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Effects of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting: The Role of the Frontal Lobes

Effects of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting: The Role of the Frontal Lobes Abstract Sorting tasks, requiring the subject to respond selectively, first to one aspect of a situation and then to another, have traditionally been regarded as sensitive indicators of brain injury, but there has been little agreement concerning the effects of lesions in different areas of the brain on sorting behavior. Weigl,36 in 1927, found that braininjured patients performed more poorly than normal control subjects on a simple Color-Form sorting task, and he described a patient with bilateral frontal-lobe damage who had particular difficulty in shifting from one sorting principle to another. Goldstein,6 though rejecting any strict localization of intellectual function, also appears to stress the importance of the frontal lobes for spontaneous shifting, and this view has been further emphasized by such workers as Rylander29 and Halstead.9,10 Yet Teuber, Battersby, and Bender,34 studying men with penetrating missile wounds of the brain, found greater deficits on References 1. Before subjecting the frequency of error scores to analysis of variance, the square-root transformation g = √x + ½ was made, where g was the score analyzed and the original score. This transformation serves to reduce the skewness of frequency data,a and Grant and Cost5 therefore advocate its use with the Wisconsin test. 2. Ackerly, S. S., and Benton, A. L.: Report of Case of Bilateral Frontal Lobe Defect , Res Publ Ass Nerv Ment Dis 27:479-504, 1947. 3. Bartlett, M. S.: The Use of Transformations , Biometrics 3:39-51, 1947.Crossref 4. Berg, E. A.: A Simple Objective Technique for Measuring Flexibility in Thinking , J Gen Psychol 39:15-22, 1948.Crossref 5. Brush, E. S.; Mishkin, M., and Rosvold, H. E.: Effects of Object Preferences and Aversions on Discrimination Learning in Monkeys With Frontal Lesions , J Comp Physiol Psychol 54:319-325, 1961.Crossref 6. Brutkowski, S.; Konorski, J.; Lawicka, W.; Stepien, I.; and Stepien, L.: The Effect of the Removal of Frontal Poles of the Cerebral Cortex on Motor Conditioned Reflexes , Acta Biol Exp (Warsz) 17:167-188, 1956. 7. Goldstein, K.: The Mental Changes Due to Frontal Lobe Damage , J Psychol 17:187-208, 1944.Crossref 8. Grant, D. A., and Berg, E. A.: A Behavioral Analysis of Degree of Reinforcement and Ease of Shifting to New Responses in a Weigl-Type Card-Sorting Problem , J Exp Psychol 38:404-411, 1948.Crossref 9. Grant, D. A., and Cost, J. R.: Continuities and Discontinuities in Conceptual Behavior in a Card Sorting Problem , J Gen Psychol 50:237-244, 1954.Crossref 10. Halstead, W. C.: Preliminary Analysis of Grouping Behavior in Patients With Cerebral Injury by the Method of Equivalent and Non-Equivalent Stimuli , Amer J Physiol 96:1263-1294, 1940. 11. Halstead, W. C.: Brain and Intelligence , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947. 12. Harlow, H. F., and Dagnon, J.: Problem Solution by Monkeys Following Bilateral Removal of the Prefrontal Areas: I. The Discrimination and Discrimination-Reversal Problems , J Exp Psychol 32:351-356, 1942.Crossref 13. Hebb, D. O.: Man's Frontal Lobes , Arch Neurol Psychiat 54:10-24, 1945.Crossref 14. Jarvie, H. F.: Frontal Wounds Causing Disinhibition , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 17:14-32, 1954.Crossref 15. King, H. E.: Intellectual Functions , in Selective Partial Ablation of the Frontal Cortex , edited by F. A. Mettler, New York: Paul B. Hoeber Inc., 1949, pp 173-207. 16. Lawicka, W.: The Effect of the Prefrontal Lobectomy on the Vocal Conditioned Reflexes in Dogs , Acta Biol Exp (Warsz) 17:318-325, 1957. 