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Myotubular Myopathy: Persistence of Fetal Muscle in an Adolescent Boy

Myotubular Myopathy: Persistence of Fetal Muscle in an Adolescent Boy Abstract FOR SEVERAL WEEKS prior to the formation of mature muscle cells, the process of which is virtually completed by the fifth fetal month in humans,1 the cell exists as a myotube. Similar muscle cells were seen in the biopsy of an adolescent boy with a muscle-wasting disorder. Since this unusual pathological occurrence appears to be unique, it is the purpose of this report to present the clinical, pathological, cytochemical, and electron microscopic studies of this disease. An attempt will also be made to correlate these findings with previously reported studies in myogenesis. Methods Biopsy specimens of gastrocnemius muscle were removed on two separate occasions (September 1962 and January 1965) after infiltration of the overlying skin with a local anesthetic. The initial specimen was removed with sutures and fixed in Zenker's solution; the second specimen was removed with a C-shaped clamp designed for that purpose, and fixed in Bouin's solution. References 1. Wohlfart, G.: Uber das Vorkommen verschiedener Arten von Muskelfasern in der Skelettmuskulatur des Menschen und einiger Säugertiere , Acta Psychiat Neurol (suppl 12) , pp 1-119, 1937. 2. Lillie, R.D.: Histochemistry of Connective Tissue, Collagen, Reticulum, Basement Membranes, Sarcolemma, Ocular Membranes , Lab Invest 1:30-45, 1952. 3. Engel, W.K., and Cunningham, G.C.: Rapid Examination of Muscle Tissue: An Improved Trichrome Method for Fresh-Frozen Biopsy Specimens , Neurology 13:919-923, 1963.Crossref 4. Burstone, M.S.: Histochemical Demonstration of Cytochrome Oxidase With New Amine Reagents , J Histochem Cytochem 8:63-70, 1960.Crossref 5. Novikoff, A.B.; Shin, W.; and Drucker, J.: Mitochondrial Localization of Oxidative Enzymes: Staining Results With Two Tetrazolium Salts , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9:47-61, 1961.Crossref 6. Nachlas, M.M., et al: Cytochemical Demonstration of Succinic Dehydrogenase by the Use of a New p-Nitrophenyl Substituted Ditetrazole , J Histochem Cytochem 5:420-436, 1957.Crossref 7. Padykula, H.A., and Herman, E.: The Specificity of the Histochemical Method for Adenosine Triphosphatase , J Histochem Cytochem 3:170-195, 1955.Crossref 8. Baker, J.R.: The Histochemical Recognition of Lipine , Quart J Micr Sci 87:441-470, 1946. 9. Klatzo, I.; Horvath, B.; and Emmart, E.W.: Demonstration of Myosin in Human Striated Muscle by Fluorescent Antibody , Proc Soc Exp Bio Med 97:135-140, 1958.Crossref 10. Palade, G.E.: Study of Fixation for Electron Microscopy , J Exp Med 95:285-298, 1952.Crossref 11. Godlewski, E., Jr.: Die Entwicklung des Skeletts und Herzmuskelgewebes der Säugethiere , Arch Mikr Anat 60:111-156, 1902.Crossref 12. Tello, J.F.: Die Entstehung der motorischen und sensiblen Nervenendigungen , Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 64:348-440, 1922.Crossref 13. Boyd, J.D.: The Structure and Function of Muscle , G. H. Bourne (ed.), New York and London: Academic Press, 1960, vol 1, pp 71-82. 14. Beckett, E.B., and Bourne, G.H.: The Structure and Function of Muscle , G. H. Bourne (ed.), New York and London: Academic Press, Inc., 1960, vol 1, p 90. 