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Functional Alteration of Deep Structures in Cats with Chronic Focal Cortical Irritative Lesions

Functional Alteration of Deep Structures in Cats with Chronic Focal Cortical Irritative Lesions Abstract Introduction The significance of independent paroxysmal abnormalities2,17,24,45 or multiple spike foci27,46 in deep cerebral structures of some epileptics has not been clearly understood. The latter finding and relatively low "cure" percentage in his own series of surgical epileptic cases led Meyers to challenge seriously the conceptual basis of current day epilepsy surgery.28 Although the Montreal school32 reported a higher percentage of satisfactory results in a larger and carefully selected focal epilepsy population, the importance of further careful analysis of failure cases in surgery for epilepsy can not be overemphasized. Possible reasons for surgical failure may be (1) incomplete excision of the cortical focus or (2) location of the original focus in the depth rather than on the surface. Such possibilities have received substantial support from both clinical and experimental studies. A further possibility is that an independent secondary deep abnormality might be produced by long-standing bombardment References 1. Kindly supplied by Dr. P. Nash, Abbott Laboratories Ltd., Montreal. 2. Time thus cited indicates months after being made epileptic in each case unless otherwise stated. 3. Amobarbital sodium (Amytal sodium), thiopental sodium (Pentothal sodium), pentobarbital (Nembutal). 4. Bard, P., and Mountcastle, V. B.: Some Fore-brain Mechanism Involved in Expression of Rage with Special Reference to Suppression of Angry Behavior , A. Res. Nerv. & Ment. Dis. Proc. 27:362-404, 1948. 5. Brazier, M. A. B., et al.: EEG Recordings from Depth Electrodes Implanted in the Amygdaloid Region in Man , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 6:702, 1954. 6. Bremer, F.: Physiology of the Corpus Callosum , A. Res. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., Proc. 36:424-448, 1958. 7. Drake, C. G.; Seguin, J. J., and Stavraky, G. W.: The Effects of Convulsant Agents on Partially Isolated Regions of the Central Nervous System , Canad. J. Biochem. & Physiol. 35:667-680, 1957. 8. Dusser de Barenne, J. G.; Garol, H. W., and McCulloch, W. S.: Physiological Neuronography of the Cortico-Striatal Connections , A. Res.. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., Proc. 21:246-266, 1942. 9. Eidelberg, E.; Konigsmark, B., and French, J. D.: Electrocortical Manifestations of Epilepsy in Monkey , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 11:121-128, 1959. 10. Enomoto, T. F., and Ajmone-Marsan, C.: Epileptic Activation of Single Cortical Neurons and Their Relationship with Electroencephalographic Discharges , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 11:199-218, 1959. 11. Enomoto, T. F.: Unilateral Activation of the Non-Specific Thalamic System and Bilateral Cortical Responses , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 11:219-232, 1959. 12. French, J. D.; Gernandt, B. E., and Livingston, R. B.: Regional Differences in Seizure Susceptibility in Monkey Cortex , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 75:260-274, 1956. 13. French, J. D.; Porter, R. W.; Cavanaugh, E. B., and Longmire, R. L.: Experimental Observations on "Psychosomatic" Mechanisms: Gastrointestinal Disturbances , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 72:267-281, 1954. 14. Gastaut, H.; Vigouroux, R., and Naquet, R.: Lésions épileptogènes amygdalo-hippocampiques provoquées chez le chat par injection de "crème d'alumine," Rev. neurol. 87:607-609, 1952. 15. Gerard, R. W., and Libet, B.: The Control of Normal and "Convulsive" Brain Potentials , Am. J. Psychiat. 96:1125-1152, 1940. 16. Gloor, P.: The Pattern of Conduction of Amygdaloid Seizure Discharge: An Experimental Study in the Cat , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 77:247-258, 1957. 