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L. Berkman, C. Berkman, S. Kasl, D. Freeman, L. Leo, A. Ostfeld, Joan Cornoni‐Huntley, J. Brody (1986)
Depressive symptoms in relation to physical health and functioning in the elderly.American journal of epidemiology, 124 3
R. Rahe, R. Rubin, E. Gunderson, R. Arthur (1971)
Psychologic Correlates of Serum Cholesterol in Man: A Longitudinal StudyPsychosomatic Medicine, 33
A. Appels, P. Mulder (1988)
Excess fatigue as a precursor of myocardial infarction.European heart journal, 9 7
S. Zyzanski, C. Jenkins, T. Ryan, A. Flessas, M. Everist (1976)
Psychological correlates of coronary angiographic findings.Archives of internal medicine, 136 11
V. Dole (1956)
A relation between non-esterified fatty acids in plasma and the metabolism of glucose.The Journal of clinical investigation, 35 2
Roberts RE Kaplan GA (1987)
Psychosocial predictors of depressionAm J Epidemiol., 125
M. Bruce, P. Leaf (1989)
Psychiatric disorders and 15-month mortality in a community sample of older adults.American journal of public health, 79 6
Fisher JD Kennedy GJ (1987)
Aging, stress, and cardiac deathMt Sinai J Med., 51
Dalack Gw, S. Roose (1990)
Perspectives on the relationship between cardiovascular disease and affective disorder.The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 51 Suppl
Kelman HR Kennedy GJ (1990)
The emergence of depressive symptoms in late life: the importance of declining health and increasing disabilityJ Commun Health., 15
R. Verrier, B. Lown (1984)
Behavioral stress and cardiac arrhythmias.Annual review of physiology, 46
The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) Cooperative Research Group (1991)
Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertensionJAMA., 265
R. Carney, K. Freedland, A. Jaffe (1990)
Insomnia and depression prior to myocardial infarction.Psychosomatic Medicine, 52
US Dept of Health and Human Services (1993)
Depression in Primary Care
R. Narkush, J. Schwab, P. Farris, P. Present, C. Holzer (1977)
Mortality and community mental health. The Alachua County, Florida, mortality study.Archives of general psychiatry, 34 12
Schwab JJ Markush RE (1977)
Mortality and community healthArch Gen Psychiatry., 34
A. Colantonio, S. Kasl, A. Ostfeld (1992)
Depressive symptoms and other psychosocial factors as predictors of stroke in the elderly.American journal of epidemiology, 136 7
G. Persson (1981)
Five‐year mortality in a 70‐year‐old urban population in relation to psychiatric diagnosis, personality, sexuality and early parental deathActa Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 64
G. Comstock, K. Helsing (1977)
Symptoms of depression in two communitiesPsychological Medicine, 6
K. Enzell (1984)
Mortality among persons with depressive symptoms and among responders and non‐responders in a health check‐upActa Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 69
The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) Cooperative Research Group (1988)
Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial on prevention of stroke in isolated systolic hypertensionJ Clin Epidemiol., 41
T. Hackett, N. Cassem, H. Wishnie (1968)
The coronary-care unit. An appraisal of its psychologic hazards.The New England journal of medicine, 279 25
Richard Fielding (1991)
Depression and acute myocardial infarction: a review and reinterpretation.Social science & medicine, 32 9
Radloff LS (1977)
The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general populationJ Appl Psychol Meas., 1
M. Gatz, M. Hurwicz (1990)
Are old people more depressed? Cross-sectional data on Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale factors.Psychology and aging, 5 2
D. Blazer, B. Burchett, C. Service, L. George (1991)
The association of age and depression among the elderly: an epidemiologic exploration.Journal of gerontology, 46 6
I. Pryce (1958)
Melancholia, glucose tolerance and body weight.The Journal of mental science, 104 435
J. Haft (1974)
Cardiovascular injury induced by sympathetic catecholamines.Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 17 1
A. Steptoe, D. Melville, A. Ross (1984)
Behavioral Response Demands, Cardiovascular Reactivity, and Essential HypertensionPsychosomatic Medicine, 46
J. Dimsdale (1977)
Emotional causes of sudden death.The American journal of psychiatry, 134 12
G. Kaplan, R. Roberts, T. Camacho, J. Coyne (1987)
Psychosocial predictors of depression. Prospective evidence from the human population laboratory studies.American journal of epidemiology, 125 2
R. Little, K. Frayn, P. Randall, H. Stoner, D. Yates, G. Laing, S. Kumar, J. Banks (1985)