15. Cuajunco, F.: Development of the Human Motor End Plate, publication 541, Carnegie Institute of Washington , Contrib Embryol 30:127-152, 1942. 16. Adams, R.D.; Denny-Brown, D.; and Pearson, C.M.: Diseases of Muscle , ed 2, New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1962, pp 15-16. 17. Holtzer, H.; Marshall, J.M.; and Finck, H.: An Analysis of Myogenesis by the Use of Fluorescent Antimyosin , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 3:705-724, 1957.Crossref 18. Holtzer, H.; Abbott, J.; and Lash, J.: On the Formation of Multinucleated Myotubes , Anat Rec 131:567, 1958.Crossref 19. Kitiyakara, A.: The Development of Non-Myotomic Muscles of the Chick Embryo , Anat Rec 133:35-45, 1959.Crossref 20. Konigsberg, I., et al: The Dissociability of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis From the Development of Multinuclearity of Muscle Cells in Culture , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 8:333-343, 1960.Crossref 21. Capers, C.: Multinucleation of Skeletal Muscle in Vitro , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 7:559-566, 1960.Crossref 22. Stockdale, F.E., and Holtzer, H.: DNA Synthesis and Myogenesis , Exp Cell Res 24:508-520, 1961.Crossref 23. Cooper, W.G., and Konigsberg, I.R.: Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity of Muscle Cells Grown in Vitro , Exp Cell Res 23:576-581, 1961.Crossref 24. Konigsberg, I.R.: Some Aspects of Myogenesis in Vitro , Circulation 24:447-457, 1961.Crossref 25. Cooper, W.G., and Konigsberg, I.R.: Dynamics of Myogenesis in Vitro , Anat Rec 140:195-205, 1961.Crossref 26. Hay, E.D.: Fine Structure of Differentiating Muscle in Developing Myotomes of Amblyostoma opacum Larvae, abstracted , Anat Rec 139:236, 1961. 27. Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook , No. 61, Baltimore: Garamond Press, 1961-1962, pp 65-67. 28. Bergman, R.A.: Observations on the Morphogenesis of Rat Skeletal Muscle , Bull Hopkins Hosp 110:187-201, 1962. 29. Konigsberg, I.R.: Clonal Analysis of Myogenesis , Science 140:1273-1284, 1963.Crossref 30. Allen, E.R., and Pepe, F.A.: Ultrastructure of Developing Muscle Cells in the Chick Embryo , Amer J Anat 116:115-147, 1965.Crossref 31. Beckett, E.B., and Bourne, G.H.: Some Histochemical Observations on Enzyme Reactions in Goat Foetal Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle and Some Human Foetal Muscle , Acta Anat 35:224-253, 1958.Crossref 32. Gonatas, N.K., and Robbins, E.: The Homology of Spindle Tubules and Neuro-tubules in the Chick Embryo Retina , Protoplasma 59:377-391, 1964.Crossref 33. Gruenwald, P.: Mechanisms of Abnormal Development: II. Embryonic Development of Malformations , Arch Path 44:495-559, 1947. 34. Fenichel, G.M.: The B Fiber of Human Fetal Skeletal Muscle: A Study of Fiber Diameter Size , Neurology 13:219-226, 1963.Crossref 35. Shy, G.M., and Magee, K.R.: A New Congenital Non-Progressive Myopathy , Brain 79:610-621, 1956.Crossref 36. Engel, W.K., et al: Central Core Disease: An Investigation of a Rare Muscle Cell Abnormality , Brain 84:167-185, 1961.Crossref 37. Engel, W.K.: Muscle Target Fibers, a Newly Recognized Sign of Denervation , Nature 191:389-390, 1961.Crossref 38. Engel, W.K.: The Essentiality of Histo- and Cytochemical Studies of Skeletal Muscle in the Investigation of Neuromuscular Disease , Neurology 12:778-794, 1962.Crossref 39. Lash, J.W.; Holtzer, H.; and Swift. H.: Regeneration of Mature Skeletal Muscle , Anat Rec 128:679-698, 1957.Crossref 40. Price, H.M.; Howes, E.L.; and Blumberg, J.M.: Ultrastructural Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Fibers Injured by Cold: II. Cells of the Sarcolemmal Tube: Observations on What "Discontinues" Regeneration and Myofibril Formation , Lab Invest 13:1279-1302, 1964. 