17. Green, J. D., and Shimamoto, T.: Hippocampal Seizures and Their Propagation , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 70:687-702, 1953. 18. Green, J. D.; Clemente, C. E., and DeGroot, J.: Experimentally Induced Epilepsy in the Cat with Injury of Cornu Ammonis , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 78:259-263, 1957. 19. Hayashi, T.: A Physiological Study of Epileptic Seizures Following Cortical Stimulation in Animals and its Application to Human Clinics , Japan. J. Physiol. 3:46-64, 1952. 20. Hayne, R. A.; Belinson, L., and Gibbs, F. A.: Electrical Activity of Subcortical Areas in Epilepsy , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 1:437-445, 1949. 21. Ingvar, D. H.: Electrical Activity of Isolated Cortex in the Unanesthetized Cat with Intact Brain Stem , Acta physiol. scandinav. 33:151-168, 1955. 22. Jasper, H. H.: The Place of Electroencephalography in Clinical Neurology: A Retrospective and Prospective Study , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 44:1345-1349, 1940. 23. Jasper, H. H., and Droogleever-Fortuyn, J.: Experimental Studies on the Functional Anatomy of Petit Mal Epilepsy , A. Res. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., Proc. 26:272-298, 1946. 24. Jasper, H. H.; Ajone-Marsan, C., and Stoll, J.: Corticifugal Projections to the Brain Stem , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 67:155-166, 1952. 25. Jinnai, D.; Yoshida, T.; Souji, T., and Kosaka, F.: Experimental Studies on the March of Spasm During Epileptic Convulsion , Acta med. Okayama 8:26-69, 1954. 26. MacLean, P. D.: Chemical and Electrical Stimulation of Hippocampus in Unrestrained Animals; Behavioral Findings , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 78:128-142, 1957. 27. Marsan, A. C., and Van Buren, J. M.: Epileptiform Activity in Cortical and Subcortical Structures in the Temporal Lobe of Man ; in M. Baldwin, and P. Bailey: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1958, pp. 78-107. 28. Meyer, A.: Cited in J. D. Green: Significance of the Hippocampus in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , in M. Baldwin, and P. Bailey: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1958. 29. Meyer, J. S., and Portnoy, H. D.: Post-Epileptic Paralysis: A Clinical and Experimental Study , Brain 82:162-185, 1959. 30. Meyers, R.; Knott, J.; Hayne, R., and Sweeney, D.: The Surgery of Epilepsy: Limitations of the Concept of the Cortico-Electrographic "Spike" as an Index of the Epileptogenic Focus , J. Neurosurg. 7:337-346, 1950. 31. Meyers, R.: The Surgical Treatment of "Focal Epilepsy:" An inquiry into Current Premises, Their Implementation and the Criteria Employed in Reporting Results , Epilepsia ser. III , 3:1-28, 1954. 32. Morrell, F., et al.: Excitability of the Mirror Focus; 13th Annual Meeting of the Am. EEG Society, Atlantic City, 1959. 33. Moruzzi, G.: General Mechanism of Seizure Discharge , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol . ( (Supp. 4) ) 221-232, 1953. 34. Penfield, W.: Epileptogenic Lesions , Acta neurol. et psychiat. belg. 56:75-88, 1956. 35. Penfield, W., and Paine, K.: Results of Surgical Therapy for Focal Epileptic Seizures , Canad. Med. A.J. 73:515-530, 1955. 36. Poggio, G. F.; Walker, A. E., and Andy, O. J.: The Propagation of Cortical After-Discharge Through Subcortical Structures , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 75:350-361, 1956. 37. Schmidt, R. P.; Thomas, L. B., and Ward, A. A., Jr.: The Hyperexcitable Neurone: Microelectrode Studies of Chronic Epileptic Foci in Monkey , J. Neurophysiol. 22:285-296, 1959. 38. Segundo, J. P., and Machne, X.: Unitary Responses to Afferent Volleys in Lenticular Nucleus and Claustrum , J. Neurophysiol. 19:325-339, 1956. 39. Scholz, W.: Krampschädigungen des Gehirns , Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg; Springer-Verlag, 1951. 