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Mechanism of Action of Interferon

Mechanism of Action of Interferon Abstract Only small amounts of added interferon bind to the cell surface as a necessary prelude to the development of antiviral activity. Experiments described later have shown that while this step is necessary, it is not sufficient for the development of antiviral activity which still may be blocked by an inhibitor of cellular RNA synthesis, dactinomycin, even after binding. Chick cells incubated with interferon at 1 C for several hours only developed antiviral activity after a subsequent incubation at 37 C following removal of interferon by repeated washings. Therefore a period of incubation at 37 C is required for development of antiviral activity, but it was possible that some interaction between interferon and the cell had occurred in the cold.1-3 In order to investigate this possibility, interferon was incubated at 1C with cells which were then washed many times and incubated at 37 C. The cells were found to develop References 1. Lindenmann J, Burke DC, Isaacs A: Studies on the production, mode of action and properties of interferon. Brit J Exp Path 38:551-562, 1957. 2. Vilcek J, Rada B; Studies on an interferon from tick-borne encephalitis virus infected cells. Acta Virol 6:9-16, 1962. 3. Levine S: Persistence of active interferon in cells washed after treatment with interferon. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 121:1041-1045, 1966.Crossref 4. Friedman RM: Interferon binding: The first step in establishment of antiviral activity. Science 156:1760-1761, 1967.Crossref 5. Goldsby RA: The implications of the temperature-independent binding and the temperaturedependent action of interferon. Experientia 23: 1073-1074, 1967.Crossref 6. Sellers RF, Fitzpatrick M: An assay of interferon produced in rhesus monkey and calf kidney tissue cultures using bovine enterovirus M6 as challenge. Brit J Exp Path 43:674-683, 1962. 7. Wagner RR: Biological studies of interferon: I. Suppression of cellular infection with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Virology 13:323-337, 1961.Crossref 8. Burke DC, Buchan A: Interferon production in chick embryo cells: I. Production by ultraviolet-inactivated virus. Virology 26:28-35, 1965.Crossref 9. Merigan TC: Purified interferons: Physical properties and species specificity. Science 145: 811-813, 1964.Crossref 10. Buckler CE, Baron S, Levy HB: Interferon: Lack of detectable uptake by cells. Science 152: 180-182, 1966.Crossref 11. Tilles JG: Enhancement of interferon titers by poly-l-ornithine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 125: 996-999, 1967.Crossref 12. Franklin RM, Baltimore D: Pattern of macromolecular synthesis in normal and virus-infected mammalian cells. Sympos Quant Biol 27:175-198, 1962.Crossref 13. Isaacs A, Westwood MA: Duration of protective action of interferon against infection with West Nile virus. Nature 184:1232-1233, 1959.Crossref 14. Paucker K, Cantell K: Quantitative studies on viral interference in suspended L cells: V. Persistence of protection in growing cultures. Virology 21:22-29, 1963.Crossref 15. Friedman RM, Sonnabend JA: Inhibition of interferon action by p-fluorophenylalanine. Nature 203:366-367, 1964.Crossref 16. Baron S, Buckler CE, Levy HB, et al: Some factors affecting the interferon-induced antiviral state. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 125:1320-1326, 1967.Crossref 17. Ho M: Kinetic considerations of the inhibitory action of an interferon produced in chick cultures infected with Sindbis virus. Virology 17: 262-275, 1962.Crossref 18. Lockart RZ Jr, Sreevalsan T: The effect of interferon on the synthesis of viral nucleic acid in viruses, nucleic acids, and cancer , in 17th Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research at the University of Texas MD Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1963, pp 447-461. 