41. Fuchs, E.: Ueber Isolierte doppelseitige Ptosis , Arch Ophthal 36:234-259, 1890. 42. Bing, R.: Ueber angeborene Muskeldefekte , Virchow Arch Path Anat 170:175-229, 1902.Crossref 43. Batten, F.E.: Congenital Affection of Sixth, Seventh and Twelfth Cranial Nuclei , Brain 28:359, 1905.Crossref 44. Fry, F.R., and Kasak, M.: Congenital Facial Paralysis , Arch Neurol Psychiat 2:638-644, 1919.Crossref 45. Henderson, J.L.: The Congenital Facial Diplegia Syndrome: Clinical Features, Pathology and Aetology: A Review of Sixty-one Cases , Brain 62:381-403, 1939.Crossref 46. Elliot, F.A.: Myopathic Wasting Associated With Ptosis and External Ophthalmoplegia , Proc Roy Soc Med 32:876, 1939. 47. Gartner, S., and Billet, E.: Progressive Muscular Dystrophy Involving the Extraocular Muscles: Report of a Case , Arch Ophthal 41:334-340, 1949.Crossref 48. Nisenson, A.; Isaacson, A.; and Grant, S.: Mask-like Facies With Associated Congenital Anomalies (Möbius Syndrome): Report of Three Cases , J Pediat 46:255-261, 1955.Crossref 49. Evans, P.R.: Nuclear Agenesis—Moebius' Syndrome: The Congenital Facial Diplegia Syndrome , Arch Dis Child 30:237-243, 1955.Crossref 50. Sprofkin, B.E., and Hillman, J.W.: Moebius' Syndrome: Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis , Neurology 6:50-54, 1956.Crossref 51. Lees, F.: Congenital, Static Familial Ophthalmoplegia , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 23:46-51, 1960.Crossref 52. Wallis, P.G.: Creatinuria in Möbius' Syndrome , Arch Dis Child 35:393-395, 1960.Crossref 53. Davidson, S.I.: Abiotrophic Ophthalmoplegia Externa , Brit J Ophthal 44:590-599, 1960.Crossref 54. Teasdall, R.D., and Sears, M.L.: Ocular Myopathy: Clinical and Electromyographic Considerations , Arch Neurol 2:281-292, 1960.Crossref 55. Wollensak, J.; Fleischer-Peters, A.; and Hövels, O.: Uber die angeborenen okulo-fazialen Lähmungen (Möbius-Syndrom) , Klin Mbl Augenheilk 140:383-396, 1962. 56. Krüger, K.E., and Friedrich, D.: Familiäre konkon- Motilitätsstörungen der Augen , Klin Mbl Augenheilk 142:101-117, 1963. 57. Nirankari, M.S.; Singh, D.; and Parkash, O.: Möbius Syndrome , J All India Ophthal Soc 11:76-78, 1963. 58. Ross, R.T.: Ocular Myopathy Sensitive To Curare , Brain 86:67-74, 1963.Crossref 59. d'Avignon, M., and Barr, B.: Ear Abnormalities and Cranial Nerve Palsies in Thalidomide Children , Arch Otolaryng 80:136-140, 1964.Crossref 60. Kiloh, L.G., and Nevin, S.: Progressive Dystrophy of the External Ocular Muscles (Ocular Myopathy) , Brain 74:115-143, 1951.Crossref 61. Schwarz, G.A., and Liu, C.N.: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia: A Clinical and Neuro-pathologic Report , Arch Neurol Psychiat 71:31-53, 1954.Crossref 62. McAuley, F.D.: Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia , Brit J Ophthal 40:686-690, 1956.Crossref 63. Dodge, P.R.: Neuromuscular Disorders: The Motor Unit and Its Disorders , R. D. Adams; L. M. Eaton; and G. M. Shy (eds.), Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960, pp 504-505. 