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Regulation of the Hypophysiotropic Secretions of the Brain

Regulation of the Hypophysiotropic Secretions of the Brain Abstract Two elements govern the secretion of the anterior pituitary. One influence, from the hypothalamus is mediated by the hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones, which are elaborated in specialized neurones and reach the pituitary by way of the hypophysial-portal vessels. The other influence is the feedback control exerted by target gland hormones directly on the pituitary, and possibly on the hypothalamus as well. In the case of the pituitary-thyroid axis, thyroid hormone exerts a direct inhibitory effect on TSH secretion, interacting with the stimulatory effects of thryotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). In the rat, TRH excretion in the urine is reduced by thyroid deficiency, suggesting that the thyroid hormones may also be involved in regulating TRH secretion, but we cannot be certain that the effect is on hypothalamic TRH secretion, since TRH also is found in other parts of the brain. In the case of pituitary-gonad control, estrogens inhibit pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) in men, but sensitize the pituitary in women. In men, estrogens stimulate LRH release as inferred from changes in plasma bioassayable luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) activity, thus suggesting a positive feedback effect of estrogens on the hypothalamus. In women, LRF activity appears in the blood during midcycle, suggesting that midcycle LRH secretion, together with estrogen sensitization of the pituitary, are components of the mechanism underlying the midcycle ovulatory surge. References 1. Reichlin S: Medical progress in neuroendocrinology. N Engl J Med 269:1182-1191, 1246-1250, 1296-1303, 1963.Crossref 2. Reichlin S: Biosynthesis of hypophysiotropic hormones , in Ganong WF, Martini L (eds): in Neuroendocrinology . New York, Oxford University Press, Inc, 1973, pp 61-88. 3. Brown-Grant K, Harris GW, Reichlin S: The effect of pituitary stalk sections of thyroid function in the rabbit. J Physiol 136:364-379, 1957. 4. Greer MA: Role of hypothalamus in control of thyroid function. J Clin Endocrinol 12:1259-1268, 1952.Crossref 5. Knigge KM: Neural regulation of TSH secretion: Effect of diencephalic lesions and intracerebral injection of thyroxine and thyrotropin upon thyroid function in the cat , in Bajnsz E, Jasmin G: Major Problems in Neuroendocrinology , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1964. 6. Florsheim WH: The effect of anterior hypothalamic lesions on thyroid function and goiter development in the rat. Endocrinology 62:783-789, 1958.Crossref 7. Bogdanove EM, Halmi NS: Effect of hypothalamic lesions and subsequent propylthiouracil treatment on pituitary structure and function in the rat. Endocrinology 53:274-292, 1953.Crossref 8. Burgus R, Dunn TF, DeSiderio D, et al: Structure moleculaire du fact eur hypothalamique hypophysiogrope TRF d'origine ovine: Evidence par spectrometre de masse de la sequence PCA-His-Pro-NH2. C R Acad Sci 269:226-228, 1970. 9. Bowers CY, Schally AV, Enzmann F, et al: Porcine thyrotropin releasing factor is (pyro) glu-his-pro (NH2). Endocrinology 86:1143-1156, 1970.Crossref 10. Matsuo H, Baba R, Nair RMG, et al: Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone: The proposed amino acid sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 43:1334-1339, 1971.Crossref 11. Brazeau P, Vale W, Gurgus R, et al: Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179:77-79, 1973.Crossref 12. Reichlin S: Hypothalamic pituitary function , in Scow RO (ed): Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Endocrinology in Washington, DC, June 1972 . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973, pp. 1-16. 13. Reichlin S: Neuroendocrine-pituitary control , in Werner SC, Ingbar SH (eds): The Thyroid , ed 3. New York, Harper & Row, 1971, pp 95-109. 14. Reichlin S, Martin JB, Mitnick MA, et al: The hypothalamus in pituitary-thyroid regulation. Rec Progr Hormone Res 28:229-286,1972. 