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R. Whang, J. Aikawa (1977)
Magnesium deficiency and refractioriness to potassium repletion.Journal of chronic diseases, 30 2
Edmund Flink (2009)
Magnesium deficiency. Etiology and clinical spectrum.Acta medica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 647
K. Schilling, H. Börnig, G. Cumme, H. Hoppe (1980)
Effect of magnesium-dependent cell membrane alterations on the transport of K+ in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells.Acta biologica et medica Germanica, 39 2-3
Wester PO Dyckner T (1983)
Effects of magnesium on blood pressureBMJ., 286
P. Borchgrevink, M. Ryan (1988)
Effects of magnesium, ouabain and bumetanide on 86rubidium uptake in a human atrial cell lineBritish Journal of Pharmacology, 95
R. Whang, E. Flink, T. Dyckner, P. Wester, J. Aikawa, M. Ryan (1985)
Magnesium depletion as a cause of refractory potassium repletion.Archives of internal medicine, 145 9
H. Brady, M. Ryan, J. Horgan (1987)
Magnesium: the forgotten cation.Irish medical journal, 80 9
G. Quamme, J. Dirks (1986)
The physiology of renal magnesium handling.Renal physiology, 9 5
Skou JC (1957)
The influence of some cations in an adenosine triphosphatase from peripheral nervesBiochem Biophys Acta., 23
S. Massry (1977)
Pharmacology of magnesium.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 17
M. Ryan, H. Brady (1984)
The role of magnesium in the prevention and control of hypertension.Annals of clinical research, 16 Suppl 43
Ryan MP (1990)
Metal Ions in Biological Systems: Compendium on Magnesium and its Role in Biology, Nutrition and Physiology, 14
C. Vandenberg (1987)
Inward rectification of a potassium channel in cardiac ventricular cells depends on internal magnesium ions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84 8
J. Mordes, R. Swartz, R. Arky (1975)
Extreme hypermagnesemia as a cause of refractory hypotension.Annals of internal medicine, 83 5
Dyckner T (1980)
Serum magnesium in acute myocardial infarctionActa Med Scand., 207
T. Dyckner, P. Wester (1987)
Potassium/magnesium depletion in patients with cardiovascular disease.The American journal of medicine, 82 3A
Ryan MP (1987)
Diuretics and magnesium/potassium depletion: directions for treatmentAm J Med., 82
P. Wester, T. Dyckner (1987)
Magnesium and hypertension.Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 6 4
R. Reinhart, N. Desbiens (1985)
Hypomagnesemia in patients entering the ICUCritical Care Medicine, 13
M. Ryan, D. Hingerty (1969)
Effects of magnesium deficiency on restoration of potassium and sodium levels in potassium-depleted muscleIrish Journal of Medical Science (1968-1970), 2
Ryder KW Whang R
Difficult Diagnosis II
R. Reinhart (1988)
Magnesium metabolism. A review with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels.Archives of internal medicine, 148 11
L. Iseri, R. Fairshter, James Hardemann, M. Brodsky (1985)
Magnesium and potassium therapy in multifocal atrial tachycardia.American heart journal, 110 4
P. Wester, T. Dyckner (2009)
Diuretic treatment and magnesium losses.Acta medica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 647
M. Seelig, M. Seelig (1989)
Cardiovascular consequences of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis, prevalence and manifestations--magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletion.The American journal of cardiology, 63 14
L. Iseri, B. Allen, M. Brodsky (1989)
Magnesium therapy of cardiac arrhythmias in critical-care medicine.Magnesium, 8 5-6
Rude RK Wong ET (1983)
A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia in hospitalized patientsAm J Clin Pathol., 79
Skajaa K Dorup I (1988)
Reduced concentrations of potassium, magnesium and sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle during treatment with diureticsBMJ., 296
M. Rodríguez, D. Solanki, R. Whang (1989)
Refractory potassium repletion due to cisplatin-induced magnesium depletion.Archives of internal medicine, 149 11