Plasma catecholamines in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in cardiac arrest.The Quarterly journal of medicine, 54 214
A. Rush (1993)
Treatment of major depression
L. Radloff (1977)
The CES-D ScaleApplied Psychological Measurement, 1
S. Katz, A. Ford, R. Moskowitz, B. Jackson, M. Jaffe (1963)
STUDIES OF ILLNESS IN THE AGED. THE INDEX OF ADL: A STANDARDIZED MEASURE OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTION.JAMA, 185
A. Crisp, M. Queenan, M. D'Souza (1984)
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND THE EMOTIONAL CLIMATEThe Lancet, 323
J. Kalbfleisch, R. Prentice (1980)
The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data
I. Pryce (1958)
The relationship between glucose tolerance, body weight, and clinical state in melancholia.The Journal of mental science, 104 437
W. Applegate, S. Pressel, J. Wittes, J. Luhr, R. Shekelle, G. Camel, M. Greenlick, E. Hadley, L. Moye, H. Perry, E. Schron, Vicki Wegener (1994)
Impact of the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension on behavioral variables. Results from the systolic hypertension in the elderly program.Archives of internal medicine, 154 19
A. Appels (1990)
Mental Precursors of Myocardial InfarctionBritish Journal of Psychiatry, 156
L. Fredman, V. Schoenbach, B. Kaplan, D. Blazer, Sherman James, D. Kleinbaum, B. Yankaskas (1989)
The association between depressive symptoms and mortality among older participants in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area-Piedmont Health Survey.Journal of gerontology, 44 4
S. Murrell, S. Himmelfarb, K. Wright (1983)
Prevalence of depression and its correlates in older adults.American journal of epidemiology, 117 2
L. Doornen, Rian Blokland (1989)
The relation of type A behavior and vital exhaustion with physiological reactions to real life stress.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33
Golden R Gurland B (1981)
Alzheimer's Disease: A Report of Progress in Research
Rubin RT Rahe RH (1971)
Psychologic correlates of serum cholesterol in manPsychosom Med., 33
I. Pryce (1964)
The Relationship Between 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Excretion and Glucose Utilization in DepressionsBritish Journal of Psychiatry, 110
A. Appels, P. Mulder (1989)
Fatigue and heart disease. The association between 'vital exhaustion' and past, present and future coronary heart disease.Journal of psychosomatic research, 33 6
Cynthia Thomas, H. Kelman, G. Kennedy, C. Ahn, Chun-yong Yang (1992)
Depressive symptoms and mortality in elderly persons.Journal of gerontology, 47 2
Abstract Objective: To determine the relationship between increasing depressive symptoms and cardiovascular events or mortality. Design: Cohort analytic study of data from randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of antihypertensive therapy. Depressive symptoms were assessed semiannually with the Center for Epidemiological Studies— Depression (CES-D) scale during an average follow-up of 4.5 years. Setting: Ambulatory patients in 16 clinical centers of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. Patients: Generally healthy men and women aged 60 years or older randomized to active antihypertensive drug therapy or placebo who were 79% white and 53% women and had follow-up CES-D scores and no outcome events during the first 6 months (N=4367). Main Outcome Measures: All-cause mortality, fatal or nonfatal stroke, or myocardial infarction. Results: Baseline depressive symptoms were not related to subsequent events; however, an increase in depression was prognostic. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses with the CES-D scale as a time-dependent variable, controlling for multiple covariates, indicated a 25% increased risk of death per 5-unit increase in the CES-D score (relative risk [RR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 1.36). The RR for stroke or myocardial infarction was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.30). Increase in CES-D score was an independent predictor in both placebo and active drug groups, and it was strongest as a risk factor for stroke among women (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.34). Conclusions: Among elderly persons, a significant and substantial excess risk of death and stroke or myocardial infarction was associated with an increase in depressive symptoms over time, which may be a marker for subsequent major disease events and warrants the attention of physicians to such mood changes. 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Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Mar 11, 1996
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