19. Lockart RZ Jr, Horn B: Interaction of an interferon with L cells. J Bact 85:996-1002, 1963. 20. Fleischmann WR Jr, Simon EH: Response of single L cells to interferon. Bact Proc 69:169, 1969. 21. Gifford GE, Toy ST, Lindenmann J: Studies on vaccinia virus plaque formation and its inhibition by interferon: II. Dynamics of plaque formation by vaccinia virus in the presence of interferon. Virology 19:294-301, 1963.Crossref 22. Summers D: Biochemistry of animal virus replication. New Eng J Med 276:1016-1023; 1076-1081, 1967.Crossref 23. Wagner RR: Viral interference: Some considerations of basic mechanisms and their potential relationship to host resistance. Bact Rev 24:151-166, 1960. 24. Isaacs A: Viral interference. Symp NY Acad Med Sect Microbiol 10:182-188, 1960. 25. Ho M, Enders JF: An inhibitor of viral activity appearing in infected cell cultures. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 45:385-389, 1959.Crossref 26. Grossberg SE, Holland JJ: Interferon and viral ribonucleic acid: Effect on virus-susceptive and insusceptible cells. J Immun 88:708-714, 1962. 27. DeSomer P, Prinzie A, Denys P Jr, et al: Mechanism of action of interferon: I. Relationship with viral ribonucleic acid. Virology 16:63-70, 1962.Crossref 28. Lockart RZ Jr, Sreevalsan T, Horn B: Inhibition of viral RNA synthesis by interferon. Virology 18:493-494, 1962.Crossref 29. Taylor J: Studies on the mechanism of action of interferon: I. Interferon action and RNA synthesis in chick embryo fibroblasts infected with Semliki Forest virus. Virology 25:340-349, 1965.Crossref 30. Friedman RM, Sonnabend JA: Inhibition by interferon of production of double-stranded Semliki Forest virus ribonucleic acid. Nature 206:532, 1969.Crossref 31. Gordon I, Chenault SS, Stevenson D, et al: Effect of interferon on polymerization of singlestranded and double-stranded mengovirus ribonucleic acid. J Bact 91:1230-1238, 1966. 32. Mecs E, Sonnabend JA, Martin EM, et al: The effect of interferon on the synthesis of RNA in chick cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. J Gen Virol 1:25-40, 1967.Crossref 33. Sonnabend JA, Martin EM, Mecs E, et al: The effect of interferon on the synthesis and activity of an RNA polymerase isolated from chick cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. J Gen Virol 1:41-48, 1967.Crossref 34. Miner N, Ray WJ, Simon EH: Effect of interferon on the production and action of viral RNA polymerase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 24:264-268, 1966.Crossref 35. Friedman RM, Fantes KH, Levy HB, et al: Interferon action on parental Semliki Forest virus ribonucleic acid. J Virol 1:1168-1173, 1967. 36. Friedman RM: Structural and non-structural proteins of an arbovirus. J Virol 2:1076-1080, 1968. 37. Friedman RM: Inhibition of arbovirus protein synthesis by interferon. J Virol 2:1081-1085, 1968. 38. Levy HB, Carter WA: Molecular basis of interferon action. J Molec Biol 31:561-567, 1968.Crossref 39. Munyon W, Paoletti E, Grace JT Jr: RNA polymerase activity in purified infectious vaccinia virus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 58:2280-2288, 1967.Crossref 40. Kates JR, McAuslan BR: Pox-virus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 58:134-141, 1967.Crossref 41. Moss B: Inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis by the vaccinia virion. J Virol 2:1028-1037, 1968. 42. Joklik WK: The poxviruses. Bact Rev 30: 33-66, 1966. 43. Dales S: Effects of streptovitacin A on the initial events in the replication of vaccinia and reoviruses. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 54:462-468, 1965.Crossref 44. Shatkin AJ: The formation of vaccinia virus protein in the presence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine . Virology 20:292-301, 1963.Crossref 45. McAuslan BR: Control of induced thymidine kinase activity in the poxvirus-infected cell. Virology 20:162-168, 1963.Crossref 46. Friedman RM, Sonnabend JA, McDevitt H: Interferon inhibition of cytoplasmic DNA accumulation in vaccinia virus infection: A radioautographic study. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 119:551-553, 1965.Crossref 47. Levine S, Magee W, Hamilton RD, et al: Effect of interferon on early enzyme and viral DNA synthesis in vaccinia virus infections. Virology 32:33-40, 1967.Crossref 48. Ghosh SN, Gifford GE: Effect of interferon on the dynamics of H3-thymidine incorporation and thymidine kinase induction in chick fibroblast cultures infected with vaccinia virus. Virology 27:186-192, 1965.Crossref 49. Ohno S, Nozima T: Mode of action of interferon on the early stage of vaccinia virus multiplication in chick embryo fibroblasts. Acta Virol 10:310-314, 1966. 50. Barban S, Baron S: Differential inhibitory effects of interferon on deoxythymidine kinase induction of vaccinia-infected cell cultures. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 127:160-164, 1968.Crossref 51. Joklik WK, Merigan TC: Concerning the mechanism of action of interferon. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 56:558-565, 1966.Crossref 52. Magee WE, Levine S, Miller OV, et al: Inhibition by interferon of the uncoating of vaccinia virus. Virology 35:505-511, 1968.Crossref 53. Todaro GJ, Baron S: The role of interferon in the inhibition of SV40 transformation of mouse cell line 3T3. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 54:752-756, 1965.Crossref 54. Oxman MN, Black PH: Inhibition of SV40 T-antigen formation by interferon. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 55:1133-1140, 1966.Crossref 55. Oxman MN, Baron S, Black PH, et al: The effect of interferon on SV40 T-antigen production in SV-40-transformed cells. Virology 32:122-127, 1967.Crossref 56. Oxman MN, Rowe WP, Black PH: Studies on adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses: VI. Differential effect of interferon on SV40 and adenovirus T-antigen formation in cells infected with SV40 virus, adenoviruses, and adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 57:941-948, 1967.Crossref 57. Marcus PI, Salb JM: Molecular basis of interferon action: Inhibition of viral RNA translation. Virology 30:502-516, 1966.Crossref 58. Carter WA, Levy HB: Ribosomes: Effect of interferon on their interaction with rapidly labeled cellular and viral RNA's. Science 155:1257-1257, 1967.Crossref 59. Ruiz-Gomez J, Isaacs A: Optimal temperature for growth and sensitivity to interferon among different viruses. Virology 19:1-7, 1963.Crossref 60. Zelma J, Schramek S: The action of interferon under anaerobic conditions. Virology 16: 204-205, 1962.Crossref 61. Hallum JV, Youngner JS, Arnold NJ: Effect of pH on the protective action of interferon in L cells. J Virol 2:772-777, 1968. 62. Kato M, Okada A, Ota F: A factor capable of enhancing virus replication appearing in parainfluenza virus type 1 (HVJ)-infected allantoic fluid. Virology 26:630-637, 1965.Crossref 63. Chany C, Barilovsky C: Stimulons, interferon-antagonistic factors favoring the intracellular multiplication of viruses. C R Acad Sci 261:4282-4285, 1965. 64. Truden JL, Sigel MM, Dietrich LS: An interferon antagonist: Its effects on interferon action in mengo-infected Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Virology 33:95-103, 1967.Crossref 65. Ghendon YZ: On the ability of certain viruses to block the effect of interferon. Acta Virol 9: 186-187, 1965. 66. Fournier F, Rousset S, Chany C: Un facteur tissulaire antagoniste de l'action de l'interferon. C R Acad Sci 266:2306-2308, 1968. 67. Kato N, Eggers HJ: A factor capable of enhancing interferon synthesis. Virology 37:545-553, 1969.Crossref 68. Kilbourne ED, Smart KM, Pokorny BA: Inhibition by cortisone of the synthesis and action of interferon. Nature 190:650-651, 1961.Crossref 69. Reinicke V: The influence of steroid hormones and growth hormones on the effect of interferon in tissue culture. Acta Path Microbiol Scand 64:167-175, 1965. 