40. Spiegel, E. A., and Szekely, E. G.: Super-sensitivity of the Sensory Cortex Following Partial Deafferentation , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 7:375-381, 1955. 41. Suwa, N.; Wada, J., and Furuya, O.: On the Neural Mechanisms for the Spread of Convulsive Impulse: Interrelation Between Cortico-Subcortical Structures and Cerebellar Structures in that Connection , Folia psychiat. neurol. jap. 8:11, 1954. 42. Stratford, J.: Cortico-Thalamic Connections from Gyrus Proreus and First and Second Somatic Sensory Areas of the Cat , J. Comp. Neurol. 100:1-14, 1954. 43. Wada, J.: An Experimental Study on the Neural Mechanism of the Spread of Epileptic Impulse , Folia psychiat. neurol. jap. 4:289-301, 1951. 44. Wada, J.: A Neurophysiological Contribution to the So-Called "March of Spasm" in Focal Convulsive Seizure , Folia psychiat. neurol. jap. 4:320-333, 1951. 45. Wada, J.: in Baldwin, M., and Bailey P., Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1958, pp. 133-135, 490-491. 46. Wada, J.: Reticular Formation of the Brain , Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1958, pp. 507-511. 47. Wada, J.: Permanent Artificial Skull with Multiple Electrodes and Removable Surgical Window , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 12:514-516, 1960. 48. Wada, J., and Kirikae, T.: Studies on the Electrogram of Subcortical Nuclei in Man: Focal, Grand Mal, Petit Mal Epilepsy and Metrazol Induced Seizure , Acta med. Hokkaido 24:7-13, 1949. 49. Walker, A. E., and Ribstein, M.: Chronic Depth Recording in Focal and Generalized Epilepsy: An Evaluation of the Technique , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 78:44-45, 1957. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Functional Alteration of Deep Structures in Cats with Chronic Focal Cortical Irritative Lesions

WADA, JUHN A.; CORNELIUS, LEIGH R.
Archives of Neurology , Volume 3 (4) – Oct 1, 1960
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References (62)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1960 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
eISSN
1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1960.00450040075011
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Abstract

Abstract Introduction The significance of independent paroxysmal abnormalities2,17,24,45 or multiple spike foci27,46 in deep cerebral structures of some epileptics has not been clearly understood. The latter finding and relatively low "cure" percentage in his own series of surgical epileptic cases led Meyers to challenge seriously the conceptual basis of current day epilepsy surgery.28 Although the Montreal school32 reported a higher percentage of satisfactory results in a larger and carefully selected focal epilepsy population, the importance of further careful analysis of failure cases in surgery for epilepsy can not be overemphasized. Possible reasons for surgical failure may be (1) incomplete excision of the cortical focus or (2) location of the original focus in the depth rather than on the surface. Such possibilities have received substantial support from both clinical and experimental studies. A further possibility is that an independent secondary deep abnormality might be produced by long-standing bombardment References 1. Kindly supplied by Dr. P. Nash, Abbott Laboratories Ltd., Montreal. 2. Time thus cited indicates months after being made epileptic in each case unless otherwise stated. 3. Amobarbital sodium (Amytal sodium), thiopental sodium (Pentothal sodium), pentobarbital (Nembutal). 4. Bard, P., and Mountcastle, V. B.: Some Fore-brain Mechanism Involved in Expression of Rage with Special Reference to Suppression of Angry Behavior , A. Res. Nerv. & Ment. Dis. Proc. 27:362-404, 1948. 5. Brazier, M. A. B., et al.: EEG Recordings from Depth Electrodes Implanted in the Amygdaloid Region in Man , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 6:702, 1954. 