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C. H. Fiske (1929)
PhosphocreatineJ. Biol. Chem., 81
V. Myers (1932)
Creatine and Creatinine *The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 4
V. C. Myers (1913)
The Creatine Content of Muscle Under Normal Conditions: Its Relation to the Urinary CreatinineJ. Biol. Chem., 14
H. Vollmer (1929)
Untersuchungen �ber den Kreatin- und Phosphors�uregehalt verschiedener HerzteileZtschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med., 65
M. Bodansky, J. Pilcher (1937)
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CREATINE RESERVE OF THE HUMAN HEARTJAMA Internal Medicine, 59
G. Mangun, V. Myers (1936)
Creatine, Potassium and Phosphorus Content of Cardiac and Voluntary Muscle.∗Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 35
G. Stella (1928)
The concentration and diffusion of inorganic phosphate in living muscleThe Journal of Physiology, 66
D. M. Needham (1932)
The Biochemistry of Muscle
W. Denis (1916)
CREATINE IN HUMAN MUSCLEJournal of Biological Chemistry, 26
V. Myers, M. Fine (1912)
The creatine content of muscle under normal conditions. Its relation to the urinary creatinineProceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 10
D. P. Seecof , C. R. Linegar (1934)
The Difference in Creatine Concentration of the Left and Right Ventricular Cardiac MusclesArch. Int. Med., 53
M. Bodansky , J. F. Pilcher (1937)
Clinical Significance of the Creatine Reserve of the Human HeartArch. Int. Med., 59
H. Steinitz (1931)
Untersuchungen zum Kreatinstoffwechsel bei DermatomyositisZtschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med., 79
O. W. Tiegs (1925)
Function of Creatine in Muscular ContractionAustralian J. Exper. Biol. & M. Sc., 2
M. Bodansky, E. Schwab, P. Brindley (1929)
CREATINE METABOLISM IN A CASE OF GENERALIZED MYOSITIS FIBROSAJournal of Biological Chemistry, 85
R. A. Chisolm (1912)
The Creatine Content of Muscle in Malignant Disease and Other Pathological ConditionsBiochem. J., 6
W. Rose (1933)
The Metabolism of Creatine and CreatinineAnnual Review of Biochemistry, 2
W. Burns, E. Cruickshank (1937)
Changes in creatine, phosphagen and adenylpyrophosphate in relation to the gaseous metabolism of the heartThe Journal of Physiology, 91
J. C. Beker (1913)
Die Verteilung des Kreatins in S�ugetierk�rperZtschr. f. physiol. Chem., 87
G. Herrmann , G. M. Decherd (1936)
Some Biochemical Factors of Heart FailureSouth. M. J., 29
P. Eggleton (1930)
The diffusion of creatine and urea through muscleThe Journal of Physiology, 70
H. Vollmer (1929)
Untersuchungen über den Kreatin-und Phosphorsäuregehalt verschiedener HerzteileZeitschrift für die gesamte experimentelle Medizin, 65
F. Constabel (1921)
Ueber den Kreatingehalt des menschlichen Herzmuskels bei verschiedenen KrankheitszustandenBiochem. Ztschr., 122
A. Hunter
Creatine and CreatinineNature, 122
J. Calhoun, G. Cullen, Gurney Clarke, T. Harrison (1930)
STUDIES IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE: VI. The Effect of Overwork and Other Factors on the Potassium Content of the Cardiac Muscle.The Journal of clinical investigation, 9 3
H. Steinitz, Fritz Steinfeld (1931)
Untersuchungen zum Kreatinstoffwechsel bei DermatomyositisZeitschrift für die gesamte experimentelle Medizin, 79
G. Herrmann, G. Decherd, Tom Oliver (1936)
Creatine changes in heart muscle under various clinical conditionsAmerican Heart Journal, 12
D. Seecof, C. Linegar, V. Myers (1934)
THE DIFFERENCE IN CREATINE CONCENTRATION OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIAC MUSCLESJAMA Internal Medicine, 53