70. DeMaeyer E, DeMaeyer J: Two-sided effect of steroids on interferon in tissue culture. Nature 197:724-725, 1963.Crossref 71. Vilcek J, Lowy DR: Interaction of interferon with chick embryo cells. Arch Ges Virusforsch 21: 253-264, 1967.Crossref 72. Shirman GA, Matveyeva VA, Agol VI: Influence of guanidine on the production and antiviral action of interferon and on the synthesis of cellular proteins. Acta Virol 11:285-292, 1967. 73. Mecs E: Inhibition of interferon action by adenine. Acta Virol 8:475, 1964. 74. Vilcek J, Ng, MH: Potentiation of the action of interferon by extracts of Escherichia coli. Virology 31:552-555, 1967.Crossref 75. Friedman RM, Pastan I: Interferon and cyclic-3'5'-adenosine monophosphate: Potentiation of antiviral activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 36:735-740, 1969.Crossref 76. Hermodsson S: Inhibition of interferon by an infection with parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3). Virology 20:333-343, 1963.Crossref 77. Taylor J: Inhibition of interferon action by actinomycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 14: 447-451, 1964.Crossref 78. Lockart RZ: The necessity for cellular RNA and protein synthesis for viral inhibition resulting from interferon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 15:513-518, 1964.Crossref 79. Levine S: Effect of actinomycin D and puromycin dihydrochloride on action of interferon. Virology 24:586-588, 1964.Crossref 80. Nichol FR, Tershak DR: Effect of 5-fluorouracil and 6 azauridine on interferon action. J Virol 1:450-451, 1967. 81. Field AK, Lampson GP, Tytell AA: Effect of metabolic inhibitors on interferon activity. Life Sci 6:1483-1491, 1967.Crossref 82. Friedman RM, Sonnabend JA: Inhibition of interferon action by puromycin. J Immun 95: 696-703, 1965. 83. Dianzani F, Buckler CE, Baron S: Kinetics of the development of factors responsible for interferon induced resistance. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 129:535-538, 1968.Crossref 84. Friedman RM, Pastan I: Mechanism of action of 2-mercapto-1 (β pyridethyl) benzimidazole: A reversible inhibitor of interferon activity. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 65:104-109, 1970.Crossref 85. Nakata Y, Bader JP: The uptake of nucleosides by cells in culture: II. Inhibition by 2-mercapto-1 (β pyridethyl) benzimidazole (MPB). Biochim Biophys Acta 190:250-256, 1969.Crossref 86. Nebert DW, Gelboin HV: The role of RNA and protein synthesis in microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in cell culture: The independence of transcription and translation. J Biol Chem 245:160-168, 1970. 87. Levy HB, Merigan TC: Interferon and uninfected cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 121:53-55, 1966.Crossref 88. Isaacs A: Metabolic effects of interferon on chick fibroblasts. Virology 10:144-146, 1960.Crossref 89. Lampson GP, Tytell AA, Nemes M, et al: Purification and characterization of chick embryo interferon. Proc Soc Expt Biol Med 112:468-478, 1963.Crossref 90. Baron S, Merigan TC, McKerlie ML: Effect of crude and purified interferons on the growth of uninfected cells in culture. Proc Soc Expt Biol Med 121:50-52, 1966.Crossref 91. Anderson SG: The production of antibody in the presence of interferon. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 43:345-350, 1965.Crossref 92. Farnham AE, Dubin DT: Effect of puromycin aminonucleoside on RNA synthesis in L cells. J Molec Biol 14:55-62, 1965.Crossref 93. Holland JJ: Effect of puromycin on RNA synthesis in mammalian cells. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 50:436-446, 1963.Crossref 94. Lengyel P, Söll D: Mechanism of protein biosynthesis. Bact Rev 33:264-301, 1969. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Internal Medicine American Medical Association

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Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1970 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9926