17. Levinson, D.; Meadow, A.; Atwell, C.; Robey, A. G.; and Bellis, E.: " The Relation of Frontal Lobe Surgery to Intellectual and Emotional Functioning ," in Frontal Lobes and Schizophrenia , edited by H. C. Solomon and M. Greenblatt, New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1953, pp 194-213. 18. Luria, A. R.: " Verbal Regulation of Behavior ," in The Central Nervous System and Behavior , edited by M. A. B. Brazier, Princeton, NJ: Josiah Macy, Jr, Foundation, 1960, pp. 359-423. 19. Malmo, R. B.: Psychological Aspects of Frontal Gyrectomy and Frontal Lobotomy in Mental Patients , Res Publ Ass Nerv Ment Dis 27:537-564, 1948. 20. McFie, J., and Piercy, M. F.: The Relation of Laterality of Lesion to Performance on Weigl's Sorting Test , J Ment Sci 98:299-308, 1952. 21. Mishkin, M.: Effects of Small Frontal Lesions on Delayed Alternation in Monkeys , J Neurophysiol 20:615-622, 1957. 22. Mishkin, M.; Prockop, E. S.; and Rosvold, H. E.: One Trial Object-Discrimination Learning in Monkeys With Frontal Lesions , J Comp Physiol Psychol 55:178-181, 1962.Crossref 23. Nichols, I. C., and Hunt, J. M.: A Case of Partial Bilateral Frontal Lobectomy , Amer J Psychiat 96:1063-1087, 1940. 24. Petrie, A.: A Comparison of the Psychological Effects of Different Types of Operation on the Frontal Lobes , J Ment Sci 98:326-329, 1952. 25. Pribram, K. H.: " The Intrinsic Systems of the Forebrain ," in Handbook of Physiology I: Neurophysiology , edited by H. W. Magoun, Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, vol. 2, pp 1323-1344. 26. Pribram, K. H.; Mishkin, M.; Rosvold, H. E.; and Kaplan, S. J.: Effects on Delayed-Response Performance of Lesions of Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Frontal Cortex of Baboons , J Comp Physiol Psychol 45:565-575, 1952.Crossref 27. Rosvold, H. E., and Mirsky, A. F.: Personal communication to the author. 28. Rosvold, H. E., and Mishkin, M.: Evaluation of the Effects of Prefrontal Lobotomy on Intelligence , Canad J Psychol 4:122-126, 1950.Crossref 29. Rosvold, H. E., and Mishkin, M.: " Non-Sensory Effects of Frontal Lesions on Discrimination Learning and Performance ," in Brain Mechanisms and Learning , edited by J. F. Delafresnaye, Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1961, pp 555-576. 30. Rylander, G.: Personality Changes After Operations on the Frontal Lobes , London: Oxford University Press, 1939. 31. Scoville, W. B., and Milner, B.: Loss of Recent Memory After Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 20:11-21, 1957.Crossref 32. Settlage, P.; Zable, M.; and Harlow, H. F.: Problem Solution by Monkeys Following Bilateral Removal of the Prefrontal Areas: VI. Performance on Tests Requiring Contradictory Reactions to Similar and Identical Stimuli , J Exp Psychol 38:50-65, 1948.Crossref 33. Smith, A., and Kinder, E. F.: Changes in Psychological Test Performances of Brain-Operated Schizophrenics After 8 Years , Science 129:149-150, 1959.Crossref 34. Stanley, W. C., and Jaynes, J.: The Function of the Frontal Cortex , Psychol Rev 56:18-32, 1949.Crossref 35. Teuber, H. L.; Battersby, W. S.; and Bender, M. B.: Performance of Complex Visual Tasks After Cerebral Lesions , J Nerv Ment Dis 114:413-429, 1951. 36. Toczek, S.: Disturbances of Inhibitory Processes Due to Lesions in the Frontal Area of the Brain of Man , Acta Biol Exp (Warsz) 20:103-119, 1960. 37. Weigl, E.: On the Psychology of So-Called Processes of Abstraction , J Abnorm Soc Psychol 36:3-33, 1941Crossref 38. translated by Margaret J. Rioch from Zur Psychologie sogenannter Abstraktions-prozesse , Z Psychol 103:2-45, 1927. 39. Zable, M., and Harlow, H. F.: The Performance of Rhesus Monkeys on Series of Object-Quality and Positional Discriminations and Discrimination-Reversals , J Comp Psychol 39:13-23, 1946.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Effects of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting: The Role of the Frontal Lobes

MILNER, BRENDA
