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Improvement of Quality of Life With Supervised Exercise Training in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Improvement of Quality of Life With Supervised Exercise Training in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes... In the recent Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES),1 we showed that a strategy combining a prescribed and supervised mixed training program with structured exercise counseling is more effective than counseling alone in improving physical fitness, hemoglobin A1c level and other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary heart disease 10-year risk scores in a large cohort of sedentary subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, subjects participating in the supervised sessions performed a higher volume of physical activity (PA) compared with the control group. However, long-term patient compliance with exercise recommendations is largely dependent on changes in quality of life (QoL) associated with training. Unfortunately, although increased PA is expected to improve QoL and most epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between exercise and QoL in the general population, the very few intervention trials investigating the impact of structured exercise counseling or supervised training on physical and mental health and well-being in diabetic subjects have provided inconclusive results.2-4 We report herein data on the effect of supervised mixed exercise training on top of structured exercise counseling compared with counseling alone on QoL-related measures in subjects with type 2 diabetes participating in the IDES. Methods The design and methods of this multicenter randomized controlled trial have been detailed elsewhere (eAppendix).1,5 Sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (606 of 691 eligible patients) were enrolled in 22 outpatient diabetes clinics throughout Italy between October 1, 2005, and March 31, 2006, and randomized by center, age, and diabetes treatment to twice-a-week supervised training plus exercise counseling (EXE group) vs counseling alone (CON group) for 12 months. The training program for the EXE group consisted of 150 min/wk in 2 supervised sessions of progressive mixed (aerobic and resistance) training. Subjects from both groups received a structured individualized counseling aimed at achieving the currently recommended amount of PA. Prespecified secondary outcomes included health-related QoL, as assessed by the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) health survey,6 previously validated in subjects with type 2 diabetes.7 In addition to the 8 domains included in the instrument, physical and mental component summary measures were also computed and normalized to a mean (SD) population of 50 (10). Mean changes in SF-36 measures (end of study − baseline) were compared between groups by analysis of covariance, with score changes as dependent variables; study arm as factor; and baseline score, age, sex, and body mass index as covariates. Because even small between-group differences could reach statistical significance owing to the large number of patients evaluated, we also estimated effect size, which is the difference in score between groups divided by the pooled standard deviation of the score at baseline. The generally accepted benchmarks are 0.20 for a small effect size, 0.50 for a moderate effect size, and 0.80 for a large effect size. Results Among study completers, baseline and end-of-study SF-36 questionnaires were available and fully evaluable for 260 patients in the CON group (94.5%) and 278 patients in the EXE group (96.5%). Baseline patient characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. At baseline, SF-36 scores did not significantly differ between study groups, except for a significantly higher score in the energy/vitality domain in the EXE vs CON group (P = .03; Table). After 12 months of follow-up, QoL markedly improved in all the areas investigated except physical functioning in the EXE group, while all scores worsened in the CON group. This translated into marked between groups differences for all SF-36 scores, the relevance of which is further documented by effect sizes, approaching or exceeding the 0.80 value for physical health measures (0.90 for physical component summary) and largely exceeding the value of 0.50 for all mental health measures (0.61 for mental component summary) (Table). Comment Results of the IDES show for the first time to our knowledge that supervised mixed exercise training on top of counseling significantly improves both physical and mental QoL scores. This finding is consistent with previous reports in the general population showing an association between exercise and QoL.8 Moreover, it is consistent with a previous small-sized trial in 51 patients with type 2 diabetes2 and also with a large randomized controlled trial conducted in sedentary postmenopausal women with elevated systolic blood pressure.9 Toobert et al3 also reported a significant effect on QoL of a lifestyle intervention including a mixed self-directed PA program in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes; however, significance was driven solely by an improvement of a diabetes-specific measure of QoL, whereas the physical and mental health scores of the 12-item Medical Outcomes Study (MOS-12), a brief version of the SF-36, were unchanged. Finally, our data are only in part consistent with a recent study from Reid et al,4 who found that resistance exercise was better than aerobic or no exercise for improving physical health in subjects with type 2 diabetes status, whereas no exercise was superior to resistance and combined exercise for