eISSN
1538-3679
DOI
10.1001/archinte.1970.00310070053004
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Abstract

Abstract Only small amounts of added interferon bind to the cell surface as a necessary prelude to the development of antiviral activity. Experiments described later have shown that while this step is necessary, it is not sufficient for the development of antiviral activity which still may be blocked by an inhibitor of cellular RNA synthesis, dactinomycin, even after binding. Chick cells incubated with interferon at 1 C for several hours only developed antiviral activity after a subsequent incubation at 37 C following removal of interferon by repeated washings. Therefore a period of incubation at 37 C is required for development of antiviral activity, but it was possible that some interaction between interferon and the cell had occurred in the cold.1-3 In order to investigate this possibility, interferon was incubated at 1C with cells which were then washed many times and incubated at 37 C. The cells were found to develop References 1. Lindenmann J, Burke DC, Isaacs A: Studies on the production, mode of action and properties of interferon. Brit J Exp Path 38:551-562, 1957. 2. Vilcek J, Rada B; Studies on an interferon from tick-borne encephalitis virus infected cells. Acta Virol 6:9-16, 1962. 3. Levine S: Persistence of active interferon in cells washed after treatment with interferon. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 121:1041-1045, 1966.Crossref 4. Friedman RM: Interferon binding: The first step in establishment of antiviral activity. Science 156:1760-1761, 1967.Crossref 5. Goldsby RA: The implications of the temperature-independent binding and the temperaturedependent action of interferon. Experientia 23: 1073-1074, 1967.Crossref 6. Sellers RF, Fitzpatrick M: An assay of interferon produced in rhesus monkey and calf kidney tissue cultures using bovine enterovirus M6 as challenge. Brit J Exp Path 43:674-683, 1962. 7. Wagner RR: Biological studies of interferon: I. Suppression of cellular infection with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Virology 13:323-337, 1961.Crossref 8. Burke DC, Buchan A: Interferon production in chick embryo cells: I. Production by ultraviolet-inactivated virus. Virology 26:28-35, 1965.Crossref 9. Merigan TC: Purified interferons: Physical properties and species specificity. Science 145: 811-813, 1964.Crossref 10. Buckler CE, Baron S, Levy HB: Interferon: Lack of detectable uptake by cells. Science 152: 180-182, 1966.Crossref 11. Tilles JG: Enhancement of interferon titers by poly-l-ornithine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 125: 996-999, 1967.Crossref 12. Franklin RM, Baltimore D: Pattern of macromolecular synthesis in normal and virus-infected mammalian cells. Sympos Quant Biol 27:175-198, 1962.Crossref 13. Isaacs A, Westwood MA: Duration of protective action of interferon against infection with West Nile virus. Nature 184:1232-1233, 1959.Crossref 14. Paucker K, Cantell K: Quantitative studies on viral interference in suspended L cells: V. Persistence of protection in growing cultures. Virology 21:22-29, 1963.Crossref 15. Friedman RM, Sonnabend JA: Inhibition of interferon action by p-fluorophenylalanine. Nature 203:366-367, 1964.Crossref 16. Baron S, Buckler CE, Levy HB, et al: Some factors affecting the interferon-induced antiviral state. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 125:1320-1326, 1967.Crossref 17. Ho M: Kinetic considerations of the inhibitory action of an interferon produced in chick cultures infected with Sindbis virus. Virology 17: 262-275, 1962.Crossref 18. Lockart RZ Jr, Sreevalsan T: The effect of interferon on the synthesis of viral nucleic acid in viruses, nucleic acids, and cancer , in 17th Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research at the University of Texas MD Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1963, pp 447-461. 