15. Martin JB, Reichlin S: Plasma thyrotropin (TSH) response to hypothalamic electrical stimulation and to injection of synthetic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Endocrinology 90:1079-1085, 1972.Crossref 16. Snyder PJ, Utiger RD: Inhibition of thyrotropin releasing hormone by small quantities of thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 51:2077-2084, 1972.Crossref 17. Bowers CY, Lee KL, Schally AV: Study on the interaction of the thyrotropin releasing factor and 1-triiodothyronine: Effects of puromycin and cyclohexamide. Endocrinology 82:75, 1968.Crossref 18. Chambers WF, Sobel RJ: Effect of thyroxine-agar tube applications to the rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 7:37-45, 1971.Crossref 19. Knigge KM, Joseph SA: Neural regulation of TSH secretion sites of feedback. Neuroendocrinology 8:273-285, 1971.Crossref 20. Martin JB, Reichlin S: Neural regulation of the pituitary , in Kenny AD, Anderson RR (eds): Proceedings of the Sixth Midwest Conference on the Thyroid and Endocrinology . New York, University of Columbia Press, 1970, pp 1-20. 21. Reichlin S: Thyroid function, body temperature, regulation and growth in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology 66:340-354, 1960.Crossref 22. Mitnick M, Reichlin S: Biosynthesis of TRH by rat hypothalamic tissue, in vitro. Science 172:1241-1243, 1971.Crossref 23. Guillemin R: Biosynthesis of the hypothalamic tripeptide anide TRF , in Program of the First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience . Washington, DC, Society for Neuroscience, 1971, p 70. 24. Grimm Y, Reichlin S: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Neurotransmitter regulation of secretion by mouse hypothalamic tissue in vitro. Endocrinology 93:626-631, 1973.Crossref 25. McKelvy JF: Biochemical neuroendocrinology: I. Biosynthesis of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) by organ cultures of mammalian hypothalamus. Brain Res 65:489-502, 1974.Crossref 26. Greengard P: Molecular studies on the nature of the dopamine receptor in the caudate nucleus of the mammalian brain , in Seeman P, Brown GM (eds): Frontiers in Neurology and Neuroscience Research, 1974 . Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1974, pp 12-15. 27. Jackson IMD, Reichlin S: TRH radioimmunoassay: Measurements in normal and altered states of thyroid function in the rat, abstracted , in the Program of the 49th Meeting of the American Thyroid Association , Seattle, American Thyroid Association, 1973, p T4. 28. Bassiri RM, Utiger RD: The preparation and specificity of antibody to thyrotropin releasing hormone. Endocrinology 90:722-727, 1972.Crossref 29. Montoya E, Seibel MJ, Wilber J: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretory physiology: Studies by radioimmunoassay and affinity chromatography. Endocrinology 96:1413-1418, 1975.Crossref 30. Oliver C, Eskay RL, Mical RS, et al: Radioimmunoassay for TRH and its determination in hypophysial portal and peripheral plasma of rats, abstracted in the Program of the 49th Meeting of the American Thyroid Association. Seattle, American Thyroid Association, 1973, p T4. 31. Jackson IMD, Papapetrou P, Reichlin S: The effect of thyroid status on the metabolism and renal clearance of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the rat. Endocrinology , to be published. 32. Shibusawa KS, Saite K, Nishi K, et al: The hypothalamic control of the thyrotropin-thyroidal function. Endocrinol Jap 3:116-124, 1956.Crossref 33. Shibusawa K, Yamamoto T, Nishi K, et al: Urinary excretion of TRF in various functional states of the thyroid. Endocrinol Jap 6:131-136, 1959.Crossref 34. Shibusawa K, Yamamoto T, Nishi K, et al: TRF concentrations in various tissues following anterior hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinol Jap 6:149-152, 1959.Crossref 35. Saffran M, Schally AV, Benfey BG: Stimulation of release of corticotrophin from the adenohypophysis by a neuropophysial factor. Endocrinology 57:439-444, 1955.Crossref 36. Reichlin S, Boshans RL, Brown JG: A critical evaluation of the "TRF" of Shibusawa. Endocrinology 72:334-336, 1963.Crossref 37. Bassiri RM, Utiger RD: Metabolism and excretion of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone in humans. J Clin Invest 52:1616-1619, 1973.Crossref 38. Jackson IMD, Gagel R, Papapetrou P, et al: Pituitary hypothalamic and urinary thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) concentration in altered thyroid states of rat and man, abstracted. Clin Res 23:342a, 1974. 