29. Nicholson, F.M.: Morphologic Changes in Nerve Cells Following Injury to Their Axons , Arch Neurol Psychiat 11:680-697, 1924.Crossref 30. Warrington, W.B.: On the Structural Alterations Observed in Nerve Cells , J Physiol 23:112-129, 1898. 31. Howe, H.A., and Mellors, R.C.: Cytochrome Oxidase in Normal and Regenerating Neurons , J Exp Med 81:489-500, 1945.Crossref 32. Roizin, L.: Comparative Morphology and Histometabolic Studies of Nerve Cells in Brain Biopsies , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 10:177-189, 1951.Crossref 33. Hauge, J.G.; King, T.F.; and Cheldelin, V.H.: Alternate Pathways of Glycerol Oxidation in Aietobacter Suboxydans , Nature 174:1104-1105, 1954.Crossref 34. Burt, A.M., and Wenger, B.S.: "G-6-P Dehydrogenase Activity in the Brain of the Developing Chick," Develop Biol 3:84-95, 1961.Crossref 35. Backström, S.: Activity of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase in Sea Urchin Embryo of Different Developmental Trends , Exp Cell Res 18:347-356, 1959.Crossref 36. Backström, S.; Hultin, K.; and Hultin, T.: Pathways of Glucose Metabolism in Early Sea Urchin Development , Exp Cell Res 19:634-636, 1960.Crossref 37. Barron, K.D., and Tuncbay, T.O.: Histochemistry of Acid Phosphatase and Thiamine Pyrophosphatase During Axon Reaction , Amer J Clin Path 40:637-652, 1962. 38. Gustafson, T., and Hesselberg, I.: Studies on Enzymes in the Developing Sea Urchin Egg , Exp Cell Res 2:642-672, 1951.Crossref 39. Krahl, M.E., et al: Hexokinase Activity From Eggs of the Sea Urchin , J Gen Physiol 38:31-39, 1954.Crossref 40. Fujita, H., and Fujita, S.: Electron Microscope Studies on Neuroblast Differentiation in the CNS of Domestic Fowl , Z Zellforsch 60:463-478, 1963.Crossref 41. Burt, A.M.: "Glucose Metabolism and Chick Neurogenesis". G-6-p dehydrogenase Activity in the Embryonic Brachial Spinal Cord , Develop Biol 12:213-232, 1965.Crossref 42. Scott, D.B.M., and Cohen, S.S.: The Origin and Metabolism of Ribose , J Cell Comp Physiol 38( (suppl 1) ):173-201, 1951.Crossref 43. Scarpelli, and Pearse, quoted by Pearse, A.G.B.: Pearse's Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied , ed 2, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1961, p 576. 44. LaVelle, A.; Lev, C.N.; and LaVelle, F.: Acid Phosphatase Activity as Related to Nucleic Acid Sites in the Nerve Cell , Anat Rec 119:305-323, 1954.Crossref 45. Samorajski, T.: Changes in Phosphatase Activity Following Transection of the Sciatic Nerve , J Histochem Cytochem 5:15-27, 1957.Crossref 46. Brattgard, S.O.; Endström, J.E.; and Hyden, H.: The Chemical Changes in Regenerating Neurons , J Neurochem 1:316-325, 1928.Crossref 47. Samorajski, T., and Fitz, R.: Phosphomonoesterase Changes Associated With Spinal Cord Chromatolysis , Lab Invest 10:129-143, 1961. 48. Potter, V.K., and Ahilbaum, H.G.: Studies on the Hydrogen Transport in Animal Tissue: VII. Inhibition of Ribonuclease , J Gen Physiol 26:443-455, 1943.Crossref 49. Duve, C. De.: " The Lysosomes Concept ," in DeReuck, A.V.S., and Cameron, M.P., (eds.): Lysosomes, Ciba Symposium , Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963, pp 1-31. 50. Lassek, A.M., and Bueker, E.D.: Acid Phosphatase in Peripheral Degenerating and Regenerating Neurons , Anat Rec 97:395-396, 1947. 51. Allen, J.M.: The Properties of Golgi-associated Nucleoside Diphosphatase and Thiamine Pyrophosphatase: I. Cytochemical Analysis , J Histochem Cytochem 11:529-541, 1963.Crossref 52. Goldfischer, S.: The Golgi Apparatus and the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Neurons of the Rabbit , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 33:36-45, 1964.Crossref 53. Chucko, L.W., and Cerf, J.A.: Histochemical Localization of Cholinesterase in the Amphibian Spinal Cord and Alternations Following Ventral Root Section , J Anat 94:74-81, 1960. 54. Hard, W.L., and Patterson, A.C.: The Distribution of Cholinesterase in Nerve Tissue of the Dog , Anat Rec 108:57-59, 1950.Crossref

Journal

Archives of NeurologyAmerican Medical Association

Published: Apr 1, 1968

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