R. Whang, H. Morosi, D. Rodgers, R. Reyes (1967)
The influence of sustained magnesium deficiency on muscle potassium repletion.The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 70 6
Rasmussen Hs (1989)
Clinical intervention studies on magnesium in myocardial infarction., 8
Seelig M (1989)
Cardiovascular consequence of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis prevalence and manifestations?magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletionAm J Med., 63
Skajaa K Dorup I
Third European Congress on Magnesium
R. Whang, D. Whang (1990)
Update: mechanisms by which magnesium modulates intracellular potassium.Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 9 1
J. Kalbfleisch, R. Lindeman, H. Ginn, W. Smith (1963)
EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION ON URINARY EXCRETION OF MAGNESIUM AND OTHER ELECTROLYTES IN ALCOHOLIC AND NORMAL SUBJECTS.The Journal of clinical investigation, 42
M. Ryan, M. Ryan, T. Counihan (2009)
The effect of diuretics on lymphocyte magnesium and potassium.Acta medica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 647
Shaw WA Estep HL (1969)
Hypocalcemia due to hypomagnesemia and reversible parathyroid unresponsivenessJ Clin Endocrinol., 29
Vandenberg CA (1987)
Internal rectification of a potassium channel in cardiac ventricular cells depends on internal magnesium ionsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 84
Counihan TB Casey B (1988)
The effects of anoxia and amelioration on 28Mg efflux in cultured cardiac cell lineIr J Med Sci., 157
JENS Skou (1957)
The influence of some cations on an adenosine triphosphatase from peripheral nerves.Biochimica et biophysica acta, 23 2
Wester PO Dyckner T (1981)
Effects of magnesium infusion in diuretic induced hyponatremiaLancet., 1
Ryder KW Whang R (1990)
lonicdisturbances in hospital practice: the case for magnesiumMagnesium Bull., 12
R. Whang, D. Whang, K. Ryder, T. Oei (1990)
Routine serum magnesium determination: a contemporary clinical imperative.Magnesium research, 3 4
Ryan MP Ryan MF (1983)
The effects of magnesium on the binding of H-digoxin to the membranes of intact human red blood cellsIr J Med Sci., 152
Oei TO Whang R (1984)
Predictors of clinical hypomagnesemiaArch Intern Med., 144
Michael Ryan (1987)
Diuretics and potassium/magnesium depletion. Directions for treatment.The American journal of medicine, 82 3A
B. Firth, C. Yancy (1990)
Survival in congestive heart failure: have we made a difference?The American journal of medicine, 88 1N
Reinhart RA (1988)
Magnesium metabolismArch Intern Med., 148
M. Shils (1969)
EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN MAGNESIUM DEPLETIONMedicine, 48
R. Baehler, R. Baehler, J. Work, J. Work, T. Kotchen, T. Kotchen, Greg McMorrow, Greg McMorrow, G. Guthrie, G. Guthrie (1980)
Studies on the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome.The American journal of medicine, 69 6
Chrysant S Whang R (1982)
Hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia in 1000-treated ambulatory hypertensive patientsJ Am Coll Nutr., 1
R. Whang, T. Oei, J. Aikawa, A. Watanabe, J. Vannatta, A. Fryer, M. Markanich (1984)
Predictors of clinical hypomagnesemia. Hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia.Archives of internal medicine, 144 9
S. Webb, D. Schade (1975)
Hypomagnesemia as a Cause Of Persistent HypokalemiaJAMA, 233
A. Alfrey, D. Terman, L. Brettschneider, K. Simpson, D. Ogden (1970)
Hypermagnesemia after renal homotransplantation.Annals of internal medicine, 73 3
T. Dyckner, P. Wester (1983)
Effect of magnesium on blood pressure.British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.), 286
H. Güllner, J. Gill, F. Bartter (1981)
Correction of hypokalemia by magnesium repletion in familial hypokalemic alkalosis with tubulopathy.The American journal of medicine, 71 4
E. Flink (1969)