19. Lockart RZ Jr, Horn B: Interaction of an interferon with L cells. J Bact 85:996-1002, 1963. 20. Fleischmann WR Jr, Simon EH: Response of single L cells to interferon. Bact Proc 69:169, 1969. 21. Gifford GE, Toy ST, Lindenmann J: Studies on vaccinia virus plaque formation and its inhibition by interferon: II. Dynamics of plaque formation by vaccinia virus in the presence of interferon. Virology 19:294-301, 1963.Crossref 22. Summers D: Biochemistry of animal virus replication. New Eng J Med 276:1016-1023; 1076-1081, 1967.Crossref 23. Wagner RR: Viral interference: Some considerations of basic mechanisms and their potential relationship to host resistance. Bact Rev 24:151-166, 1960. 24. Isaacs A: Viral interference. Symp NY Acad Med Sect Microbiol 10:182-188, 1960. 25. Ho M, Enders JF: An inhibitor of viral activity appearing in infected cell cultures. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 45:385-389, 1959.Crossref 26. Grossberg SE, Holland JJ: Interferon and viral ribonucleic acid: Effect on virus-susceptive and insusceptible cells. J Immun 88:708-714, 1962. 27. DeSomer P, Prinzie A, Denys P Jr, et al: Mechanism of action of interferon: I. Relationship with viral ribonucleic acid. Virology 16:63-70, 1962.Crossref 28. Lockart RZ Jr, Sreevalsan T, Horn B: Inhibition of viral RNA synthesis by interferon. Virology 18:493-494, 1962.Crossref 29. Taylor J: Studies on the mechanism of action of interferon: I. Interferon action and RNA synthesis in chick embryo fibroblasts infected with Semliki Forest virus. Virology 25:340-349, 1965.Crossref 30. Friedman RM, Sonnabend JA: Inhibition by interferon of production of double-stranded Semliki Forest virus ribonucleic acid. Nature 206:532, 1969.Crossref 31. Gordon I, Chenault SS, Stevenson D, et al: Effect of interferon on polymerization of singlestranded and double-stranded mengovirus ribonucleic acid. J Bact 91:1230-1238, 1966. 32. Mecs E, Sonnabend JA, Martin EM, et al: The effect of interferon on the synthesis of RNA in chick cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. J Gen Virol 1:25-40, 1967.Crossref 33. Sonnabend JA, Martin EM, Mecs E, et al: The effect of interferon on the synthesis and activity of an RNA polymerase isolated from chick cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. J Gen Virol 1:41-48, 1967.Crossref 34. Miner N, Ray WJ, Simon EH: Effect of interferon on the production and action of viral RNA polymerase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 24:264-268, 1966.Crossref 35. Friedman RM, Fantes KH, Levy HB, et al: Interferon action on parental Semliki Forest virus ribonucleic acid. J Virol 1:1168-1173, 1967. 36. Friedman RM: Structural and non-structural proteins of an arbovirus. J Virol 2:1076-1080, 1968. 37. Friedman RM: Inhibition of arbovirus protein synthesis by interferon. J Virol 2:1081-1085, 1968. 38. Levy HB, Carter WA: Molecular basis of interferon action. J Molec Biol 31:561-567, 1968.Crossref 39. Munyon W, Paoletti E, Grace JT Jr: RNA polymerase activity in purified infectious vaccinia virus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 58:2280-2288, 1967.Crossref 40. Kates JR, McAuslan BR: Pox-virus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 58:134-141, 1967.Crossref 41. Moss B: Inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis by the vaccinia virion. J Virol 2:1028-1037, 1968. 42. Joklik WK: The poxviruses. Bact Rev 30: 33-66, 1966. 43. Dales S: Effects of streptovitacin A on the initial events in the replication of vaccinia and reoviruses. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 54:462-468, 1965.Crossref 44. Shatkin AJ: The formation of vaccinia virus protein in the presence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine . Virology 20:292-301, 1963.Crossref 45. McAuslan BR: Control of induced thymidine kinase activity in the poxvirus-infected cell. Virology 20:162-168, 1963.Crossref 46. Friedman RM, Sonnabend JA, McDevitt H: Interferon inhibition of cytoplasmic DNA accumulation in vaccinia virus infection: A radioautographic study. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 119:551-553, 1965.Crossref 47. Levine S, Magee W, Hamilton RD, et al: Effect of interferon on early enzyme and viral DNA synthesis in vaccinia virus infections. Virology 32:33-40, 1967.Crossref 48. Ghosh SN, Gifford GE: Effect of interferon on the dynamics of H3-thymidine incorporation and thymidine kinase induction in chick fibroblast cultures infected with vaccinia virus. Virology 27:186-192, 1965.Crossref 49. Ohno S, Nozima T: Mode of action of interferon on the early stage of vaccinia virus multiplication in chick embryo fibroblasts. Acta Virol 10:310-314, 1966. 50. Barban S, Baron S: Differential inhibitory effects of interferon on deoxythymidine kinase induction of vaccinia-infected cell cultures. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 127:160-164, 1968.Crossref 51. Joklik WK, Merigan TC: Concerning the mechanism of action of interferon. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 56:558-565, 1966.Crossref 52. Magee WE, Levine S, Miller OV, et al: Inhibition by interferon of the uncoating of vaccinia virus. Virology 35:505-511, 1968.Crossref 53. Todaro GJ, Baron S: The role of interferon in the inhibition of SV40 transformation of mouse cell line 3T3. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 54:752-756, 1965.Crossref 54. Oxman MN, Black PH: Inhibition of SV40 T-antigen formation by interferon. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 55:1133-1140, 1966.Crossref 55. Oxman MN, Baron S, Black PH, et al: The effect of interferon on SV40 T-antigen production in SV-40-transformed cells. Virology 32:122-127, 1967.Crossref 56. Oxman MN, Rowe WP, Black PH: Studies on adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses: VI. Differential effect of interferon on SV40 and adenovirus T-antigen formation in cells infected with SV40 virus, adenoviruses, and adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 57:941-948, 1967.Crossref 57. Marcus PI, Salb JM: Molecular basis of interferon action: Inhibition of viral RNA translation. Virology 30:502-516, 1966.Crossref 58. Carter WA, Levy HB: Ribosomes: Effect of interferon on their interaction with rapidly labeled cellular and viral RNA's. Science 155:1257-1257, 1967.Crossref 59. Ruiz-Gomez J, Isaacs A: Optimal temperature for growth and sensitivity to interferon among different viruses. Virology 19:1-7, 1963.Crossref 60. Zelma J, Schramek S: The action of interferon under anaerobic conditions. Virology 16: 204-205, 1962.Crossref 61. Hallum JV, Youngner JS, Arnold NJ: Effect of pH on the protective action of interferon in L cells. J Virol 2:772-777, 1968. 62. Kato M, Okada A, Ota F: A factor capable of enhancing virus replication appearing in parainfluenza virus type 1 (HVJ)-infected allantoic fluid. Virology 26:630-637, 1965.Crossref 63. Chany C, Barilovsky C: Stimulons, interferon-antagonistic factors favoring the intracellular multiplication of viruses. C R Acad Sci 261:4282-4285, 1965. 64. Truden JL, Sigel MM, Dietrich LS: An interferon antagonist: Its effects on interferon action in mengo-infected Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Virology 33:95-103, 1967.Crossref 65. Ghendon YZ: On the ability of certain viruses to block the effect of interferon. Acta Virol 9: 186-187, 1965. 66. Fournier F, Rousset S, Chany C: Un facteur tissulaire antagoniste de l'action de l'interferon. C R Acad Sci 266:2306-2308, 1968. 67. Kato N, Eggers HJ: A factor capable of enhancing interferon synthesis. Virology 37:545-553, 1969.Crossref 68. Kilbourne ED, Smart KM, Pokorny BA: Inhibition by cortisone of the synthesis and action of interferon. Nature 190:650-651, 1961.Crossref 69. Reinicke V: The influence of steroid hormones and growth hormones on the effect of interferon in tissue culture. Acta Path Microbiol Scand 64:167-175, 1965. 