Archives of Neurology , Volume 9 (1) – Jul 1, 1963
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Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1963 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1963.00460070100010
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Abstract

Abstract Sorting tasks, requiring the subject to respond selectively, first to one aspect of a situation and then to another, have traditionally been regarded as sensitive indicators of brain injury, but there has been little agreement concerning the effects of lesions in different areas of the brain on sorting behavior. Weigl,36 in 1927, found that braininjured patients performed more poorly than normal control subjects on a simple Color-Form sorting task, and he described a patient with bilateral frontal-lobe damage who had particular difficulty in shifting from one sorting principle to another. Goldstein,6 though rejecting any strict localization of intellectual function, also appears to stress the importance of the frontal lobes for spontaneous shifting, and this view has been further emphasized by such workers as Rylander29 and Halstead.9,10 Yet Teuber, Battersby, and Bender,34 studying men with penetrating missile wounds of the brain, found greater deficits on References 1. Before subjecting the frequency of error scores to analysis of variance, the square-root transformation g = √x + ½ was made, where g was the score analyzed and the original score. This transformation serves to reduce the skewness of frequency data,a and Grant and Cost5 therefore advocate its use with the Wisconsin test. 2. Ackerly, S. S., and Benton, A. L.: Report of Case of Bilateral Frontal Lobe Defect , Res Publ Ass Nerv Ment Dis 27:479-504, 1947. 3. Bartlett, M. S.: The Use of Transformations , Biometrics 3:39-51, 1947.Crossref 4. Berg, E. A.: A Simple Objective Technique for Measuring Flexibility in Thinking , J Gen Psychol 39:15-22, 1948.Crossref 5. Brush, E. S.; Mishkin, M., and Rosvold, H. E.: Effects of Object Preferences and Aversions on Discrimination Learning in Monkeys With Frontal Lesions , J Comp Physiol Psychol 54:319-325, 1961.Crossref 6. Brutkowski, S.; Konorski, J.; Lawicka, W.; Stepien, I.; and Stepien, L.: The Effect of the Removal of Frontal Poles of the Cerebral Cortex on Motor Conditioned Reflexes , Acta Biol Exp (Warsz) 17:167-188, 1956. 7. Goldstein, K.: The Mental Changes Due to Frontal Lobe Damage , J Psychol 17:187-208, 1944.Crossref 8. Grant, D. A., and Berg, E. A.: A Behavioral Analysis of Degree of Reinforcement and Ease of Shifting to New Responses in a Weigl-Type Card-Sorting Problem , J Exp Psychol 38:404-411, 1948.Crossref 9. Grant, D. A., and Cost, J. R.: Continuities and Discontinuities in Conceptual Behavior in a Card Sorting Problem , J Gen Psychol 50:237-244, 1954.Crossref 10. Halstead, W. C.: Preliminary Analysis of Grouping Behavior in Patients With Cerebral Injury by the Method of Equivalent and Non-Equivalent Stimuli , Amer J Physiol 96:1263-1294, 1940. 11. Halstead, W. C.: Brain and Intelligence , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947. 12. Harlow, H. F., and Dagnon, J.: Problem Solution by Monkeys Following Bilateral Removal of the Prefrontal Areas: I. The Discrimination and Discrimination-Reversal Problems , J Exp Psychol 32:351-356, 1942.Crossref 13. Hebb, D. O.: Man's Frontal Lobes , Arch Neurol Psychiat 54:10-24, 1945.Crossref 14. Jarvie, H. F.: Frontal Wounds Causing Disinhibition , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 17:14-32, 1954.Crossref 15. King, H. E.: Intellectual Functions , in Selective Partial Ablation of the Frontal Cortex , edited by F. A. Mettler, New York: Paul B. Hoeber Inc., 1949, pp 173-207. 16. Lawicka, W.: The Effect of the Prefrontal Lobectomy on the Vocal Conditioned Reflexes in Dogs , Acta Biol Exp (Warsz) 17:318-325, 1957. 