G. Cullen, W. Wilkins, T. Harrison (1933)
Electrolytes in human tissue. 2. The electrolyte content of hearts and other tissues from cases with various diseases.Journal of Biological Chemistry, 102
(1936)
Insuficiencia card�aca en t�rminos bioqu�micosArch. latino am. de cardiol. y hemat., 6
G. Herrmann (1936)
Medical Papers Dedicated to Henry A. Christian
P. Shaffer (1914)
OBSERVATIONS ON CREATINE AND CREATININEJournal of Biological Chemistry, 18
W. C. Rose (1933)
Annual Review of Biochemistry, 2
J. F. Corsaro (1937)
The Creatine Content of Human Voluntary MuscleProc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med., 35
C. Linegar, V. Myers (1935)
Further Studies on the Creatine Content of Heart Muscle.∗Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 32
D. Cowan (1934)
The creatine content of the myocardium of normal and abnormal human heartsAmerican Heart Journal, 9
Abstract The discovery of phosphocreatine and of the part played by this complex in muscular contraction has brought to light one of the major functions of creatine. It appears that the breakdown of phosphocreatine furnishes energy for the contraction,1 that the amount of breakdown is concerned with the excitability of the muscle2 and that this compound also acts as a buffer in the chemical reactions of the muscular processes.3 Various but unfruitful attempts have been made to ascribe to creatine functions other than its role in muscular contraction. Since creatine is universally present in high concentration in muscle of vertebrates, it is logical to assume that it is an important constituent. Its concentration apparently depends somewhat on the function and efficiency of the muscle,4 since voluntary muscle contains the highest and smooth muscle the lowest concentration and in certain species white muscle contains more creatine than red References 1. (a) Rose, W. C.: The Metabolism of Creatine and Creatinine , in Luck, J. M.: Annual Review of Biochemistry , Stanford University, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1933, vol. 2, p. 187. 2. (b) An important paper bearing on the role of phosphocreatine in the activity of the heart (Burns, W., and Cruickshank, E. W. H.: Changes in Creatine, Phosphagen and Adenylpyrophosphate in Relation to the Gaseous Metabolism of the Heart , J. Physiol. 91:314 [ (Dec. 14) ] 1937) appeared while the proof on the present article was being read. Burns and Cruickshank investigated the relation between phosphagen (phosphocreatine) and adenylpyrophosphate and in complete asphyxia the loss was approximately 80 and 60 per cent, respectively, for phosphagen and adenylpyrophosphate. Similar results were obtained with the dog's heart. Fatigue in the presence of oxygen, on the other hand, produced no great loss of phosphagen, although the loss of adenylpyrophosphate was considerably more than that of phosphagen, the loss in the ventricle being 25 per cent for phosphagen and 50 per cent for adenylpyrophosphate. 3. Needham, D. M.: The Biochemistry of Muscle , London, Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1932. 4. Fiske, C. H., and Subbarow, Y.: Phosphocreatine , J. Biol. Chem. 81:629, 1929. 5. Hunter, A.: Creatine and Creatinine , New York, Longmans, Green & Company, 1928. 6. Chisolm, R. A.: The Creatine Content of Muscle in Malignant Disease and Other Pathological Conditions , Biochem. J. 6:243, 1912. 7. Myers, V. C., and Fine, M. S.: The Creatine Content of Muscle Under Normal Conditions: Its Relation to the Urinary Creatinine , J. Biol. Chem. 14:9, 1913. 