THERAPY OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 162
J. Ferdinandus, J. Pederson, R. Whang (1981)
Hypermagnesemia as a cause of refractory hypotension, respiratory depression, and coma.Archives of internal medicine, 141 5
Edmund Rink (1986)
Magnesium Deficiency in Alcoholism.Canadian Medical Association journal, 71 5
Ryder KW Whang R (1990)
Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemiaJAMA., 263
E. Flink, J. Brick, S. Shane (1981)
Alterations of long-chain free fatty acid and magnesium concentrations in acute myocardial infarction.Archives of internal medicine, 141 4
M. Ryan (1990)
The renal handling of magnesiumMetal Ions in Biological Systems, 26
R. Whang (1987)
Routine serum magnesium determination--a continuing unrecognized need.Magnesium, 6 1
Aikawa JK Whang R (1980)
Magnesium in Health and Diseases
D. Tzivoni, A. Keren (1990)
Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by magnesium.The American journal of cardiology, 65 20
E. Wong, R. Rude, F. Singer, S. Shaw (1983)
A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients.American journal of clinical pathology, 79 3
R. Whang, T. Oei, A. Watanabe (1985)
Frequency of hypomagnesemia in hospitalized patients receiving digitalis.Archives of internal medicine, 145 4
Flink EB (1986)
Magnesium deficiency in alcoholismAlcoholism., 10
Ryan MP (1986)
Potassium in Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Arrhythmias, Myocardial Infarction and Hypertension, 2
R. Whang, K. Ryder (1990)
Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Requested vs routine.JAMA, 263 22
L. Iseri, J. Freed, A. Bures (1975)
Magnesium deficiency and cardiac disorders.The American journal of medicine, 58 6
R. Whang, L. Welt (1963)
Observations in experimental magnesium depletion.The Journal of clinical investigation, 42
L. Adolf (1964)
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES.Clinical pediatrics, 3
Flatman PW (1990)
Regulation of Potassium Transport Across Biological Membranes, 9
Robert Whang (1987)
Magnesium deficiency: pathogenesis, prevalence, and clinical implications.The American journal of medicine, 82 3A
Hiroyuki Matsuda (1988)
Open‐state substructure of inwardly rectifying potassium channels revealed by magnesium block in guinea‐pig heart cells.The Journal of Physiology, 397
I. Dørup, K. Skajaa, T. Clausen, K. Kjeldsen (1988)
Reduced concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle during treatment with diureticsBritish Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.), 296
M. Ryan, R. Whang, W. Yamalis (1973)
Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Potassium During Dietary Potassium RestrictionProceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 143
Devane J Ryan MP (1984)
Effects of diuretics on the renal handling of magnesiumDrugs., 28
Hallbert D Dyckner T (1982)
Magnesium deficiency following jejuno-ileal bypass operations for obesityJ Am Coll Nutr., 1
A. Abraham, U. Eylath, M. Weinstein, E. Czaczkes (1977)
Serum magnesium levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction.The New England journal of medicine, 296 15
Ronald Elin (1988)
Magnesium metabolism in health and disease.Disease-a-month : DM, 34 4
A. Abraham, D. Rosenmann, M. Kramer, J. Balkin, M. Zion, H. Farbstien, U. Eylath (1987)
Magnesium in the prevention of lethal arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.Archives of internal medicine, 147 4
G. Njinimbam, K Ryder, M Glick, S. Glick, R. Whang (1990)
Identification and treatment of hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia in patients receiving digoxin.Clinical chemistry, 36 3
T. Dyckner (2009)
Serum magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. Relation to arrhythmias.Acta medica Scandinavica, 207 1-2
J. Boyd, D. Bruns, M. Wills (1983)
Frequency of hypomagnesemia in hypokalemic states.Clinical chemistry, 29 1
Boman K Gustafson T (1990)