39. Oliver C, Charvet JP, Codaccioni JL, et al: Radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in human plasma and urine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:406-409, 1974.Crossref 40. Galton VA: Environmental effects , in Werner SC, Ingbar SH (eds): The Thyroid . New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1971, pp 153-158. 41. Nejad I, Bollinger J, Mitnick M, et al: Importance of T3 (triiodothyronine) secretion in altered states of thyroid function in the rat: Cold exposure, subtotal thyroidectomy and hypophysectomy. Assoc Am Physicians 85:295-308, 1972. 42. Montoya E, Wilber JF: Studies of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) physiology by radioimmunoassay: Effects of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) , in the Program of the 56th Meeting of the Endocrine Society . Atlanta, Endocrine Society, 1974, p A-65. 43. Jackson IMD, Reichlin S: The effect of thyroid status on the urinary excretion or thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the rat. Endocrinology , to be published. 44. Jackson IMD, Reichlin S: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Distribution in the brain, blood and urine of the rat. Life Sci 14:2259-2266, 1974.Crossref 45. Jackson IMD, Reichlin S: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Distribution in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain tissues of mammalian and submammalian chordates. Endocrinology 95:854-862, 1974.Crossref 46. Winokur A, Utiger RD: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Regional distribution in rat brain. Science 185:265-266, 1974.Crossref 47. Brownstein MJ, Palkovits M, Saavedra JM, et al: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in specific nuclei of rat brain: Regional distribution in rat brain. Science 185:267-269.Crossref 48. Oliver C, Eskay RL, Ben-Jonathan N, et al: Distribution and concentration of TRH in the rat brain. Endocrinology 96:540-546, 1974.Crossref 49. Plotnikoff NP, Prange AJ Jr, Breese GR, et al: Thyrotropin releasing hormone: Enhancement of dopa activity by a hypothalamic hormone. Science 178:417-419, 1972.Crossref 50. Coppen A, Montgomery S, Peet M, et al: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the treatment of depression. Lancet 2:433-435, 1974.Crossref 51. Ehrensing RH, Kastin AJ, Schalch DS, et al: Further investigation of the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of TRH in mental depression. Am J Psychiatry 131:714, 1974. 52. Mountjoy CQ, Weller M, Hall R, et al: A double-blind crossover sequential trial of oral thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depression. Lancet 1:958-960, 1974.Crossref 53. Malacara JM, Seyler LE Jr, Reichlin S: Luteinizing hormone releasing factor activity in peripheral blood from women during the midcycle luteinizing hormone ovulatory surge. J Clin Endocrinol 34:271-278, 1972.Crossref 54. Reichlin S, Jackson IMD, Seyler LE Jr, et al: Regulation of the secretion of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) , in Seeman P, Brown GM (eds): Frontiers in Neurology and Neuroscience Research, 1974 . Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1974. 55. Ross GT, VandeWiele RL: The ovaries , in Williams RH (ed): Textbook of Endocrinology , ed 5. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1974, pp 368-422. 56. Brown-Grant KJ: The induction of ovulation by ovarian steroids in the adult rat. J Endocrinol 43:553-562, 1969.Crossref 57. Yen SSC, Tsai CC: The biphasic pattern in the feedback action of ethinyl estradiol on the release of pituitary FSH and LH. J Clin Endocrinol 33:882-887, 1971.Crossref 58. Ferin M, Tempone A, Zimmering PE, et al: Effect of antibodies to 17B estradiol and progesterone on the estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology 85:1070-1078, 1969.Crossref 59. Seyler LE Jr, Reichlin S: Episodic secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in the human. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:471-478, 1974.Crossref 60. Carmel PC, Araki S, Ferin M: Prolonged stalk portal blood collection in rhesus monkeys: Pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH). Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society , New York Endocrine Society, 1975, p A-104. 