17. Levinson, D.; Meadow, A.; Atwell, C.; Robey, A. G.; and Bellis, E.: " The Relation of Frontal Lobe Surgery to Intellectual and Emotional Functioning ," in Frontal Lobes and Schizophrenia , edited by H. C. Solomon and M. Greenblatt, New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1953, pp 194-213. 18. Luria, A. R.: " Verbal Regulation of Behavior ," in The Central Nervous System and Behavior , edited by M. A. B. Brazier, Princeton, NJ: Josiah Macy, Jr, Foundation, 1960, pp. 359-423. 19. Malmo, R. B.: Psychological Aspects of Frontal Gyrectomy and Frontal Lobotomy in Mental Patients , Res Publ Ass Nerv Ment Dis 27:537-564, 1948. 20. McFie, J., and Piercy, M. F.: The Relation of Laterality of Lesion to Performance on Weigl's Sorting Test , J Ment Sci 98:299-308, 1952. 21. Mishkin, M.: Effects of Small Frontal Lesions on Delayed Alternation in Monkeys , J Neurophysiol 20:615-622, 1957. 22. Mishkin, M.; Prockop, E. S.; and Rosvold, H. E.: One Trial Object-Discrimination Learning in Monkeys With Frontal Lesions , J Comp Physiol Psychol 55:178-181, 1962.Crossref 23. Nichols, I. C., and Hunt, J. M.: A Case of Partial Bilateral Frontal Lobectomy , Amer J Psychiat 96:1063-1087, 1940. 24. Petrie, A.: A Comparison of the Psychological Effects of Different Types of Operation on the Frontal Lobes , J Ment Sci 98:326-329, 1952. 25. Pribram, K. H.: " The Intrinsic Systems of the Forebrain ," in Handbook of Physiology I: Neurophysiology , edited by H. W. Magoun, Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, vol. 2, pp 1323-1344. 26. Pribram, K. H.; Mishkin, M.; Rosvold, H. E.; and Kaplan, S. J.: Effects on Delayed-Response Performance of Lesions of Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Frontal Cortex of Baboons , J Comp Physiol Psychol 45:565-575, 1952.Crossref 27. Rosvold, H. E., and Mirsky, A. F.: Personal communication to the author. 28. Rosvold, H. E., and Mishkin, M.: Evaluation of the Effects of Prefrontal Lobotomy on Intelligence , Canad J Psychol 4:122-126, 1950.Crossref 29. Rosvold, H. E., and Mishkin, M.: " Non-Sensory Effects of Frontal Lesions on Discrimination Learning and Performance ," in Brain Mechanisms and Learning , edited by J. F. Delafresnaye, Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1961, pp 555-576. 30. Rylander, G.: Personality Changes After Operations on the Frontal Lobes , London: Oxford University Press, 1939. 31. Scoville, W. B., and Milner, B.: Loss of Recent Memory After Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 20:11-21, 1957.Crossref 32. Settlage, P.; Zable, M.; and Harlow, H. F.: Problem Solution by Monkeys Following Bilateral Removal of the Prefrontal Areas: VI. Performance on Tests Requiring Contradictory Reactions to Similar and Identical Stimuli , J Exp Psychol 38:50-65, 1948.Crossref 33. Smith, A., and Kinder, E. F.: Changes in Psychological Test Performances of Brain-Operated Schizophrenics After 8 Years , Science 129:149-150, 1959.Crossref 34. Stanley, W. C., and Jaynes, J.: The Function of the Frontal Cortex , Psychol Rev 56:18-32, 1949.Crossref 35. Teuber, H. L.; Battersby, W. S.; and Bender, M. B.: Performance of Complex Visual Tasks After Cerebral Lesions , J Nerv Ment Dis 114:413-429, 1951. 36. Toczek, S.: Disturbances of Inhibitory Processes Due to Lesions in the Frontal Area of the Brain of Man , Acta Biol Exp (Warsz) 20:103-119, 1960. 37. Weigl, E.: On the Psychology of So-Called Processes of Abstraction , J Abnorm Soc Psychol 36:3-33, 1941Crossref 38. translated by Margaret J. Rioch from Zur Psychologie sogenannter Abstraktions-prozesse , Z Psychol 103:2-45, 1927. 39. Zable, M., and Harlow, H. F.: The Performance of Rhesus Monkeys on Series of Object-Quality and Positional Discriminations and Discrimination-Reversals , J Comp Psychol 39:13-23, 1946.Crossref

Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: Jul 1, 1963

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