Effects of peroral magnesium on electrolytes and ventricular premature beats in patients with cardiac failure on diuretic treatmentMagnesium Bull., 12
Abstract Experimental and clinical observations support the view that uncorrected magnesium (Mg) deficiency impairs repletion of cellular potassium (K). This is consistent with the observed close association between K and Mg depletion. Concomitant Mg deficiency in K-depleted patients ranges from 38% to 42%. Refractory K repletion due to unrecognized concurrent Mg deficiency can be clinically perplexing. Refractory K repletion as a consequence of Mg deficiency may be operative in patients with congestive failure, digitalis toxicity, cisplatin therapy, and in patients receiving potent loop diuretics. Therefore, we recommend that: (1) serum Mg be routinely assessed in any patients in whom serum electrolytes are necessary for clinical management and (2) until serum Mg is routinely performed consideration should be given to treating hypokalemic patients with both Mg as well as K to avoid the problem of refractory K repletion due to coexisting Mg deficiency. (Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:40-45) References 1. Whang R, Whang DD. Update: mechanisms by which magnesium modulates intracellular potassium . J Am Coll Nutr. 1990;9:84-85Crossref 2. Whang R. Magnesium deficiency, pathogenesis, prevalence and clinical implications . Am J Med. 1987;82( (suppl 3A) ): 24-29.Crossref 3. Iseri LT, Allen BJ, Brodsky MA. Magnesium therapy of cardiac arrhythmias in critical-care medicine . Magnesium. 1989;8:299-306. 4. Tzivoni D, Keren A. Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by magnesium . Am J Cardiol. 1990;65:1397-1399.Crossref 5. Whang R, Oei TO, Watanabe A. Frequency of hypomagnesemia in hospitalized patients receiving digitalis . Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:655-656.Crossref 6. Brady H, Ryan MP, Horgan J. Magnesium: the forgotten cation . Ir Med J. 1987;80:250-253. 7. Ryan MP, Brady H. The role of magnesium in the prevention and control of hypertension . Ann Clin Res. 1984;16( (suppl 43) ):81-88. 8. Whang R, Oei TO, Aikawa JK, et al. Predictors of clinical hypomagnesemia . Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:1794-1796.Crossref 9. Elin RJ. Magnesium metabolism in health and disease . Dis Mon. 1988;166-218. 10. Reinhart RA. Magnesium metabolism . Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:2415-2420.Crossref 11. National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances . 10th ed. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press Inc; 1989:190-191. 12. Seelig M. Cardiovascular consequence of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis prevalence and manifestations—magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletion . Am J Med. 1989;63:46-216. 13. Ryan MP. The renal handling of magnesium . In: Siegel H, Seelig A, eds. Metal Ions in Biological Systems: Compendium on Magnesium and its Role in Biology, Nutrition and Physiology . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;14:249-269. 14. Quamme GA, Dirks JH. The physiology of renal magnesium handling . Renal Physiol. 1986;9:257-269. 15. Alfrey AC, Terman DS, Brettschneider L, Simpson KM, Ogden DA. Hypermagnesemia after renal homotransplantation . Ann Intern Med. 1970;73:367-371.Crossref 16. Mordes JP, Swartz R, Arky RA. Extreme hypermagnesemia as a cause of refractory hypotension . Ann Intern Med. 1975;83:657-658.Crossref 17. Ferdinandus J, Pederson JA, Whang R. Hypermagnesemia as a cause of refractory hypotension, respiratory depression and coma . Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:669-670.Crossref 18. Wester PO, Dyckner T. Diuretic treatment and magnesium losses . Acta Med Scand. 1981;647( (suppl) ):145-152. 19. Ryan MP, Devane J, Ryan MF, Counihan TB. Effects of diuretics on the renal handling of magnesium . Drugs. 