6. Bremer, F.: Physiology of the Corpus Callosum , A. Res. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., Proc. 36:424-448, 1958. 7. Drake, C. G.; Seguin, J. J., and Stavraky, G. W.: The Effects of Convulsant Agents on Partially Isolated Regions of the Central Nervous System , Canad. J. Biochem. & Physiol. 35:667-680, 1957. 8. Dusser de Barenne, J. G.; Garol, H. W., and McCulloch, W. S.: Physiological Neuronography of the Cortico-Striatal Connections , A. Res.. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., Proc. 21:246-266, 1942. 9. Eidelberg, E.; Konigsmark, B., and French, J. D.: Electrocortical Manifestations of Epilepsy in Monkey , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 11:121-128, 1959. 10. Enomoto, T. F., and Ajmone-Marsan, C.: Epileptic Activation of Single Cortical Neurons and Their Relationship with Electroencephalographic Discharges , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 11:199-218, 1959. 11. Enomoto, T. F.: Unilateral Activation of the Non-Specific Thalamic System and Bilateral Cortical Responses , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 11:219-232, 1959. 12. French, J. D.; Gernandt, B. E., and Livingston, R. B.: Regional Differences in Seizure Susceptibility in Monkey Cortex , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 75:260-274, 1956. 13. French, J. D.; Porter, R. W.; Cavanaugh, E. B., and Longmire, R. L.: Experimental Observations on "Psychosomatic" Mechanisms: Gastrointestinal Disturbances , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 72:267-281, 1954. 14. Gastaut, H.; Vigouroux, R., and Naquet, R.: Lésions épileptogènes amygdalo-hippocampiques provoquées chez le chat par injection de "crème d'alumine," Rev. neurol. 87:607-609, 1952. 15. Gerard, R. W., and Libet, B.: The Control of Normal and "Convulsive" Brain Potentials , Am. J. Psychiat. 96:1125-1152, 1940. 16. Gloor, P.: The Pattern of Conduction of Amygdaloid Seizure Discharge: An Experimental Study in the Cat , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 77:247-258, 1957. 17. Green, J. D., and Shimamoto, T.: Hippocampal Seizures and Their Propagation , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 70:687-702, 1953. 18. Green, J. D.; Clemente, C. E., and DeGroot, J.: Experimentally Induced Epilepsy in the Cat with Injury of Cornu Ammonis , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 78:259-263, 1957. 19. Hayashi, T.: A Physiological Study of Epileptic Seizures Following Cortical Stimulation in Animals and its Application to Human Clinics , Japan. J. Physiol. 3:46-64, 1952. 20. Hayne, R. A.; Belinson, L., and Gibbs, F. A.: Electrical Activity of Subcortical Areas in Epilepsy , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 1:437-445, 1949. 21. Ingvar, D. H.: Electrical Activity of Isolated Cortex in the Unanesthetized Cat with Intact Brain Stem , Acta physiol. scandinav. 33:151-168, 1955. 22. Jasper, H. H.: The Place of Electroencephalography in Clinical Neurology: A Retrospective and Prospective Study , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 44:1345-1349, 1940. 23. Jasper, H. H., and Droogleever-Fortuyn, J.: Experimental Studies on the Functional Anatomy of Petit Mal Epilepsy , A. Res. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., Proc. 26:272-298, 1946. 24. Jasper, H. H.; Ajone-Marsan, C., and Stoll, J.: Corticifugal Projections to the Brain Stem , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 67:155-166, 1952. 25. Jinnai, D.; Yoshida, T.; Souji, T., and Kosaka, F.: Experimental Studies on the March of Spasm During Epileptic Convulsion , Acta med. Okayama 8:26-69, 1954. 26. MacLean, P. D.: Chemical and Electrical Stimulation of Hippocampus in Unrestrained Animals; Behavioral Findings , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 78:128-142, 1957. 