61. Clemens LE, Kelch RP, Mardovs ME: Factor influencing the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), abstracted. Program of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society . Atlanta, Endocrine Society, 1974, p A-225. 62. Jonas HA, Burger HG, Cumming IA, et al: Radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH): Its application to the measurement of LHRH in ovine and human plasma. Endocrinology 96:384-393, 1975.Crossref 63. Jeffcoate SL, Greenwood RH, Holland T: Blood and urine clearance of luteinizing hormone releasing in man measured by radioimmunoassay. J Endocrinol 60:305-314, 1974.Crossref 64. Keye SR Jr, Jaffe RB: Modulation of pituitary gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone by estradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:805-810, 1974.Crossref 65. Arimura A, Kastin AJ, Schally AV: Immunoreactive LH-releasing hormone in plasma: Midcycle elevation in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:510-513, 1974.Crossref 66. Karsch FJ, Weick RF, Hotchkiss J, et al: An analysis of the negative feedback control of gonadotropin secretion utilizing chronic implantation of ovarian steroids in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 93:478-486,1973.Crossref 67. Yen SS, Vandenberg C, Rebar G, et al: Variations of pituitary responsiveness to synthetic LRF during different phases of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol 35:931-934, 1972.Crossref 68. Seyler LE Jr, Canalis E, Reichlin S: Effect of stilbestrol on LH secretory response of LHR in men and women, abstracted. Program of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society . Atlanta, Endocrine Society, 1974, p A-82. 69. Aiyer MS, Fink G, Grieg F: Changes in the sensitivity of pituitary gland to luteinizing hormone releasing factor during the oestrus cycle of the rat. J Endocrinol 60:47-64, 1974.Crossref 70. Gordon JH, Reichlin S: Changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor during the rat estrous cycle. Endocrinology 94:974-978, 1974.Crossref 71. Aiyer MS, Chiappa SA, Fink G, et al: A priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing factor on the anterior pituitary gland in the female rat. J Physiol 234:81-82, 1973. 72. Wang C-F, Lasley BL, Yen SC: The mechanism for the development of the preovulatory gonadotropin (GTN) surge, abstracted. Program of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society . New York, Endocrine Society 1975, p A-99. 73. Seyler LE Jr, Reichlin S: Feedback regulation of circulating LRF concentration in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:906-912, 1974.Crossref 74. Gay VL: The hypothalamus: Physiology and clinical use of releasing factors. Fertil Steril 23:50-63, 1972. 75. Reichlin S, Martin JB, Boshans R, et al: Measurement of TSH in plasma and pituitary of the rat by radioimmunoassay utilizing bovine TSH: Effect of thyroidectomy or thyroxine administration on plasma TSH levels. Endocrinology 87:1022-1031, 1970.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Internal Medicine American Medical Association

Regulation of the Hypophysiotropic Secretions of the Brain

Reichlin, Seymour
Archives of Internal Medicine , Volume 135 (10) – Oct 1, 1975
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References (78)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1975 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9926
eISSN
1538-3679
DOI
10.1001/archinte.1975.00330100076012
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Abstract

Abstract Two elements govern the secretion of the anterior pituitary. One influence, from the hypothalamus is mediated by the hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones, which are elaborated in specialized neurones and reach the pituitary by way of the hypophysial-portal vessels. The other influence is the feedback control exerted by target gland hormones directly on the pituitary, and possibly on the hypothalamus as well. In the case of the pituitary-thyroid axis, thyroid hormone exerts a direct inhibitory effect on TSH secretion, interacting with the stimulatory effects of thryotrophin releasing hormone (TRH). In the rat, TRH excretion in the urine is reduced by thyroid deficiency, suggesting that the thyroid hormones may also be involved in regulating TRH secretion, but we cannot be certain that the effect is on hypothalamic TRH secretion, since TRH also is found in other parts of the brain. In the case