1984;28( (suppl 1) ):167-181.Crossref 20. Dyckner T, Hallbert D, Hultman E, Wester PO. Magnesium deficiency following jejuno-ileal bypass operations for obesity . J Am Coll Nutr. 1982;1:239-246.Crossref 21. Whang R, Aikawa JK, Oei TO, Hamiter T. Routine serum magnesium determination—an unrecognized need . In: Cantin M, Seelig MS, eds. Magnesium in Health and Diseases . 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Serum magnesium levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med. 1977;296:862-863.Crossref 43. Dyckner T. Serum magnesium in acute myocardial infarction . Acta Med Scand. 1980;207:59-66.Crossref 44. Rasmussen HS. Clinical intervention studies on magnesium in myocardial infarction . Magnesium. 1989;8:316-325. 45. Flink EB, Brick JE, Shane SR. Alterations of long chain free fatty acid and magnesium concentrations in acute myocardial infarction . Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:441-443.Crossref 46. Abraham AS, Rosemann D, Kramer M, et al. Magnesium in the prevention of lethal arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction . Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:753-755.Crossref 47. Casey B, Counihan TB, Ryan MP. The effects of anoxia and amelioration on 28Mg efflux in cultured cardiac cell line . Ir J Med Sci. 1988;157:360-361. 48. Dyckner T, Wester PO. Effects of magnesium infusion in diuretic induced hyponatremia . Lancet. 1981;1:585-586.Crossref 49. Dorup I, Skajaa K, Clausen T, Kjeldsen K. Reduced concentrations of potassium, magnesium and sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle during treatment with diuretics . BMJ. 1988;296:455-458.Crossref 50. Dorup I, Skajaa K, Thybo NC. Is it possible to restore the reduced concentrations of Mg, K and Na, K-pumps in muscle seen during long term diuretic treatment by an oral supplement of Mg? Presented at the Third European Congress on Magnesium; March 15, 1990; Geneva, Switzerland. 51. Whang R, Welt LG. Observations in experimental magnesium depletion . J Clin Invest. 1963;42:305-313.Crossref 52. Estep HL, Shaw WA, Watlington C, Hofe R, Holland W, Tucker S. Hypocalcemia due to hypomagnesemia and reversible parathyroid unresponsiveness . J Clin Endocrinol. 1969;29:842-848.Crossref 53. Massry SG. Pharmacology of magnesium . Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1977;17:67-82.Crossref 54. Boyd JC, Bruns DE, Wills MR. Frequency of hypomagnesemia in hypokalemic states . 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Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1973;143:1045-1047.Crossref 66. Whang R, Morosi HJ, Rodgers D, Reyes R. The influence of sustained magnesium deficiency on muscle potassium repletion . J Lab Clin Med. 1967;70:895-902. 67. Ryan MP, Hingerty D. Effects of magnesium deficiency on restoration of potassium and sodium levels in potassium-depleted muscle . Ir J Med Sci. 1969;2:137-140.Crossref 68. Rodriques M, Solanki DL, Whang R. Refractory potassium repletion due to cisplatin-induced magnesium depletion . Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:2592-2594.Crossref 69. Shils ME. Experimental human magnesium depletion . Medicine. 1969;48:61-85.Crossref 70. Baehler RW, Work J, Kotchen TA. Studies in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome . Am J Med. 1980;69:933-938.Crossref 71. Gullner JG, Gill JR, Bartter FC. Correction of hypokalemia by magnesium repletion in familial hypokalemic alkalosis with tubulopathy . Am J Med. 1981;71:578-589.Crossref 72. Webb S, Schade DS. Hypomagnesemia as a cause of persistent hypokalemia . JAMA. 1975;233:23-24.Crossref 73. Whang R, Whang DD, Ryder KW, Oei TO. Routine serum magnesium determination: a contemporary clinical imperative . Magnesium Res. 1990;3:267-270. 74. Flink EB. Therapy of magnesium deficiency . Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1969;162:901-905.Crossref
Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Jan 1, 1992
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