27. Marsan, A. C., and Van Buren, J. M.: Epileptiform Activity in Cortical and Subcortical Structures in the Temporal Lobe of Man ; in M. Baldwin, and P. Bailey: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1958, pp. 78-107. 28. Meyer, A.: Cited in J. D. Green: Significance of the Hippocampus in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , in M. Baldwin, and P. Bailey: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1958. 29. Meyer, J. S., and Portnoy, H. D.: Post-Epileptic Paralysis: A Clinical and Experimental Study , Brain 82:162-185, 1959. 30. Meyers, R.; Knott, J.; Hayne, R., and Sweeney, D.: The Surgery of Epilepsy: Limitations of the Concept of the Cortico-Electrographic "Spike" as an Index of the Epileptogenic Focus , J. Neurosurg. 7:337-346, 1950. 31. Meyers, R.: The Surgical Treatment of "Focal Epilepsy:" An inquiry into Current Premises, Their Implementation and the Criteria Employed in Reporting Results , Epilepsia ser. III , 3:1-28, 1954. 32. Morrell, F., et al.: Excitability of the Mirror Focus; 13th Annual Meeting of the Am. EEG Society, Atlantic City, 1959. 33. Moruzzi, G.: General Mechanism of Seizure Discharge , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol . ( (Supp. 4) ) 221-232, 1953. 34. Penfield, W.: Epileptogenic Lesions , Acta neurol. et psychiat. belg. 56:75-88, 1956. 35. Penfield, W., and Paine, K.: Results of Surgical Therapy for Focal Epileptic Seizures , Canad. Med. A.J. 73:515-530, 1955. 36. Poggio, G. F.; Walker, A. E., and Andy, O. J.: The Propagation of Cortical After-Discharge Through Subcortical Structures , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 75:350-361, 1956. 37. Schmidt, R. P.; Thomas, L. B., and Ward, A. A., Jr.: The Hyperexcitable Neurone: Microelectrode Studies of Chronic Epileptic Foci in Monkey , J. Neurophysiol. 22:285-296, 1959. 38. Segundo, J. P., and Machne, X.: Unitary Responses to Afferent Volleys in Lenticular Nucleus and Claustrum , J. Neurophysiol. 19:325-339, 1956. 39. Scholz, W.: Krampschädigungen des Gehirns , Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg; Springer-Verlag, 1951. 40. Spiegel, E. A., and Szekely, E. G.: Super-sensitivity of the Sensory Cortex Following Partial Deafferentation , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 7:375-381, 1955. 41. Suwa, N.; Wada, J., and Furuya, O.: On the Neural Mechanisms for the Spread of Convulsive Impulse: Interrelation Between Cortico-Subcortical Structures and Cerebellar Structures in that Connection , Folia psychiat. neurol. jap. 8:11, 1954. 42. Stratford, J.: Cortico-Thalamic Connections from Gyrus Proreus and First and Second Somatic Sensory Areas of the Cat , J. Comp. Neurol. 100:1-14, 1954. 43. Wada, J.: An Experimental Study on the Neural Mechanism of the Spread of Epileptic Impulse , Folia psychiat. neurol. jap. 4:289-301, 1951. 44. Wada, J.: A Neurophysiological Contribution to the So-Called "March of Spasm" in Focal Convulsive Seizure , Folia psychiat. neurol. jap. 4:320-333, 1951. 45. Wada, J.: in Baldwin, M., and Bailey P., Temporal Lobe Epilepsy , Springfield, Charles C Thomas, 1958, pp. 133-135, 490-491. 46. Wada, J.: Reticular Formation of the Brain , Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1958, pp. 507-511. 47. Wada, J.: Permanent Artificial Skull with Multiple Electrodes and Removable Surgical Window , EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 12:514-516, 1960. 48. Wada, J., and Kirikae, T.: Studies on the Electrogram of Subcortical Nuclei in Man: Focal, Grand Mal, Petit Mal Epilepsy and Metrazol Induced Seizure , Acta med. Hokkaido 24:7-13, 1949. 49. Walker, A. E., and Ribstein, M.: Chronic Depth Recording in Focal and Generalized Epilepsy: An Evaluation of the Technique , Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 78:44-45, 1957.

Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: Oct 1, 1960

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