of pituitary-gonad control, estrogens inhibit pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) in men, but sensitize the pituitary in women. In men, estrogens stimulate LRH release as inferred from changes in plasma bioassayable luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) activity, thus suggesting a positive feedback effect of estrogens on the hypothalamus. In women, LRF activity appears in the blood during midcycle, suggesting that midcycle LRH secretion, together with estrogen sensitization of the pituitary, are components of the mechanism underlying the midcycle ovulatory surge. References 1. Reichlin S: Medical progress in neuroendocrinology. N Engl J Med 269:1182-1191, 1246-1250, 1296-1303, 1963.Crossref 2. Reichlin S: Biosynthesis of hypophysiotropic hormones , in Ganong WF, Martini L (eds): in Neuroendocrinology . New York, Oxford University Press, Inc, 1973, pp 61-88. 3. Brown-Grant K, Harris GW, Reichlin S: The effect of pituitary stalk sections of thyroid function in the rabbit. J Physiol 136:364-379, 1957. 4. Greer MA: Role of hypothalamus in control of thyroid function. J Clin Endocrinol 12:1259-1268, 1952.Crossref 5. Knigge KM: Neural regulation of TSH secretion: Effect of diencephalic lesions and intracerebral injection of thyroxine and thyrotropin upon thyroid function in the cat , in Bajnsz E, Jasmin G: Major Problems in Neuroendocrinology , Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1964. 6. Florsheim WH: The effect of anterior hypothalamic lesions on thyroid function and goiter development in the rat. Endocrinology 62:783-789, 1958.Crossref 7. Bogdanove EM, Halmi NS: Effect of hypothalamic lesions and subsequent propylthiouracil treatment on pituitary structure and function in the rat. Endocrinology 53:274-292, 1953.Crossref 8. Burgus R, Dunn TF, DeSiderio D, et al: Structure moleculaire du fact eur hypothalamique hypophysiogrope TRF d'origine ovine: Evidence par spectrometre de masse de la sequence PCA-His-Pro-NH2. C R Acad Sci 269:226-228, 1970. 9. Bowers CY, Schally AV, Enzmann F, et al: Porcine thyrotropin releasing factor is (pyro) glu-his-pro (NH2). Endocrinology 86:1143-1156, 1970.Crossref 10. Matsuo H, Baba R, Nair RMG, et al: Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone: The proposed amino acid sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 43:1334-1339, 1971.Crossref 11. Brazeau P, Vale W, Gurgus R, et al: Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179:77-79, 1973.Crossref 12. Reichlin S: Hypothalamic pituitary function , in Scow RO (ed): Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Endocrinology in Washington, DC, June 1972 . Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1973, pp. 1-16. 13. Reichlin S: Neuroendocrine-pituitary control , in Werner SC, Ingbar SH (eds): The Thyroid , ed 3. New York, Harper & Row, 1971, pp 95-109. 14. Reichlin S, Martin JB, Mitnick MA, et al: The hypothalamus in pituitary-thyroid regulation. Rec Progr Hormone Res 28:229-286,1972. 15. Martin JB, Reichlin S: Plasma thyrotropin (TSH) response to hypothalamic electrical stimulation and to injection of synthetic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Endocrinology 90:1079-1085, 1972.Crossref 16. Snyder PJ, Utiger RD: Inhibition of thyrotropin releasing hormone by small quantities of thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 51:2077-2084, 1972.Crossref 17. Bowers CY, Lee KL, Schally AV: Study on the interaction of the thyrotropin releasing factor and 1-triiodothyronine: Effects of puromycin and cyclohexamide. Endocrinology 82:75, 1968.Crossref 18. Chambers WF, Sobel RJ: Effect of thyroxine-agar tube applications to the rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 7:37-45, 1971.Crossref 19. Knigge KM, Joseph SA: Neural regulation of TSH secretion sites of feedback. Neuroendocrinology 8:273-285, 1971.Crossref 20. Martin JB, Reichlin S: Neural regulation of the pituitary , in Kenny AD, Anderson RR (eds): Proceedings of the Sixth Midwest Conference on the Thyroid and Endocrinology . New York, University of Columbia Press, 1970, pp 1-20. 21. Reichlin S: Thyroid function, body temperature, regulation and growth in rats with hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology 66:340-354, 1960.Crossref 22. Mitnick M, Reichlin S: Biosynthesis of TRH by rat hypothalamic tissue, in vitro. Science 172:1241-1243, 1971.Crossref 23. Guillemin R: Biosynthesis of the hypothalamic tripeptide anide TRF , in Program of the First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience . Washington, DC, Society for Neuroscience, 1971, p 70. 