8. Shaffer, P. A.: Observations on Creatine and Creatinine , J. Biol. Chem. 18:525, 1914. 9. Denis, W.: Creatine in Human Muscle , J. Biol. Chem. 26:379, 1916. 10. Bodansky, M.; Schwab, E. H., and Brindley, P.: Creatine Metabolism in a Case of Generalized Myositis Fibrosa , J. Biol. Chem. 85:307, 1929-1930. 11. Bodansky, M.: Creatine in Human Muscle , J. Biol. Chem. 91:147, 1931. 12. Steinitz, H., and Steinfeld, F.: Untersuchungen zum Kreatinstoffwechsel bei Dermatomyositis , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 79:319, 1931.Crossref 13. Constabel, F.: Ueber den Kreatingehalt des menschlichen Herzmuskels bei verschiedenen Krankheitszustanden , Biochem. Ztschr. 122:152, 1921. 14. Vollmer, H.: Untersuchungen über den Kreatin- und Phosphorsäuregehalt verschiedener Herzteile , Ztschr. f. d. ges. exper. Med. 65:522, 1929.Crossref 15. Cowan, D. W.: The Creatine Content of the Myocardium of Normal and Abnormal Human Hearts , Am. Heart J. 9:378, 1934.Crossref 16. Herrmann, G.; Decherd, G. M., and Schwab, E. H.: Some Biochemical Factors of Heart Failure , South. M. J. 29:386, 1936.Crossref 17. Herrmann, G.: A Possible Biochemical Basis of Myocardial Failure , in Medical Papers Dedicated to Henry A. Christian , Baltimore, Waverly Press, Inc., 1936, pp. 17-32 18. Insuficiencia cardíaca en términos bioquímicos , Arch. latino am. de cardiol. y hemat. 6:49, 1936. 19. Hermann, J.; Decherd, G., and Oliver, T.: Creatine Changes in Heart Muscle Under Various Clinical Conditions , Am. Heart J. 12:689, 1936.Crossref 20. Bodansky, M.; Pilcher, J. F., and Duff, V. B.: Clinical Significance of the Creatine Reserve of the Human Heart , Arch. Int. Med. 59:232 ( (Feb.) ) 1937.Crossref 21. Myers, V. C.: Creatine and Creatinine , Yale J. Biol. & Med. 4:467, 1932. 22. Seecof, D. P.; Linegar, C. R., and Myers, V. C.: The Difference in Creatine Concentration of the Left and Right Ventricular Cardiac Muscles , Arch. Int. Med. 53:574 ( (April) ) 1934. 23. Dr. C. J. Wiggers turned over to us these 5 hearts after the perfusion experiments noted. 24. Linegar, C. R., and Myers, V. C.: Further Studies on the Creatine Content of Heart Muscle , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 32:1016, 1935. 25. Calhoun, J. A.; Cullen, G. E.; Clarke, G., and Harrison, T. R.: Studies in Congestive Heart Failure: VI. The Effect of Overwork and Other Factors on the Potassium Content of Cardiac Muscle , J. Clin. Investigation 9:393, 1930. 26. Beker, J. C.: Die Verteilung des Kreatins in Säugetierkörper , Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 87:21, 1913.Crossref 27. Corsaro, J. F.: The Creatine Content of Human Voluntary Muscle , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35:554, 1937. 28. Stella, G.: The Concentration and Diffusion of Inorganic Phosphate in Living Muscle , J. Physiol. 66:19, 1928. 29. Tiegs, O. W.: Function of Creatine in Muscular Contraction , Australian J. Exper. Biol. & M. Sc. 2:1, 1925. 30. Eggleston, P.: The Diffusion of Creatine and Urea Through Muscle , J. Physiol. 70:294, 1930. 31. Cullen, G. E.; Wilkins, W. E., and Harrison, T. R.: Electrolytes in Human Tissue: II. The Electrolyte Content of Hearts and Other Tissues from Cases with Various Diseases , J. Biol. Chem. 102:415, 1933. 32. Mangun, G. H., and Myers, V. C.: Creatine, Potassium and Phosphorus Content of Cardiac and Voluntary Muscle , Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 35:455, 1936.
Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Mar 1, 1938
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