64. Nicolaissen, B., and Brodal, A.: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia: Report of a Case With Histopathologic Examination of External Eye Muscle and Skeletal Muscle , Arch Ophthal 61:202-210, 1959.Crossref 65. Cogan, D.C.; Kuwabara, T.; and Richardson, E.P., Jr.: Pathology of Abiotrophic Ophthalmoplegia Externa , Bull Hopkins Hosp 111:42-56, 1962. 66. Gerstenbrand, F.; Pateisky, K.; and Weingarten, K.: Zur Frage der okulären Myopathie , Wien Z Nervenheilk 19:443-465, 1962. 67. Lind, I., and Prame, G.: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia and Muscular Dystrophy , Acta Ophthal 41:497-507, 1963.Crossref 68. Fotopulos, D., and Busch, G.: Klinischer und histologischer Beitrag zur okulären Muskeldystrophie , Deutsch Z Nervenheilk 181:203-216, 1960.Crossref 69. Dalloz, J.C., et al: Hypotonie musculaire congénitale bénigne et syndrome de Moebius; Apropos d'une observation avec étude de la reflective electromyographique et biopsie musculaire , Ann Paediat 203:1-17, 1964. 70. Neurath, R.: Zur Frage der angeborenen Funktionsdefekte im Gebiete der motorischen Hirnnerven , Munchen Med Wschr 54:1224-1228, 1907. 71. Richter, R.B.: Unilateral Congenital Hypoplasia of the Facial Nucleus , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 19:33-41, 1960.Crossref 72. Spatz, H., and Ullrich, O.: Klinischer und anatomischer Beitrag zu den angeborenen Beweglichkeitsdefekten im Hirnnervenbereich , Z Kinderheilk 51:579-597, 1931.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Myotubular Myopathy: Persistence of Fetal Muscle in an Adolescent Boy

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References (81)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1966 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1966.00470070005001
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Abstract

Abstract FOR SEVERAL WEEKS prior to the formation of mature muscle cells, the process of which is virtually completed by the fifth fetal month in humans,1 the cell exists as a myotube. Similar muscle cells were seen in the biopsy of an adolescent boy with a muscle-wasting disorder. Since this unusual pathological occurrence appears to be unique, it is the purpose of this report to present the clinical, pathological, cytochemical, and electron microscopic studies of this disease. An attempt will also be made to correlate these findings with previously reported studies in myogenesis. Methods Biopsy specimens of gastrocnemius muscle were removed on two separate occasions (September 1962 and January 1965) after infiltration of the overlying skin with a local anesthetic. The initial specimen was removed with sutures and fixed in Zenker's solution; the second specimen was removed with a C-shaped clamp designed for that purpose, and fixed in Bouin's solution. References 1. Wohlfart, G.: Uber das Vorkommen verschiedener Arten von Muskelfasern in der Skelettmuskulatur des Menschen und einiger Säugertiere , Acta Psychiat Neurol (suppl 12) , pp 1-119, 1937. 2. Lillie, R.D.: Histochemistry of Connective Tissue, Collagen, Reticulum, Basement Membranes, Sarcolemma, Ocular Membranes , Lab Invest 1:30-45, 1952. 