24. Grimm Y, Reichlin S: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Neurotransmitter regulation of secretion by mouse hypothalamic tissue in vitro. Endocrinology 93:626-631, 1973.Crossref 25. McKelvy JF: Biochemical neuroendocrinology: I. Biosynthesis of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) by organ cultures of mammalian hypothalamus. Brain Res 65:489-502, 1974.Crossref 26. Greengard P: Molecular studies on the nature of the dopamine receptor in the caudate nucleus of the mammalian brain , in Seeman P, Brown GM (eds): Frontiers in Neurology and Neuroscience Research, 1974 . Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1974, pp 12-15. 27. Jackson IMD, Reichlin S: TRH radioimmunoassay: Measurements in normal and altered states of thyroid function in the rat, abstracted , in the Program of the 49th Meeting of the American Thyroid Association , Seattle, American Thyroid Association, 1973, p T4. 28. Bassiri RM, Utiger RD: The preparation and specificity of antibody to thyrotropin releasing hormone. Endocrinology 90:722-727, 1972.Crossref 29. Montoya E, Seibel MJ, Wilber J: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretory physiology: Studies by radioimmunoassay and affinity chromatography. Endocrinology 96:1413-1418, 1975.Crossref 30. Oliver C, Eskay RL, Mical RS, et al: Radioimmunoassay for TRH and its determination in hypophysial portal and peripheral plasma of rats, abstracted in the Program of the 49th Meeting of the American Thyroid Association. Seattle, American Thyroid Association, 1973, p T4. 31. Jackson IMD, Papapetrou P, Reichlin S: The effect of thyroid status on the metabolism and renal clearance of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the rat. Endocrinology , to be published. 32. Shibusawa KS, Saite K, Nishi K, et al: The hypothalamic control of the thyrotropin-thyroidal function. Endocrinol Jap 3:116-124, 1956.Crossref 33. Shibusawa K, Yamamoto T, Nishi K, et al: Urinary excretion of TRF in various functional states of the thyroid. Endocrinol Jap 6:131-136, 1959.Crossref 34. Shibusawa K, Yamamoto T, Nishi K, et al: TRF concentrations in various tissues following anterior hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinol Jap 6:149-152, 1959.Crossref 35. Saffran M, Schally AV, Benfey BG: Stimulation of release of corticotrophin from the adenohypophysis by a neuropophysial factor. Endocrinology 57:439-444, 1955.Crossref 36. Reichlin S, Boshans RL, Brown JG: A critical evaluation of the "TRF" of Shibusawa. Endocrinology 72:334-336, 1963.Crossref 37. Bassiri RM, Utiger RD: Metabolism and excretion of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone in humans. J Clin Invest 52:1616-1619, 1973.Crossref 38. Jackson IMD, Gagel R, Papapetrou P, et al: Pituitary hypothalamic and urinary thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) concentration in altered thyroid states of rat and man, abstracted. Clin Res 23:342a, 1974. 39. Oliver C, Charvet JP, Codaccioni JL, et al: Radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in human plasma and urine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:406-409, 1974.Crossref 40. Galton VA: Environmental effects , in Werner SC, Ingbar SH (eds): The Thyroid . New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1971, pp 153-158. 41. Nejad I, Bollinger J, Mitnick M, et al: Importance of T3 (triiodothyronine) secretion in altered states of thyroid function in the rat: Cold exposure, subtotal thyroidectomy and hypophysectomy. Assoc Am Physicians 85:295-308, 1972. 42. Montoya E, Wilber JF: Studies of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) physiology by radioimmunoassay: Effects of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) , in the Program of the 56th Meeting of the Endocrine Society . Atlanta, Endocrine Society, 1974, p A-65. 43. Jackson IMD, Reichlin S: The effect of thyroid status on the urinary excretion or thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the rat. Endocrinology , to be published. 