improving mental health status. The authors claimed insufficient statistical power and/or the effect of fatigue to explain the lack of improvement in the physical component summary measures with mixed training and attributed to a “reversion to the mean” phenomenon the improvement in the mental component summary measures in the control group, starting with a lower mean score at baseline than the exercise intervention groups. A possible limitation of this study, in addition to intrinsic limitation of the SF-36 survey, is the unblinded design, though blinding is not feasible in clinical trials using behavioral interventions. Strengths of this study are that it was multicenter, thus less dependent on local factors, and of larger size and longer duration than other exercise intervention trials in patients with type 2 diabetes, including those assessing QoL and well-being measures.2-4 In conclusion, this large trial shows that the health benefits induced by supervised mixed exercise training on top of counseling include a significant improvement of physical and mental health-related QoL measures. Thus, this intervention strategy may be effective for promoting permanent lifestyle changes in subjects with sedentary habits, such as patients with type 2 diabetes. Back to top Article Information Author Affiliations: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy (Dr Nicolucci); Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy (Dr Balducci); Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, and Diabetes Division (Drs Balducci and Pugliese) and Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry (Dr Cardelli), Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; and School of Science, University of Greenwich, London, England (Dr Zanuso). Correspondence: Dr Pugliese, Department of Clinical an Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy (giuseppe.pugliese@uniroma1.it). Author Contributions: Drs Nicolucci and Balducci contributed equally to this work. All authors had access to all the data in the study and take full responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Nicolucci, Balducci, Zanuso, and Pugliese. Acquisition of data: Nicolucci, Balducci, Cardelli, Zanuso, and Pugliese. Analysis and interpretation of data: Nicolucci, Balducci, Cardelli, Zanuso, and Pugliese. Drafting of the manuscript: Pugliese. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Nicolucci, Balducci, Cardelli, and Zanuso. Statistical analysis: Nicolucci. Obtained funding: Balducci. Administrative, technical, and material support: Balducci and Zanuso. Study supervision: Balducci and Pugliese. Financial Disclosure: None reported. Funding/Support: This work was supported by Lifescan SrL, Novo Nordisk Ltd, Bristol Myers Squibb Italy, Technogym SpA, and Cosmed SrL. Role of the Sponsors: The sponsors had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, and interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript. Trial Registration: isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN04252749 Additional Contributions: Stefano Cavallo, MD, Sara Fallucca, PhD, Alessandra Bazuro, MD, Paola Simonelli, MD, and Carla Iacobini, PhD, from the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy, participated in the acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript. References 1. Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, et al. Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial: The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(20):1794-180321059972PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 2. Ligtenberg PC, Godaert GL, Hillenaar EF, Hoekstra JB. Influence of a physical training program on psychological well-being in elderly type 2 diabetes patients: psychological well-being, physical training, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(12):2196-21979839122PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 3. Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE, Strycker LA, et al. Biologic and quality-of-life outcomes from the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(8):2288-229312882850PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 4. Reid RD, Tulloch HE, Sigal RJ, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or both, on patient-reported health status and well-being in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised trial. Diabetologia. 2010;53(4):632-64020012857PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 5. Balducci S, Zanuso S, Massarini M, et al; Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) Group. The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES): design and methods for a prospective Italian multicentre trial of intensive lifestyle intervention in people with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18(9):585-59518061415PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 6. Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Nimrod, MA: Boston Press; 1993 7. Anderson RM, Fitzgerald JT, Wisdom K, Davis WK, Hiss RG. A comparison of global versus disease-specific quality-of-life measures in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(3):299-3059051376PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 8. Wolin KY, Glynn RJ, Colditz GA, Lee IM, Kawachi I. Long-term physical activity patterns and health-related quality of life in U.S. women. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(6):490-49917533064PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 9. Martin CK, Church TS, Thompson AM, Earnest CP, Blair SN. Exercise dose and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(3):269-27819204218PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Internal Medicine American Medical Association