3. Engel, W.K., and Cunningham, G.C.: Rapid Examination of Muscle Tissue: An Improved Trichrome Method for Fresh-Frozen Biopsy Specimens , Neurology 13:919-923, 1963.Crossref 4. Burstone, M.S.: Histochemical Demonstration of Cytochrome Oxidase With New Amine Reagents , J Histochem Cytochem 8:63-70, 1960.Crossref 5. Novikoff, A.B.; Shin, W.; and Drucker, J.: Mitochondrial Localization of Oxidative Enzymes: Staining Results With Two Tetrazolium Salts , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9:47-61, 1961.Crossref 6. Nachlas, M.M., et al: Cytochemical Demonstration of Succinic Dehydrogenase by the Use of a New p-Nitrophenyl Substituted Ditetrazole , J Histochem Cytochem 5:420-436, 1957.Crossref 7. Padykula, H.A., and Herman, E.: The Specificity of the Histochemical Method for Adenosine Triphosphatase , J Histochem Cytochem 3:170-195, 1955.Crossref 8. Baker, J.R.: The Histochemical Recognition of Lipine , Quart J Micr Sci 87:441-470, 1946. 9. Klatzo, I.; Horvath, B.; and Emmart, E.W.: Demonstration of Myosin in Human Striated Muscle by Fluorescent Antibody , Proc Soc Exp Bio Med 97:135-140, 1958.Crossref 10. Palade, G.E.: Study of Fixation for Electron Microscopy , J Exp Med 95:285-298, 1952.Crossref 11. Godlewski, E., Jr.: Die Entwicklung des Skeletts und Herzmuskelgewebes der Säugethiere , Arch Mikr Anat 60:111-156, 1902.Crossref 12. Tello, J.F.: Die Entstehung der motorischen und sensiblen Nervenendigungen , Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 64:348-440, 1922.Crossref 13. Boyd, J.D.: The Structure and Function of Muscle , G. H. Bourne (ed.), New York and London: Academic Press, 1960, vol 1, pp 71-82. 14. Beckett, E.B., and Bourne, G.H.: The Structure and Function of Muscle , G. H. Bourne (ed.), New York and London: Academic Press, Inc., 1960, vol 1, p 90. 15. Cuajunco, F.: Development of the Human Motor End Plate, publication 541, Carnegie Institute of Washington , Contrib Embryol 30:127-152, 1942. 16. Adams, R.D.; Denny-Brown, D.; and Pearson, C.M.: Diseases of Muscle , ed 2, New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1962, pp 15-16. 17. Holtzer, H.; Marshall, J.M.; and Finck, H.: An Analysis of Myogenesis by the Use of Fluorescent Antimyosin , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 3:705-724, 1957.Crossref 18. Holtzer, H.; Abbott, J.; and Lash, J.: On the Formation of Multinucleated Myotubes , Anat Rec 131:567, 1958.Crossref 19. Kitiyakara, A.: The Development of Non-Myotomic Muscles of the Chick Embryo , Anat Rec 133:35-45, 1959.Crossref 20. Konigsberg, I., et al: The Dissociability of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis From the Development of Multinuclearity of Muscle Cells in Culture , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 8:333-343, 1960.Crossref 21. Capers, C.: Multinucleation of Skeletal Muscle in Vitro , J Biophys Biochem Cytol 7:559-566, 1960.Crossref 22. Stockdale, F.E., and Holtzer, H.: DNA Synthesis and Myogenesis , Exp Cell Res 24:508-520, 1961.Crossref 23. Cooper, W.G., and Konigsberg, I.R.: Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity of Muscle Cells Grown in Vitro , Exp Cell Res 23:576-581, 1961.Crossref 24. Konigsberg, I.R.: Some Aspects of Myogenesis in Vitro , Circulation 24:447-457, 1961.Crossref 25. Cooper, W.G., and Konigsberg, I.R.: Dynamics of Myogenesis in Vitro , Anat Rec 140:195-205, 1961.Crossref 26. Hay, E.D.: Fine Structure of Differentiating Muscle in Developing Myotomes of Amblyostoma opacum Larvae, abstracted , Anat Rec 139:236, 1961. 27. Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook , No. 61, Baltimore: Garamond Press, 1961-1962, pp 65-67. 28. Bergman, R.A.: Observations on the Morphogenesis of Rat Skeletal Muscle , Bull Hopkins Hosp 110:187-201, 1962. 29. Konigsberg, I.R.: Clonal Analysis of Myogenesis , Science 140:1273-1284, 1963.Crossref 30. Allen, E.R., and Pepe, F.A.: Ultrastructure of Developing Muscle Cells in the Chick Embryo , Amer J Anat 116:115-147, 1965.Crossref 31. Beckett, E.B., and Bourne, G.H.: Some Histochemical Observations on Enzyme Reactions in Goat Foetal Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle and Some Human Foetal Muscle , Acta Anat 35:224-253, 1958.Crossref 32. Gonatas, N.K., and Robbins, E.: The Homology of Spindle Tubules and Neuro-tubules in the Chick Embryo Retina , Protoplasma 59:377-391, 1964.Crossref 33. Gruenwald, P.: Mechanisms of Abnormal Development: II. Embryonic Development of Malformations , Arch Path 44:495-559, 1947. 34. Fenichel, G.M.: The B Fiber of Human Fetal Skeletal Muscle: A Study of Fiber Diameter Size , Neurology 13:219-226, 1963.Crossref 35. Shy, G.M., and Magee, K.R.: A New Congenital Non-Progressive Myopathy , Brain 79:610-621, 1956.Crossref 36. Engel, W.K., et al: Central Core Disease: An Investigation of a Rare Muscle Cell Abnormality , Brain 84:167-185, 1961.Crossref 37. Engel, W.K.: Muscle Target Fibers, a Newly Recognized Sign of Denervation , Nature 191:389-390, 1961.Crossref 38. Engel, W.K.: The Essentiality of Histo- and Cytochemical Studies of Skeletal Muscle in the Investigation of Neuromuscular Disease , Neurology 12:778-794, 1962.Crossref 39. Lash, J.W.; Holtzer, H.; and Swift. H.: Regeneration of Mature Skeletal Muscle , Anat Rec 128:679-698, 1957.Crossref 40. Price, H.M.; Howes, E.L.; and Blumberg, J.M.: Ultrastructural Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Fibers Injured by Cold: II. Cells of the Sarcolemmal Tube: Observations on What "Discontinues" Regeneration and Myofibril Formation , Lab Invest 13:1279-1302, 1964. 41. Fuchs, E.: Ueber Isolierte doppelseitige Ptosis , Arch Ophthal 36:234-259, 1890. 42. Bing, R.: Ueber angeborene Muskeldefekte , Virchow Arch Path Anat 170:175-229, 1902.Crossref 43. Batten, F.E.: Congenital Affection of Sixth, Seventh and Twelfth Cranial Nuclei , Brain 28:359, 1905.Crossref 44. Fry, F.R., and Kasak, M.: Congenital Facial Paralysis , Arch Neurol Psychiat 2:638-644, 1919.Crossref 45. Henderson, J.L.: The Congenital Facial Diplegia Syndrome: Clinical Features, Pathology and Aetology: A Review of Sixty-one Cases , Brain 62:381-403, 1939.Crossref 46. Elliot, F.A.: Myopathic Wasting Associated With Ptosis and External Ophthalmoplegia , Proc Roy Soc Med 32:876, 1939. 47. Gartner, S., and Billet, E.: Progressive Muscular Dystrophy Involving the Extraocular Muscles: Report of a Case , Arch Ophthal 41:334-340, 1949.Crossref 48. Nisenson, A.; Isaacson, A.; and Grant, S.: Mask-like Facies With Associated Congenital Anomalies (Möbius Syndrome): Report of Three Cases , J Pediat 46:255-261, 1955.Crossref 49. Evans, P.R.: Nuclear Agenesis—Moebius' Syndrome: The Congenital Facial Diplegia Syndrome , Arch Dis Child 30:237-243, 1955.Crossref 50. Sprofkin, B.E., and Hillman, J.W.: Moebius' Syndrome: Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis , Neurology 6:50-54, 1956.Crossref 51. Lees, F.: Congenital, Static Familial Ophthalmoplegia , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 23:46-51, 1960.Crossref 52. Wallis, P.G.: Creatinuria in Möbius' Syndrome , Arch Dis Child 35:393-395, 1960.Crossref 53. Davidson, S.I.: Abiotrophic Ophthalmoplegia Externa , Brit J Ophthal 44:590-599, 1960.Crossref 54. Teasdall, R.D., and Sears, M.L.: Ocular Myopathy: Clinical and Electromyographic Considerations , Arch Neurol 2:281-292, 1960.Crossref 55. Wollensak, J.; Fleischer-Peters, A.; and Hövels, O.: Uber die angeborenen okulo-fazialen Lähmungen (Möbius-Syndrom) , Klin Mbl Augenheilk 140:383-396, 1962. 56. Krüger, K.E., and Friedrich, D.: Familiäre konkon- Motilitätsstörungen der Augen , Klin Mbl Augenheilk 142:101-117, 1963. 57. Nirankari, M.S.; Singh, D.; and Parkash, O.: Möbius Syndrome , J All India Ophthal Soc 11:76-78, 1963. 58. Ross, R.T.: Ocular Myopathy Sensitive To Curare , Brain 86:67-74, 1963.Crossref 59. d'Avignon, M., and Barr, B.: Ear Abnormalities and Cranial Nerve Palsies in Thalidomide Children , Arch Otolaryng 80:136-140, 1964.Crossref 60. Kiloh, L.G., and Nevin, S.: Progressive Dystrophy of the External Ocular Muscles (Ocular Myopathy) , Brain 74:115-143, 1951.Crossref 61. Schwarz, G.A., and Liu, C.N.: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia: A Clinical and Neuro-pathologic Report , Arch Neurol Psychiat 71:31-53, 1954.Crossref 62. McAuley, F.D.: Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia , Brit J Ophthal 40:686-690, 1956.Crossref 63. Dodge, P.R.: Neuromuscular Disorders: The Motor Unit and Its Disorders , R. D. Adams; L. M. Eaton; and G. M. Shy (eds.), Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1960, pp 504-505. 64. Nicolaissen, B., and Brodal, A.: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia: Report of a Case With Histopathologic Examination of External Eye Muscle and Skeletal Muscle , Arch Ophthal 61:202-210, 1959.Crossref 65. Cogan, D.C.; Kuwabara, T.; and Richardson, E.P., Jr.: Pathology of Abiotrophic Ophthalmoplegia Externa , Bull Hopkins Hosp 111:42-56, 1962. 66. Gerstenbrand, F.; Pateisky, K.; and Weingarten, K.: Zur Frage der okulären Myopathie , Wien Z Nervenheilk 19:443-465, 1962. 67. Lind, I., and Prame, G.: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia and Muscular Dystrophy , Acta Ophthal 41:497-507, 1963.Crossref 68. Fotopulos, D., and Busch, G.: Klinischer und histologischer Beitrag zur okulären Muskeldystrophie , Deutsch Z Nervenheilk 181:203-216, 1960.Crossref 69. Dalloz, J.C., et al: Hypotonie musculaire congénitale bénigne et syndrome de Moebius; Apropos d'une observation avec étude de la reflective electromyographique et biopsie musculaire , Ann Paediat 203:1-17, 1964. 70. Neurath, R.: Zur Frage der angeborenen Funktionsdefekte im Gebiete der motorischen Hirnnerven , Munchen Med Wschr 54:1224-1228, 1907. 71. Richter, R.B.: Unilateral Congenital Hypoplasia of the Facial Nucleus , J Neuropath Exp Neurol 19:33-41, 1960.Crossref 72. Spatz, H., and Ullrich, O.: Klinischer und anatomischer Beitrag zu den angeborenen Beweglichkeitsdefekten im Hirnnervenbereich , Z Kinderheilk 51:579-597, 1931.Crossref

Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: Jan 1, 1966

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