70. DeMaeyer E, DeMaeyer J: Two-sided effect of steroids on interferon in tissue culture. Nature 197:724-725, 1963.Crossref 71. Vilcek J, Lowy DR: Interaction of interferon with chick embryo cells. Arch Ges Virusforsch 21: 253-264, 1967.Crossref 72. Shirman GA, Matveyeva VA, Agol VI: Influence of guanidine on the production and antiviral action of interferon and on the synthesis of cellular proteins. Acta Virol 11:285-292, 1967. 73. Mecs E: Inhibition of interferon action by adenine. Acta Virol 8:475, 1964. 74. Vilcek J, Ng, MH: Potentiation of the action of interferon by extracts of Escherichia coli. Virology 31:552-555, 1967.Crossref 75. Friedman RM, Pastan I: Interferon and cyclic-3'5'-adenosine monophosphate: Potentiation of antiviral activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 36:735-740, 1969.Crossref 76. Hermodsson S: Inhibition of interferon by an infection with parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3). Virology 20:333-343, 1963.Crossref 77. Taylor J: Inhibition of interferon action by actinomycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 14: 447-451, 1964.Crossref 78. Lockart RZ: The necessity for cellular RNA and protein synthesis for viral inhibition resulting from interferon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 15:513-518, 1964.Crossref 79. Levine S: Effect of actinomycin D and puromycin dihydrochloride on action of interferon. Virology 24:586-588, 1964.Crossref 80. Nichol FR, Tershak DR: Effect of 5-fluorouracil and 6 azauridine on interferon action. J Virol 1:450-451, 1967. 81. Field AK, Lampson GP, Tytell AA: Effect of metabolic inhibitors on interferon activity. Life Sci 6:1483-1491, 1967.Crossref 82. Friedman RM, Sonnabend JA: Inhibition of interferon action by puromycin. J Immun 95: 696-703, 1965. 83. Dianzani F, Buckler CE, Baron S: Kinetics of the development of factors responsible for interferon induced resistance. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 129:535-538, 1968.Crossref 84. Friedman RM, Pastan I: Mechanism of action of 2-mercapto-1 (β pyridethyl) benzimidazole: A reversible inhibitor of interferon activity. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 65:104-109, 1970.Crossref 85. Nakata Y, Bader JP: The uptake of nucleosides by cells in culture: II. Inhibition by 2-mercapto-1 (β pyridethyl) benzimidazole (MPB). Biochim Biophys Acta 190:250-256, 1969.Crossref 86. Nebert DW, Gelboin HV: The role of RNA and protein synthesis in microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in cell culture: The independence of transcription and translation. J Biol Chem 245:160-168, 1970. 87. Levy HB, Merigan TC: Interferon and uninfected cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 121:53-55, 1966.Crossref 88. Isaacs A: Metabolic effects of interferon on chick fibroblasts. Virology 10:144-146, 1960.Crossref 89. Lampson GP, Tytell AA, Nemes M, et al: Purification and characterization of chick embryo interferon. Proc Soc Expt Biol Med 112:468-478, 1963.Crossref 90. Baron S, Merigan TC, McKerlie ML: Effect of crude and purified interferons on the growth of uninfected cells in culture. Proc Soc Expt Biol Med 121:50-52, 1966.Crossref 91. Anderson SG: The production of antibody in the presence of interferon. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 43:345-350, 1965.Crossref 92. Farnham AE, Dubin DT: Effect of puromycin aminonucleoside on RNA synthesis in L cells. J Molec Biol 14:55-62, 1965.Crossref 93. Holland JJ: Effect of puromycin on RNA synthesis in mammalian cells. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 50:436-446, 1963.Crossref 94. Lengyel P, Söll D: Mechanism of protein biosynthesis. Bact Rev 33:264-301, 1969.

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Archives of Internal MedicineAmerican Medical Association

Published: Jul 1, 1970

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