Improvement of Quality of Life With Supervised Exercise Training in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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References (10)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 2011 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9926
eISSN
1538-3679
DOI
10.1001/archinternmed.2011.561
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

In the recent Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES),1 we showed that a strategy combining a prescribed and supervised mixed training program with structured exercise counseling is more effective than counseling alone in improving physical fitness, hemoglobin A1c level and other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary heart disease 10-year risk scores in a large cohort of sedentary subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, subjects participating in the supervised sessions performed a higher volume of physical activity (PA) compared with the control group. However, long-term patient compliance with exercise recommendations is largely dependent on changes in quality of life (QoL) associated with training. Unfortunately, although increased PA is expected to improve QoL and most epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between exercise and QoL in the general population, the very few intervention trials investigating the impact of structured exercise counseling or supervised training on physical and mental health and well-being in diabetic subjects have provided inconclusive results.2-4 We report herein data on the effect of supervised mixed exercise training on top of structured exercise counseling compared with counseling alone on QoL-related measures in subjects with type 2 diabetes participating in the IDES. Methods The design and methods of this multicenter randomized controlled trial have been detailed elsewhere (eAppendix).1,5 Sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (606 of 691 eligible patients) were enrolled in 22 outpatient diabetes clinics throughout Italy between October 1, 2005, and March 31, 2006, and randomized by center, age, and diabetes treatment to twice-a-week supervised training plus exercise counseling (EXE group) vs counseling alone (CON group) for 12 months. The training program for the EXE group consisted of 150 min/wk in 2 supervised sessions of progressive mixed (aerobic and resistance) training. Subjects from both groups received a structured individualized counseling aimed at achieving the currently recommended amount of PA. Prespecified secondary outcomes included health-related QoL, as assessed by the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) health survey,6 previously validated in subjects with type 2 diabetes.7 In addition to the 8 domains included in the instrument, physical and mental component summary measures were also computed and normalized to a mean (SD) population of 50 (10). Mean changes in SF-36 measures (end of study − baseline) were compared between groups by analysis of covariance, with score changes as dependent variables; study arm as factor; and baseline score, age, sex, and body mass index as covariates. Because even small between-group differences could reach statistical significance owing to the large number of patients evaluated, we also estimated effect size, which is the difference in score between groups divided by the pooled standard deviation of the score at baseline. The generally accepted benchmarks are 0.20 for a small effect size, 0.50 for a moderate effect size, and 0.80 for a large effect size. Results Among study completers, baseline and end-of-study SF-36 questionnaires were available and fully evaluable for 260 patients in the CON group (94.5%) and 278 patients in the EXE group (96.5%). Baseline patient characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. At baseline, SF-36 scores did not significantly differ between study groups, except for a significantly higher score in the energy/vitality domain in the EXE vs CON group (P = .03; Table). After 12 months of follow-up, QoL markedly improved in all the areas investigated except physical functioning in the EXE group, while all scores worsened in the CON group. This translated into marked between groups differences for all SF-36 scores, the relevance of which is further documented by effect sizes, approaching or exceeding the 0.80 value for physical health measures (0.90 for physical component summary) and largely exceeding the value of 0.50 for all mental health measures (0.61 for mental component summary) (Table). Comment Results of the IDES show for the first time to our knowledge that supervised mixed exercise training on top of counseling significantly improves both physical and mental QoL scores. This finding is consistent with previous reports in the general population showing an association between exercise and QoL.8 Moreover, it is consistent with a previous small-sized trial in 51 patients with type 2 diabetes2 and also with a large randomized controlled trial conducted in sedentary postmenopausal women with elevated systolic blood pressure.9 Toobert et al3 also reported a significant effect on QoL of a lifestyle intervention including a mixed self-directed PA program in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes; however, significance was driven solely by an improvement of a diabetes-specific measure of QoL, whereas the physical and mental health scores of the 12-item Medical Outcomes Study (MOS-12), a brief version of the SF-36, were unchanged. Finally, our data are only in part consistent with a recent study from Reid et al,4 who found that resistance exercise was better than aerobic or no exercise for improving physical health in subjects with type 2 diabetes status, whereas no exercise was superior to resistance and combined exercise for improving mental health status. The authors claimed