44. Jackson IMD, Reichlin S: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Distribution in the brain, blood and urine of the rat. Life Sci 14:2259-2266, 1974.Crossref 45. Jackson IMD, Reichlin S: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Distribution in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain tissues of mammalian and submammalian chordates. Endocrinology 95:854-862, 1974.Crossref 46. Winokur A, Utiger RD: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Regional distribution in rat brain. Science 185:265-266, 1974.Crossref 47. Brownstein MJ, Palkovits M, Saavedra JM, et al: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in specific nuclei of rat brain: Regional distribution in rat brain. Science 185:267-269.Crossref 48. Oliver C, Eskay RL, Ben-Jonathan N, et al: Distribution and concentration of TRH in the rat brain. Endocrinology 96:540-546, 1974.Crossref 49. Plotnikoff NP, Prange AJ Jr, Breese GR, et al: Thyrotropin releasing hormone: Enhancement of dopa activity by a hypothalamic hormone. Science 178:417-419, 1972.Crossref 50. Coppen A, Montgomery S, Peet M, et al: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the treatment of depression. Lancet 2:433-435, 1974.Crossref 51. Ehrensing RH, Kastin AJ, Schalch DS, et al: Further investigation of the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of TRH in mental depression. Am J Psychiatry 131:714, 1974. 52. Mountjoy CQ, Weller M, Hall R, et al: A double-blind crossover sequential trial of oral thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depression. Lancet 1:958-960, 1974.Crossref 53. Malacara JM, Seyler LE Jr, Reichlin S: Luteinizing hormone releasing factor activity in peripheral blood from women during the midcycle luteinizing hormone ovulatory surge. J Clin Endocrinol 34:271-278, 1972.Crossref 54. Reichlin S, Jackson IMD, Seyler LE Jr, et al: Regulation of the secretion of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LRH) , in Seeman P, Brown GM (eds): Frontiers in Neurology and Neuroscience Research, 1974 . Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1974. 55. Ross GT, VandeWiele RL: The ovaries , in Williams RH (ed): Textbook of Endocrinology , ed 5. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1974, pp 368-422. 56. Brown-Grant KJ: The induction of ovulation by ovarian steroids in the adult rat. J Endocrinol 43:553-562, 1969.Crossref 57. Yen SSC, Tsai CC: The biphasic pattern in the feedback action of ethinyl estradiol on the release of pituitary FSH and LH. J Clin Endocrinol 33:882-887, 1971.Crossref 58. Ferin M, Tempone A, Zimmering PE, et al: Effect of antibodies to 17B estradiol and progesterone on the estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology 85:1070-1078, 1969.Crossref 59. Seyler LE Jr, Reichlin S: Episodic secretion of luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in the human. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:471-478, 1974.Crossref 60. Carmel PC, Araki S, Ferin M: Prolonged stalk portal blood collection in rhesus monkeys: Pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH). Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society , New York Endocrine Society, 1975, p A-104. 61. Clemens LE, Kelch RP, Mardovs ME: Factor influencing the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), abstracted. Program of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society . Atlanta, Endocrine Society, 1974, p A-225. 62. Jonas HA, Burger HG, Cumming IA, et al: Radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH): Its application to the measurement of LHRH in ovine and human plasma. Endocrinology 96:384-393, 1975.Crossref 63. Jeffcoate SL, Greenwood RH, Holland T: Blood and urine clearance of luteinizing hormone releasing in man measured by radioimmunoassay. J Endocrinol 60:305-314, 1974.Crossref 64. Keye SR Jr, Jaffe RB: Modulation of pituitary gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone by estradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:805-810, 1974.Crossref 65. Arimura A, Kastin AJ, Schally AV: Immunoreactive LH-releasing hormone in plasma: Midcycle elevation in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:510-513, 1974.Crossref 66. 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Journal

Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association

Published: Oct 1, 1975

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