insufficient statistical power and/or the effect of fatigue to explain the lack of improvement in the physical component summary measures with mixed training and attributed to a “reversion to the mean” phenomenon the improvement in the mental component summary measures in the control group, starting with a lower mean score at baseline than the exercise intervention groups. A possible limitation of this study, in addition to intrinsic limitation of the SF-36 survey, is the unblinded design, though blinding is not feasible in clinical trials using behavioral interventions. Strengths of this study are that it was multicenter, thus less dependent on local factors, and of larger size and longer duration than other exercise intervention trials in patients with type 2 diabetes, including those assessing QoL and well-being measures.2-4 In conclusion, this large trial shows that the health benefits induced by supervised mixed exercise training on top of counseling include a significant improvement of physical and mental health-related QoL measures. Thus, this intervention strategy may be effective for promoting permanent lifestyle changes in subjects with sedentary habits, such as patients with type 2 diabetes. Back to top Article Information Author Affiliations: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy (Dr Nicolucci); Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy (Dr Balducci); Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, and Diabetes Division (Drs Balducci and Pugliese) and Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry (Dr Cardelli), Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; and School of Science, University of Greenwich, London, England (Dr Zanuso). Correspondence: Dr Pugliese, Department of Clinical an Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy (giuseppe.pugliese@uniroma1.it). Author Contributions: Drs Nicolucci and Balducci contributed equally to this work. All authors had access to all the data in the study and take full responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Nicolucci, Balducci, Zanuso, and Pugliese. Acquisition of data: Nicolucci, Balducci, Cardelli, Zanuso, and Pugliese. Analysis and interpretation of data: Nicolucci, Balducci, Cardelli, Zanuso, and Pugliese. Drafting of the manuscript: Pugliese. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Nicolucci, Balducci, Cardelli, and Zanuso. Statistical analysis: Nicolucci. Obtained funding: Balducci. Administrative, technical, and material support: Balducci and Zanuso. Study supervision: Balducci and Pugliese. Financial Disclosure: None reported. Funding/Support: This work was supported by Lifescan SrL, Novo Nordisk Ltd, Bristol Myers Squibb Italy, Technogym SpA, and Cosmed SrL. Role of the Sponsors: The sponsors had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, and interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript. Trial Registration: isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN04252749 Additional Contributions: Stefano Cavallo, MD, Sara Fallucca, PhD, Alessandra Bazuro, MD, Paola Simonelli, MD, and Carla Iacobini, PhD, from the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “La Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy, participated in the acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript. References 1. Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, et al. Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial: The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(20):1794-180321059972PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 2. Ligtenberg PC, Godaert GL, Hillenaar EF, Hoekstra JB. Influence of a physical training program on psychological well-being in elderly type 2 diabetes patients: psychological well-being, physical training, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(12):2196-21979839122PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 3. Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE, Strycker LA, et al. Biologic and quality-of-life outcomes from the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(8):2288-229312882850PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 4. Reid RD, Tulloch HE, Sigal RJ, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise or both, on patient-reported health status and well-being in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised trial. Diabetologia. 2010;53(4):632-64020012857PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 5. Balducci S, Zanuso S, Massarini M, et al; Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) Group. The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES): design and methods for a prospective Italian multicentre trial of intensive lifestyle intervention in people with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18(9):585-59518061415PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 6. Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Nimrod, MA: Boston Press; 1993 7. Anderson RM, Fitzgerald JT, Wisdom K, Davis WK, Hiss RG. A comparison of global versus disease-specific quality-of-life measures in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(3):299-3059051376PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 8. Wolin KY, Glynn RJ, Colditz GA, Lee IM, Kawachi I. Long-term physical activity patterns and health-related quality of life in U.S. women. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(6):490-49917533064PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 9. Martin CK, Church TS, Thompson AM, Earnest CP, Blair SN. Exercise dose and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(3):269-27819204218PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref

Journal

Archives of Internal MedicineAmerican Medical Association

Published: Nov 28, 2011

Keywords: diabetes mellitus, type 2,exercise,quality of life

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